Measuring the complexity of the Internet: indexes and indicators
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Measuring internet development in order to achieve better connectivity and resulting socio-economic development goals is a challenge and a necessity to ascertain progress made in terms of ICT sector development and socio-economic growth. Many intergovernmental, governments, non-profit and private organisations have sought to tackle the challenge through setting targets, defining indicators, and applying research methods to measure progress. Nevertheless, ambitious goals and targets relate mostly to the achievement or improvement of physical connectivity to ICT, while as more and more people get connected to the internet, the attainment of users' digital rights including capabilities and liberties will need to be measured as well and will need to be included in policy objectives on ICT development.
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Measuring the complexity of the Internet: indexes and indicators
- 1. Measuring the complexity of the Internet Indexes and Indicators @EnricoCalandro Senior Researcher @RIAnetwork #AISKenya - 30 May 2017 1
- 2. Measuring Digital Gaps 2 Why is it important? To monitor progress towards meeting policy objectives of affordable, and good quality access to the Internet To inform evidence- based regulation Physical access Supply-side issues: Coverage, Price, QoS Socio-economic Demographic factors Education, gender, income, age, skills Capabilities Political, Information, Economic, Social, Cultural Rights Privacy, Safety and security Freedom of expression Inclusion/ Exclusion
- 4. Broadband introduces levels of complexity in policy, regulation, business models and consumer choice Broadband issues 4 Supply side policies Demand side policies Digital rights Investment/competition Affordability of services/ devices Internet governance Core/access network expansion - public/private Government leadership/role model - demand stimulation Privacy/Surveillance Reduction of infrastructure costs Regulation/ICT skills development Freedom of expression Spectrum allocation and assigment Online local content, app, e- gov services Cybersecurity Universal access and service Consumer welfare/user empowerment Net neutrality
- 6. Problems 6 ‣ Data Gaps ‣ Uneven indicators/Uneven development ‣ Global indicators and indexes -> assumptions from mature economies and democracies ‣ Access and use trajectories different -> indicators are meaningless or difficult to gather ‣ Objective: understand/know underlying data sources
- 8. OECD’s 40 calls/60 SMSs basket 8 Q42010 Q12011 Q22011 Q32011 Q42011 Q12012 Q22012 Q32012 Q42012 Q12013 Q22013 Q32013 Q42013 Q12014 27 31 33 34 35 34 37 38 41 39 38 40 42 1818,2 18,3 19,3 19,0 18,1 17,6 17,2 16,7 17,1 17,4 17,2 18,0 18,5 8,4 3,5 3,4 2,8 2,4 2,5 2,3 2,3 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,2 1,1 Cheapest in Africa in USD Cameroon basket price in USD Cameroon rank Ranking and cost of cheapest prepaid mobile product available in Cameroon and Africa for OECD’s 40 calls/60 SMSs basket Source: RAMP RIA Q1 2014 MTN Cameroon and Orange Cameroon introduced cheaper voice products to the market, which positively shifted their ranking on the mobile voice index.
- 9. 9 Q42010 Q12011 Q22011 Q32011 Q42011 Q12012 Q22012 Q32012 Q42012 Q12013 Q22013 Q32013 Q42013 Q12014 27 30 32 32 35 36 36 30 33 34 33 33 32 2021,2 21,3 22,4 22,1 21,0 21,5 20,0 16,7 17,0 17,5 17,3 17,6 18,1 11,9 4,1 4,1 4,0 3,7 4,0 4,0 3,9 3,7 3,7 3,6 3,2 3,2 3,2 2,8 Cheapest dominant operator in Africa in USD Cheapest dominant operator in Cameroon in USD Cameroon dominant operator rank Ranking and cost of cheapest prepaid mobile product from dominant operator available in Cameroon and Africa for OECD’s 40 calls/60 SMSs basket Source: RAMP RIA OECD’s 40 calls/60 SMSs basket
- 10. 10 Kenya Ghana Tanzania Nigeria Rwanda South Africa Uganda Mozambique Cameroon Ethiopia Botswana Namibia 25,3 21,5 21,1 21,0 15,8 13,8 13,7 11,9 11,0 6,2 5,8 4,7 BeMobile Orange Botswana MTN Cameroon Tigo Rwanda MTC TN Mobile Etisalat Nigeria Mascom MTN Nigeria Ethio Telecom Orange Cameroon Glo Mobile Ghana Airtel Nigeria Glo Moblle Nigeria Airtel Rwanda Airtel Uganda Telkom Mobile Vodacom Mozambique MTN Uganda Smile Uganda Airtel Kenya Orange Uganda Cell C MTN South Africa Vodacom South Africa MTN Rwanda Safaricom Airtel Ghana Vodafone Ghana Smile Nigeria Airtel Tanzania Smile Tanzania Vodacom Tanzania Orange Kenya MTN Ghana Zantel Tigo Ghana Cliq (Expresso Telecom) Yu Kenya 4,7 5,8 5,8 6,2 7,8 8,8 9,4 10,9 11,0 11,0 11,7 11,7 11,7 11,9 13,7 13,7 13,7 13,8 14,1 14,8 14,8 15,8 16,6 17,7 17,9 18,4 18,4 19,4 21,0 21,1 21,4 21,5 24,5 25,3 25,3 26,8 52,5 68,3 85,3 1GB Basket USD Cheapest prepaid 1GB basket for Q1 2014 (in USD) Q1 2014 Price 1GB basket in USD Source: RAMP RIA The monopoly granted to Viettel over 3G infrastructure and services does not allow the two other operators, MTN Cameroon and Orange Cameroon, to provide mobile broadband services.
- 11. 11 Cost of 1GB ADSL baskets at different speeds in USD Country Operator 1GB up to 1 Mbps 1GB up to 4 Mbps 1GB up to 10 Mbps 1GB above 10 Mbps Ethiopia Ethio Telecom 14,45 30,25 337,9 Mozambique TDM 21,59 91,1 136,91 Ghana Vodafone 26,89 Namibia Telecom Namibia 36,74 64,36 336,69 South Africa Telkom 37,68 37,68 68,53 86,18 Botswana BTC 46,97 61,81 119,63 Cameroon Camtel 62,81 1002,06 Tanzania TTCL 71,74 Kenya Orange 77,04 124,02
- 12. Very low internet use 12 Internet users in RIA countries, 2012 (%) Source: RIA ICT access and use survey, 2012
- 13. Reasons for not using the internet 13 Main reason for not having an internet connection Source: RIA ICT access and use survey, 2012
- 14. ‣ In 2012, the new player Viettel obtains a monopoly over 3G infrastructure to allow it to catch up with its competitors in the broadband market ‣ Vittel failed to deploy the 3G infrastructure and asked the Presidency for an extension of its monopoly until 2016. • The regulated monopoly created a regulatory barrier for the development of fast and affordable broadband services. 14
- 15. Egypt Uganda Tunisia Ghana Nigeria Kenya Tanzania Sudan Rwanda Ethiopia Mauri&us Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Guinea South Africa Namibia Gambia Madagascar Liberia Cape Verde Mali Burundi Zambia Botswana Benin Libya Cameroon Mozambique Burkina Faso Malawi Senegal Morocco Cote d'Ivoire Algeria Togo Lesotho Mauritania D.R Congo Zimbabwe Gabon Congo Brazzaville Niger Sao Tome and Principe Chad Central African Republic Swaziland Seychelles Angola South Sudan 39,1 18,0 15,0 12,1 11,0 10,8 10,1 10,1 10,1 9,2 9,0 8,8 8,4 8,4 8,3 8,3 8,2 8,1 8,0 7,0 6,8 6,6 6,5 6,4 6,4 6,2 6,2 6,0 5,9 5,8 5,0 4,7 4,3 4,2 3,8 3,7 3,5 3,5 3,2 3,1 3,1 3,0 2,4 2,3 2,3 2,2 1,8 1,4 1,2 Egypt Tunisia Ghana Mozambique Tanzania Rwanda Senegal Nigeria Guinea Uganda Sudan Cape Verde Madagascar Cameroon Kenya Liberia Morocco Mauri&us Burundi Gambia Central African Republic Niger Malawi Algeria Togo Ethiopia South Africa Lesotho Cote d'Ivoire Benin Burkina Faso Sao Tome and Principe Namibia Libya Mauritania Mali Zambia D.R Congo Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Chad Gabon Congo Brazzaville Seychelles Botswana Angola Zimbabwe Swaziland South Sudan 131,4 34,4 30,0 20,0 18,3 18,2 16,4 16,2 16,2 13,8 13,8 13,0 12,6 12,2 11,7 10,7 10,4 8,7 8,1 8,1 8,0 7,6 7,5 7,4 7,3 7,3 7,2 6,5 6,5 6,3 5,4 5,3 5,0 5,0 4,9 4,9 4,7 4,7 4,4 3,4 3,2 3,2 3,1 3,1 2,3 2,3 2,3 1,8 1,4 OECD basket (voice/SMS, Q1 2017 USD) Source: RAMP, RIA 1GB basket (Q1 2017 USD) Source: RAMP, RIA
- 16. 1GB basket in USD 16 BeMobileBotswana OrangeBotswana MTNCameroon TigoRwanda MTCNamibia TNMobileNamibia EtisalatNigeria MascomBotswana MTNNigeria EthioTelecom OrangeCameroon GloMobileGhana AirtelNigeria GloMobileGhana AirtelRwanda AirtelUganda TelkomMobile VodacomMozambique MTNUganda SmileUganda AirtelKenya OrangeUganda CellCSA MTNSA VodacomSA MTNRwanda SafaricomKenya AirtelGhana VodafoneGhana SmileNigeria AirtelTanzania SmileTanzania VodacomTanzania OrangeKenya MTNGhana ZantelTanzania TigoGhana CliqGhana YuKenya 4,75,85,86,2 7,88,89,4 10,911,011,011,711,711,711,9 13,713,713,713,814,114,814,815,816,6 17,717,918,418,419,4 21,021,121,421,5 24,525,325,3 26,8 52,5 68,3 85,3
- 17. Download/Upload speed kbps 17 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 Glo Mobile Ghana Airtel Nigeria Airtel Uganda Orange Botswana Vodacom Tanzania MTN Rwanda Airrtel Rwanda Mascom Orange Uganda Tigo Rwanda Vodafone Ghana MTN South Africa Orange Kenya Airtel Ghana Smile Uganda CellC MTN Nigeria Vodacom Mozambique MTN Uganda Smile Tanzania Smile Nigeria MTC Vodacom South Africa Telecom Namibia Mobile Safaricom Average Combined kbps Average Download kbps Average Upload kbps
- 18. Combined average speed in kbps/1GB price in USD Q1 2014 - Value for money index 18 0 400 800 1200 1600 SafaricomKenya VodacomSA SmileNigeria SmileTanzania TNMobileNamibia MTNUganda CellCSA OrangeKenya MTNNamibia acomMozambique SmileUganda AirtelGhana VodafoneGhana MTNNigeria MTNSA OrangeUganda VodacomTanzania MTNRwanda AirtelRwanda TigoRwanda MascomBotswana AirtelUganda AirtelNigeria GloMobileGhana OrangeBotswana
- 19. 19 Kenya - 2017 MySpeed Data
- 20. 20 Kenya - 2017 MySpeed Data
- 21. Conclusions ‣ The biggest problems are not defining indicators . . . • It is to create good quality indicators • It is to collect them systematically • It is to use them as evidence to influence positive policy outcomes 21