A PowerPoint presentation by the PHR Health Action AIDS team, about the health systems crisis, with photos from East Africa.
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org
http://healthactionaids.org
This document discusses sex education in the United States. It provides an overview of the current approaches, including abstinence-only education which stems from Puritan values that became ingrained in American society. Comprehensive sex education is rising as an approach but the U.S. still lags in sexual health outcomes for teens compared to other developed nations. Improving sex education policy by learning from foreign approaches may help address the high rates of teen pregnancy and STIs in the U.S.
The document outlines goals and strategies for promoting health rights and combating the feminization of AIDS. It discusses how human rights violations like violence against women and lack of healthcare access exacerbate the AIDS epidemic. The document proposes three interventions: implementing rights-based healthcare systems; educating and empowering healthcare workers; and supporting comprehensive HIV prevention programs that respect women's rights and go beyond abstinence-only approaches.
This document outlines an advocacy strategy development workshop held in Nigeria in February 2013. The workshop aimed to develop participants' understanding of advocacy and provide skills training. It covered defining advocacy and distinguishing it from related concepts, the benefits of advocacy work, and introducing an 8-step advocacy planning framework. Participants practiced applying the framework to select issues, research problems, and analyze causes and effects. They also learned communications skills for advocacy such as preparing briefing notes and press releases. The workshop agenda spanned 5 days and employed exercises, discussions, and tools to help participants gain advocacy skills and plan potential advocacy actions.
The document discusses the causes and impacts of poverty. It notes that poverty denies people choices and opportunities while violating human dignity. It then lists some of the poorest countries in the world and factors that can contribute to poverty such as overpopulation, colonialism, lack of education, unemployment, and environmental problems. The document advocates for solutions such as increasing literacy, creating more jobs, and implementing social awareness programs to help address poverty.
The document discusses various topics related to poverty alleviation including:
1. Small farms account for 85% of the world's 525 million farms, with an average size of 4 acres in Africa. Small farmer prosperity is key to ending rural poverty.
2. Treadle pumps have benefited over 2.1 million poor families in Asia and Africa, increasing their net income by $210 million per year through private sector supply chains in Bangladesh.
3. IDE has helped 17 million people move out of poverty over 25 years by investing $50 million+ in treadle pumps, with a total impact of $78-$288 million in increased annual income for poor farmers.
Poverty is a major challenge facing many Africans. Approximately 800 million Africans, or 32 out of 38 African countries, live in highly impoverished conditions. Over 300 million of those living in poverty are children. Common causes of poverty include lack of access to employment, markets, and natural resources destruction. Life in poverty means many Africans survive on less than $1 per day, and have little access to healthcare, education, clean water or sanitation. However, some countries are making progress through initiatives to increase access to education, healthcare, and child sponsorships. The fact that over 800 million Africans go to sleep hungry each night, including 300 million children, is very surprising and eye opening.
The document discusses the widespread poverty in Africa for several reasons. Africa does not produce enough gross national product to support the continent. Much of Africa's economic activity occurs outside of official market accounts. One in five Africans live in a country affected by warfare. Rural areas are home to three-fourths of the poor in Western and Middle Africa, totaling around 90 million people living in poverty. Children are particularly affected by poverty and diseases like AIDS.
African solutions to African problems: the role of research management tools ...Reed Elsevier
Describes SciVal as an efficient tool to find potential research collaborators on the African continent to support the ideology of African solutions to African problems.
This document discusses sex education in the United States. It provides an overview of the current approaches, including abstinence-only education which stems from Puritan values that became ingrained in American society. Comprehensive sex education is rising as an approach but the U.S. still lags in sexual health outcomes for teens compared to other developed nations. Improving sex education policy by learning from foreign approaches may help address the high rates of teen pregnancy and STIs in the U.S.
The document outlines goals and strategies for promoting health rights and combating the feminization of AIDS. It discusses how human rights violations like violence against women and lack of healthcare access exacerbate the AIDS epidemic. The document proposes three interventions: implementing rights-based healthcare systems; educating and empowering healthcare workers; and supporting comprehensive HIV prevention programs that respect women's rights and go beyond abstinence-only approaches.
This document outlines an advocacy strategy development workshop held in Nigeria in February 2013. The workshop aimed to develop participants' understanding of advocacy and provide skills training. It covered defining advocacy and distinguishing it from related concepts, the benefits of advocacy work, and introducing an 8-step advocacy planning framework. Participants practiced applying the framework to select issues, research problems, and analyze causes and effects. They also learned communications skills for advocacy such as preparing briefing notes and press releases. The workshop agenda spanned 5 days and employed exercises, discussions, and tools to help participants gain advocacy skills and plan potential advocacy actions.
The document discusses the causes and impacts of poverty. It notes that poverty denies people choices and opportunities while violating human dignity. It then lists some of the poorest countries in the world and factors that can contribute to poverty such as overpopulation, colonialism, lack of education, unemployment, and environmental problems. The document advocates for solutions such as increasing literacy, creating more jobs, and implementing social awareness programs to help address poverty.
The document discusses various topics related to poverty alleviation including:
1. Small farms account for 85% of the world's 525 million farms, with an average size of 4 acres in Africa. Small farmer prosperity is key to ending rural poverty.
2. Treadle pumps have benefited over 2.1 million poor families in Asia and Africa, increasing their net income by $210 million per year through private sector supply chains in Bangladesh.
3. IDE has helped 17 million people move out of poverty over 25 years by investing $50 million+ in treadle pumps, with a total impact of $78-$288 million in increased annual income for poor farmers.
Poverty is a major challenge facing many Africans. Approximately 800 million Africans, or 32 out of 38 African countries, live in highly impoverished conditions. Over 300 million of those living in poverty are children. Common causes of poverty include lack of access to employment, markets, and natural resources destruction. Life in poverty means many Africans survive on less than $1 per day, and have little access to healthcare, education, clean water or sanitation. However, some countries are making progress through initiatives to increase access to education, healthcare, and child sponsorships. The fact that over 800 million Africans go to sleep hungry each night, including 300 million children, is very surprising and eye opening.
The document discusses the widespread poverty in Africa for several reasons. Africa does not produce enough gross national product to support the continent. Much of Africa's economic activity occurs outside of official market accounts. One in five Africans live in a country affected by warfare. Rural areas are home to three-fourths of the poor in Western and Middle Africa, totaling around 90 million people living in poverty. Children are particularly affected by poverty and diseases like AIDS.
African solutions to African problems: the role of research management tools ...Reed Elsevier
Describes SciVal as an efficient tool to find potential research collaborators on the African continent to support the ideology of African solutions to African problems.
The document discusses poverty in Africa, its causes, scope, and potential solutions. It notes that political instability, wars, desertification, diseases like HIV/AIDS, and lack of access to jobs and markets are key drivers of poverty. Most extreme poverty is located in Sub-Saharan Africa, where 45-50% of people live below the poverty line, including 300 million in extreme poverty. Several organizations like NEPAD and the AU aim to address issues like HIV/AIDS and hunger. The document raises questions about governmental and educational responses to poverty in Africa.
Advocacy planning model based on information gathered through primary and secondary research. It seeks to empower persons affected by the problem to contribute to the solution.
Poverty in Africa: What Africa needs now?Azhari Sadig
Africa faces significant poverty challenges, with over 218 million people living in extreme poverty. More than 70% of Africa's poor population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture, yet development assistance to agriculture is decreasing. While over $500 billion in direct aid has been sent to African nations, the consensus is that it has had little long-term impact in reducing poverty. Africa needs sustainable solutions to boost its standard of living rather than ongoing international aid.
The document outlines 8 key steps in advocacy:
1. Coming together by reaching out to relevant groups to discuss concerns and develop solutions.
2. Setting specific and achievable objectives that all involved agree on, such as treating everyone with HIV/AIDS.
3. Getting facts by researching available public health data and policies to write a background paper.
4. Deciding who to influence by identifying decision-makers and understanding what might motivate them, such as gaining public support.
Urbanisation (problems and suggested solutions) In ZimbabweDumisani Nhliziyo
This document discusses urbanization, including definitions, global trends, causes in Africa, and problems associated with urbanization. The major causes of urbanization in Africa are natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration driven by poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas. Problems include unemployment, pollution, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, traffic congestion, and increased crime. Suggested solutions are promoting rural development, improving public transportation, providing low-cost housing, encouraging the informal sector, controlling vehicle traffic, and involving communities in infrastructure planning.
Ppt on poverty, poverty, poverty in india, poverty in world, world poverty, p...kushagra21
Poverty is defined as being deprived of basic needs like food, water, shelter, and clothes. It is caused by factors such as lack of education, natural disasters, lack of money, lack of opportunities, overpopulation, and addiction. Poverty leads to high mortality rates, increased health risks, hampers children's development, inhibits education, and increases conflict. Globally, over 1 billion people live on less than $1.25 per day, 22,000 children die daily due to poverty, and 8 million die annually from lack of food and nutrition. The majority of the world's hungry population lives in just 7 countries including India.
The document discusses poverty globally and in Darfur, Sudan specifically. It notes that half the world lives on less than $2 per day, nearly a billion people can't read or write, and 1.8 million children die from diarrhea each year due to lack of basic healthcare in poor countries. In Darfur, two million people are hungry, 400,000 have died, and 10,000 continue to die each month as people flee violence. The World Food Programme is working to address hunger among refugees by providing food donations.
El documento presenta el informe de peritos forenses sobre el análisis de evidencia en el caso de la muerte de Brad Will en Oaxaca, México en 2006. Los peritos determinaron que uno de los proyectiles que impactó a Will rebotó primero en un objeto sólido y rojo, basándose en daños al proyectil y transferencia de pintura roja inconsistentes con la teoría de la fiscalía. Experimentos en laboratorio apoyaron que el proyectil rebotó antes de impactar a Will.
Physicians for Human Rights International Forensic Program
Forensic Consultant Team
Stefan Schmitt, Robert C. Bux, Jeffrey Foggy, Nery S. Osorio
Mexico - March 28 & 29, 2008
Report Submitted April 20, 2008
www.physiciansforhumanrights.org
The document discusses strategies for students to get involved in analyzing government health budgets and financing at various stages of the budget process. It outlines how students can collaborate with policymakers during planning, scrutinize implementation, and advocate for priorities like preventative health and access for underserved groups. The document also notes challenges like lack of capacity and secretive processes that students must address.
The document defines advocacy as a process of educating and engaging communities to create long-term change directed at specific policy objectives and targets. It discusses definitions of advocacy, models of advocacy, and provides examples. Key aspects of advocacy include addressing underlying causes rather than just relief, having a connection to a issue, understanding the context, and commitment to see it through over time to enact change.
The document summarizes health and human rights challenges in several countries in Africa and the United States. In Kenya, availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of health services are issues, especially in rural areas. In Uganda, challenges include poor working conditions for health workers, inequitable access to services for patients, and corruption within the health system. Rwanda struggles with high maternal and infant mortality as well as health workforce shortages. Burundi faces issues with the cost of healthcare, shortages of health workers, and women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.
The document discusses the role of health professionals in advocating for and protecting human rights. It defines key terms like advocacy, health, and health professionals. It outlines different types of advocacy and explains how health professionals work within ethical codes to promote human rights, such as by ensuring access to healthcare and treating all patients equally and without discrimination. The document also discusses challenges health professionals face in advocating for human rights and provides examples of how they can protect and promote human rights.
The document summarizes AGHA's advocacy campaigns in Uganda to promote access to essential medicines, including their "Stop-Stock-outs" campaign. It found frequent stock-outs of malaria and antibiotic drugs in rural health centers due to underfunding of the health sector. The campaign pressured the government and resulted in reports of shortages, commitments to purchase more drugs, and calls to increase health sector funding to 15% of the national budget.
The 10-step document outlines a process for effective advocacy work. It begins with bringing like-minded people together to work on a common problem. The second step is to clearly identify the problem and develop a strategic objective that proposes a solution. The third step is to gather relevant facts to make a strong case. The remaining steps include identifying decision-makers, determining methods of influence, engaging allies, selecting advocacy methods, reviewing progress, and celebrating successes. The overall process provides a framework to work towards policy and program changes.
PEPFAR was reauthorized with some key wins but also opportunities for future advocacy. It will provide treatment for 3 million people, prevent 12 million HIV infections, and care for 10 million over 5 years. However, 5 people still become infected for every 2 treated, so $50 billion is needed to meet goals. Future advocacy opportunities include strengthening health systems and the workforce, recognizing the feminization of HIV, and ensuring science-based prevention for at-risk groups like injection drug users and men who have sex with men.
The document discusses the history and current status of restrictions on immigration and travel for individuals living with HIV in the United States and globally. It provides details on the various non-immigrant and immigrant visa categories and restrictions, as well as options for obtaining waivers. It also outlines recommendations to remove restrictions based on public health concerns and efforts to overcome HIV-related stigma and discrimination in travel and immigration policies.
The document discusses the work of Health Alliance International (HAI) in strengthening Mozambique's health system and improving HIV care through its partnership with PEPFAR. It outlines how HAI worked within the public health system, expanding services like voluntary counseling and testing, PMTCT, HIV treatment and care, and home-based care. Through this integrated approach and decentralization of services, over 100,000 people have received HIV care and 25,000 have been placed on antiretroviral therapy. The document also discusses challenges and ways PEPFAR II can further improve support for treatment scale-up, integration, health systems strengthening, and addressing social determinants of health.
Overview:
Refresher on health workforce crisis
Right to health overview
Value of human rights approach to health workforce planning
Human rights and health workforce planning
What you can do
The document discusses the health workforce crisis in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that the region has 24% of the global disease burden but only 3% of health workers. 57 countries have severe shortages of doctors, nurses and midwives. The causes of the crisis include underfunding, HIV/AIDS, and brain drain. Solutions proposed include increasing training, management improvements, incentives, task-shifting, and global initiatives like PEPFAR to help address financing and workforce needs. Individual actions are suggested to support related legislation and policies.
The document discusses poverty in Africa, its causes, scope, and potential solutions. It notes that political instability, wars, desertification, diseases like HIV/AIDS, and lack of access to jobs and markets are key drivers of poverty. Most extreme poverty is located in Sub-Saharan Africa, where 45-50% of people live below the poverty line, including 300 million in extreme poverty. Several organizations like NEPAD and the AU aim to address issues like HIV/AIDS and hunger. The document raises questions about governmental and educational responses to poverty in Africa.
Advocacy planning model based on information gathered through primary and secondary research. It seeks to empower persons affected by the problem to contribute to the solution.
Poverty in Africa: What Africa needs now?Azhari Sadig
Africa faces significant poverty challenges, with over 218 million people living in extreme poverty. More than 70% of Africa's poor population lives in rural areas and depends on agriculture, yet development assistance to agriculture is decreasing. While over $500 billion in direct aid has been sent to African nations, the consensus is that it has had little long-term impact in reducing poverty. Africa needs sustainable solutions to boost its standard of living rather than ongoing international aid.
The document outlines 8 key steps in advocacy:
1. Coming together by reaching out to relevant groups to discuss concerns and develop solutions.
2. Setting specific and achievable objectives that all involved agree on, such as treating everyone with HIV/AIDS.
3. Getting facts by researching available public health data and policies to write a background paper.
4. Deciding who to influence by identifying decision-makers and understanding what might motivate them, such as gaining public support.
Urbanisation (problems and suggested solutions) In ZimbabweDumisani Nhliziyo
This document discusses urbanization, including definitions, global trends, causes in Africa, and problems associated with urbanization. The major causes of urbanization in Africa are natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration driven by poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas. Problems include unemployment, pollution, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, traffic congestion, and increased crime. Suggested solutions are promoting rural development, improving public transportation, providing low-cost housing, encouraging the informal sector, controlling vehicle traffic, and involving communities in infrastructure planning.
Ppt on poverty, poverty, poverty in india, poverty in world, world poverty, p...kushagra21
Poverty is defined as being deprived of basic needs like food, water, shelter, and clothes. It is caused by factors such as lack of education, natural disasters, lack of money, lack of opportunities, overpopulation, and addiction. Poverty leads to high mortality rates, increased health risks, hampers children's development, inhibits education, and increases conflict. Globally, over 1 billion people live on less than $1.25 per day, 22,000 children die daily due to poverty, and 8 million die annually from lack of food and nutrition. The majority of the world's hungry population lives in just 7 countries including India.
The document discusses poverty globally and in Darfur, Sudan specifically. It notes that half the world lives on less than $2 per day, nearly a billion people can't read or write, and 1.8 million children die from diarrhea each year due to lack of basic healthcare in poor countries. In Darfur, two million people are hungry, 400,000 have died, and 10,000 continue to die each month as people flee violence. The World Food Programme is working to address hunger among refugees by providing food donations.
El documento presenta el informe de peritos forenses sobre el análisis de evidencia en el caso de la muerte de Brad Will en Oaxaca, México en 2006. Los peritos determinaron que uno de los proyectiles que impactó a Will rebotó primero en un objeto sólido y rojo, basándose en daños al proyectil y transferencia de pintura roja inconsistentes con la teoría de la fiscalía. Experimentos en laboratorio apoyaron que el proyectil rebotó antes de impactar a Will.
Physicians for Human Rights International Forensic Program
Forensic Consultant Team
Stefan Schmitt, Robert C. Bux, Jeffrey Foggy, Nery S. Osorio
Mexico - March 28 & 29, 2008
Report Submitted April 20, 2008
www.physiciansforhumanrights.org
The document discusses strategies for students to get involved in analyzing government health budgets and financing at various stages of the budget process. It outlines how students can collaborate with policymakers during planning, scrutinize implementation, and advocate for priorities like preventative health and access for underserved groups. The document also notes challenges like lack of capacity and secretive processes that students must address.
The document defines advocacy as a process of educating and engaging communities to create long-term change directed at specific policy objectives and targets. It discusses definitions of advocacy, models of advocacy, and provides examples. Key aspects of advocacy include addressing underlying causes rather than just relief, having a connection to a issue, understanding the context, and commitment to see it through over time to enact change.
The document summarizes health and human rights challenges in several countries in Africa and the United States. In Kenya, availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of health services are issues, especially in rural areas. In Uganda, challenges include poor working conditions for health workers, inequitable access to services for patients, and corruption within the health system. Rwanda struggles with high maternal and infant mortality as well as health workforce shortages. Burundi faces issues with the cost of healthcare, shortages of health workers, and women's vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.
The document discusses the role of health professionals in advocating for and protecting human rights. It defines key terms like advocacy, health, and health professionals. It outlines different types of advocacy and explains how health professionals work within ethical codes to promote human rights, such as by ensuring access to healthcare and treating all patients equally and without discrimination. The document also discusses challenges health professionals face in advocating for human rights and provides examples of how they can protect and promote human rights.
The document summarizes AGHA's advocacy campaigns in Uganda to promote access to essential medicines, including their "Stop-Stock-outs" campaign. It found frequent stock-outs of malaria and antibiotic drugs in rural health centers due to underfunding of the health sector. The campaign pressured the government and resulted in reports of shortages, commitments to purchase more drugs, and calls to increase health sector funding to 15% of the national budget.
The 10-step document outlines a process for effective advocacy work. It begins with bringing like-minded people together to work on a common problem. The second step is to clearly identify the problem and develop a strategic objective that proposes a solution. The third step is to gather relevant facts to make a strong case. The remaining steps include identifying decision-makers, determining methods of influence, engaging allies, selecting advocacy methods, reviewing progress, and celebrating successes. The overall process provides a framework to work towards policy and program changes.
PEPFAR was reauthorized with some key wins but also opportunities for future advocacy. It will provide treatment for 3 million people, prevent 12 million HIV infections, and care for 10 million over 5 years. However, 5 people still become infected for every 2 treated, so $50 billion is needed to meet goals. Future advocacy opportunities include strengthening health systems and the workforce, recognizing the feminization of HIV, and ensuring science-based prevention for at-risk groups like injection drug users and men who have sex with men.
The document discusses the history and current status of restrictions on immigration and travel for individuals living with HIV in the United States and globally. It provides details on the various non-immigrant and immigrant visa categories and restrictions, as well as options for obtaining waivers. It also outlines recommendations to remove restrictions based on public health concerns and efforts to overcome HIV-related stigma and discrimination in travel and immigration policies.
The document discusses the work of Health Alliance International (HAI) in strengthening Mozambique's health system and improving HIV care through its partnership with PEPFAR. It outlines how HAI worked within the public health system, expanding services like voluntary counseling and testing, PMTCT, HIV treatment and care, and home-based care. Through this integrated approach and decentralization of services, over 100,000 people have received HIV care and 25,000 have been placed on antiretroviral therapy. The document also discusses challenges and ways PEPFAR II can further improve support for treatment scale-up, integration, health systems strengthening, and addressing social determinants of health.
Overview:
Refresher on health workforce crisis
Right to health overview
Value of human rights approach to health workforce planning
Human rights and health workforce planning
What you can do
The document discusses the health workforce crisis in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that the region has 24% of the global disease burden but only 3% of health workers. 57 countries have severe shortages of doctors, nurses and midwives. The causes of the crisis include underfunding, HIV/AIDS, and brain drain. Solutions proposed include increasing training, management improvements, incentives, task-shifting, and global initiatives like PEPFAR to help address financing and workforce needs. Individual actions are suggested to support related legislation and policies.
The document discusses harm reduction strategies for injecting drug users (IDUs) to reduce the negative consequences of drug use and prevent the spread of HIV. It defines harm reduction as a set of practical strategies that incorporate safer drug use, managed use, and abstinence. Examples of harm reduction alternatives provided are not using drugs, getting treatment if possible, disinfecting needles if sharing, and always using a new sterile syringe and needle for each injection. The document also advocates for evidence-based HIV prevention and treatment policies for IDUs and calls for removing the federal funding ban on syringe exchange programs.
Overview:
Why is the integration of family planning (FP) and HIV/AIDS services important and how does it relate to the right to health?
What models of service integration are currently being implemented in Kenya?
What are the successes, outcomes and lessons learned from clients and providers in Kenya?
What can you do to advocate for the integration of FP and HIV/AIDS services and halt the feminization of AIDS?
Disclaimer: While this presentation focuses specifically on the integration of family planning services and HIV/AIDS testing and counseling services, it is important to note that this is just one example that falls within a more comprehensive approach to service integration. To address the AIDS epidemic, health systems must integrate HIV/AIDS services for prevention, care and treatment with non-HIV services such as primary care, maternal and child health, and reproductive health services, including family planning. Additionally, HIV/AIDS services should be connected to social and community-based services that address underlying determinants for health such as poverty, unemployment and legal inequalities.
Powerpoint presentation by Karen Hirschfeld, Sudan Coordinator, Physicians for Human Rights. Includes background on the conflict, PHR's findings concerning genocide, information on sexual violence, life in IDP camps, and policy recommendations.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdfRahul Sen
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7
Africa's Health Care Worker Crisis: Views from the Ground
1. Africa's Health Care Worker Crisis Views from the Ground Nurses outside of a clinic in Luwero, Uganda
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3. DENOSA, the national nursing union in South Africa, predicts that more than 300 specialist nurses leave the country every month. Source: The Joint Learning Initiative 2004 Above: A child sleeps in a hospital bed in Karamoja, one of the poorest and most underserved areas in Uganda. Senegal has 6 doctors per 100,000 people, the equivalent of having 36 doctors for the entire city of Boston. Ask any African doctor or nurse, any relief worker or international health official working in Africa--the continent’s health worker shortage is a catastrophe. It is caused by many factors: small government health budgets, recruitment by Western countries and research projects, and even the welcome availability of AIDS treatment, which is flooding clinics not unequipped to deal with so many people. But there are solutions.
4. “ I want to become a doctor because there is so much suffering here. Africa is known as the sick continent, with more illness than anywhere else. I really want, in my small way, in my small area, to help Africa. If year after year, we all go away, the Ugandan system will continue to crumble. What about our kids? What about the future of the country?” --Stella Oolo, a Ugandan Medical Student
5. “ Our overwhelming finding to date is that all life-saving programs, no matter how simple and obvious their potential implementation may seem, suffer from the enormous global deficit in skilled healthcare workers. The World Health Organization estimates there is currently a critical deficit of 2.4 million doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals, meaning that people are already suffering and dying for lack of this pool of talent.” --Laurie Garrett, member of the Global Health Program of the Council on Foreign Relations, June, 2007 Health workers are the engine that drive health systems . A broken ambulance in Gulu, Uganda
6. What Causes the Health Worker Crisis in Africa? #1 Low salaries and benefits #2 Severely limited training and career opportunities #3 Shattered health systems #4 Inadequate occupational safety #5 Migration to wealthy nations #6 The impact of HIV/AIDS Many factors contribute to the health workforce crisis in Africa. Most African health workers want to stay and practice medicine in their own country. However, a variety of challenges make it very hard for doctors and nurses to stay:
7. “ I very much want to stay in Uganda but there is a big temptation to work abroad. We are offered peanuts in Uganda, and huge salaries in other countries. Ugandan doctors make $250 a month—I have a relative in UK who makes 50 pounds PER HOUR. He makes as much in 4 hours as I would make in a month. Another friend’s uncle, a psychiatrist in the UK, makes 8,000 pounds per month. Students have a passion to help their own people, but we need money.” --Ronnie Kiweewa, a Ugandan Medical Student Challenge #1: The Impact of Low Salaries Ronnie (far right) and a group of medical student activists in front of Mulago Hospital in Uganda
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9. Empty supply shelves in Rakai, Uganda Challenge #3: Shattered Health Systems Some hospitals have no hand soap, no disinfectant to clean operating rooms, no latex gloves, no masks, and limited essential medications. In some cases there may be only one health worker for an entire clinic, who is on call seven days per week. A 2002 study by the Uganda Ministry of Health found fewer than 20% of clinics surveyed had electricity, only 66% had an on-site water source, only 40% had infection control provisions like sharps containers in place, and many lacked properly trained staff.
10. “ The heath system is shattered. Patients came to the clinic where I worked looking for medicine, but the only lab tech was gone. We could not send their samples for tests, so could only diagnose using clinical guidelines. We can’t properly serve our patients this way, which is discouraging.” --Nelson Igaba, a Ugandan School Student
11. “ There is also the obvious problem of protection—we have not had access to Hepatitis B vaccinations or PEP (and) there is no guarantee of safety—no gloves, no drugs, no vaccines.” --Nixon Nixonzima Ugandan Medical Student US and Ugandan health workers present a potential campaign on occupational safety and gloves for health workers at a symposium in Kampala Challenge #4 Inadequate Occupational Safety
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15. YOU CAN HELP. Support the Global HEALTH Act of 2010 The Global HEALTH Act of 2010 responds forcefully and comprehensively to health systems that are broken, with the health workers who are at the core of these systems often missing. At the bill’s own core is a new Global Health Workforce Initiative to support a comprehensive approach to meeting their health workforce needs, including developing and implementing national health workforce plans. The Initiative would initially include at least 12 countries, with the bill authorizing $2 billion over five years to help countries recruit, train, retain, equitably distribute, and increase the effectiveness of their health workforce.
16. Above: Medical students from Physicians for Human Rights and the American Medical Students Association demonstrated at the Toronto International AIDS conference in 2006 in solidarity with their African colleagues. Empty white coats symbolized the doctors and nurses missing from African countries. Contact us to help! For more information, contact PHR National student Program coordinator Hope O’Brien at hobrien@phrusa.org.