- African art, including masks, sculptures, and other works, dates back centuries and influenced modernist European artists in the early 20th century. - Modernist artists like Picasso and Matisse were inspired by the bold colors and forms of African art, helping spark radical new styles like Cubism. - In contrast to Victorian views that labeled non-Western cultures as "savage", Modernists saw value in diverse perspectives and saw so-called "savage" cultures as equally civilized. - The sophisticated artistry and cultural influence of Africans demonstrates that characterizing them as "uncivilized" before European colonization was incorrect.

1. AFRICAN ART
-Has been around for centuries
-Found in burial chambers and shrines
-Ceremonial masks, totems, sculptures, bowls, etc.
-Used materials such as copper, bronze, ivory, terra cotta, wood, and others
THE QUESTION:
If Africans demonstrated such sophisticated manipulation
of materials into beautiful pieces of art dating back for
hundreds of years, and these art forms, as you will see,
have influenced European artistic culture, can it still be
claimed that they were “uncivilized” before European
colonization?

2. African Masks and Sculptures:

3. Modernism: The big change from the Victorian Era.
During the Victorian Era:
-Believed in seeing/experiencing the world from a single perspective
-This is seen in Victorian art
-Vanishing points
-Presented 3-dimensional portraits by using a fore, middle, and background
-Saw world divided into the “civilized” and “savage”
“According to Victorians, the "civilized" were those from industrialized nations, cash-based
economies, Protestant Christian traditions, and patriarchal societies; the "savage" were those
from agrarian or hunter-gatherer tribes, barter-based economies, "pagan" or "totemistic"
traditions, and matriarchal ... societies.”
-Catherine Lavender
Modernists turned away from these views:
-They were humanists
-They claimed that things could be seen from multiple perspectives
-What radical statement does this make about claiming a culture
“uncivilized?”
-That even if your way of living is different from mine, that doesn’t make you
“uncivilized.”

4. The modernist movement summarized by Catherine Lavender, a
professor at the Univ. of New York:
“Modernists reversed the values associated with each kind of culture.
Modernists presented the Victorian "civilized" as greedy and
warmongering (instead of being industrialized nations and cash-based
economies), as hypocrites (rather than Christians), and as enemies of
freedom and self-realization (instead of good patriarchs). Those that
the Victorians had dismissed (and subjugated) as "savages" the
Modernists saw as being the truly civilized--responsible users of their
environments, unselfish and family-oriented, generous, creative,
mystical and full of wonder, and egalitarian. These "savages," post-
WWI Modernists pointed out, did not kill millions with mustard gas,
machine-guns, barbed wire, and genocidal starvation.”

5. Key Movements of Modern Art:
-Cubism
-Fauvism
Some Modern Artists Influenced by Africa:
-Pablo Picasso
-Henri Matisse
-Maurice de Vlaminck
-Amedeo Modigliani
-George Braque

6. What similarities do you see?

7. Pablo Picasso
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907-09)
-Along with Georges Braque pioneered the cubist artistic
style
-First cubist work was Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
-5 nudes around a still life
-3 on the left are in classical poses, but with distorted
forms
-Picasso has destroyed the traditional painting of
the flawless female figure
-What kind of a statement could he be making?
-2 on the right introduce the idea of multiple
perspectives at once, they appear as if they are
wearing masks (African influence?)
-They represent “savage” humans vs. the “civilized”
women on the left
-Does not have the traditional fore, middle, and background
-This is Picasso’s idea: representing 3-dimensional scenes
on a 2-dimensional plane

8. Women Playing the
Mandolin (Picasso, 1909)
Houses at L’Estaque
(Braque, 1908)
Still Life With a Mandolin
and a Guitar
(Picasso, 1924)
C
U
BI
S
M

9. Le Fauves (The Wild Beasts)
“...characterized by brilliant color, expressive brushwork, and flat composition...”
-Short lived artistic movement (1904-1908)
-Mainly led by Henri Matisse and
Maurice de Vlaminck
-Instead of showing the geometric influence
of African art, they incorporated the bold
lines and colors seen in African culture
The Green Stripe (1912)

10. Henri Matisse
Maurice de Vlaminck

11. Music: Another Art Form Influenced by African Culture
-What instrument comes to mind when you think: African
Music?
-Do you see African influence on modern music and
BEATS?

12. Chinua Achebe
In “An Image of Africa,” Achebe directly mentions the way Africa was the
source of inspiration for the Modernist movement, and uses this as evidence
that Africa was not just a continent full of “savages.”
“But more important...is the abundant testimony about [Africans] which we could gather...which might
lead us to think that these people must have had other occupations besides merging into the evil forest
or materializing out of it simply to plague [Europeans]. For as it happened, soon after Conrad had
written his book an event of far greater consequence was taking place in the art world of Europe. This is
how Frank Willett, a British art historian, describes it:
Gauguin had gone to Tahiti, the most extravagant individual act of turning to a non-European culture in
the decades immediately before and after 1900, when European artists were avid for new artistic
experiences, but it was only about 1904-5 that African art began to make its distinctive impact. One
piece is still identifiable; it is a mask that had been given to Maurice Vlaminck in 1905. He records that
Derain was "speechless" and "stunned" when he saw it, bought it from Vlaminck and in turn showed it
to Picasso and Matisse, who were also greatly affected by it. Ambroise Vollard then borrowed it and had
it cast in bronze . . . The revolution of twentieth century art was under way!(5)”

13. “The real question is the dehumanization of Africa and
Africans which this age-long attitude has fostered and
continues to foster in the world.”
-Chinua Achebe,
An Image of Africa
“I received two very touching letters from high school children in Yonkers, New York, who...had just
read Things Fall Apart. One of them was particularly happy to learn about the customs and superstitions of
an African tribe.
I propose to draw from these rather trivial encounters rather heavy conclusions which at first sight
might seem somewhat out of proportion to them: But only at first sight.
The young fellow from Yonkers, perhaps partly on account of his age but I believe also for much
deeper and more serious reasons, is obviously unaware that the life of his own tribesmen in Yonkers,
New York, is full of odd customs and superstitions and, like everybody else in his culture, imagines
that he needs a trip to Africa to encounter those things.” -Chinua Achebe, An Image of Africa

14. “...Sieglinde Lemke has argued that there could have been no
modernism without ‘primitivism’—a term, I confess, that I detest -
and no ‘primitivism’ without modernism. They are the ego and the
id of modern art.”
-Unknown (http://www.ethnographica.com/african_art_and_europe.htm)
Going back to Freud...
Which is the ego and which is the id?

15. Cubism Evoking Emotional Reactions
SYMBOLISM
Picasso’s Guernica
-Picasso began his artistic career painting realistically
-The evolution to this seeming ugly way of painting forms was a CHOICE
-His work envelopes the idea of objectivity in art and culture

16. THE QUESTION:
If Africans demonstrated such sophisticated
manipulation of materials into beautiful pieces
of art dating back for hundreds of years, and
these art forms, as you will see, have
influenced European artistic culture, can it still
be claimed that they were “uncivilized” before
European colonization?