Pathology by drugs

2. By Babar Ali

3.  In routien drugs are aquired either therputicaly or as
a abuse depend upon the Bio-psycho-social index
of an individual to make their self satisfied by geting
ride of disease or environmental stress.
 But in both condition an individual must go through
unwanted reaction which is called ADR’s.
 ADR’s harms an individual body by effecting
physiology,anotomy or bichemical nature of human
to some extent.

4.  There are two types of doses
 Prescribed :The doses which are prescribed by Doctor for
the specific abnormality
 Non prescribed :The doses which are administered by
individual without any concern prescriber (by self).It may be
for theraputic desire or as source of abuse.
 NOTE:In both condition drug can alter some
undesirable side reaction so called adverse reaction
depends upon dosage.

5. ADVERSE EFFECT
 We will discuss adverse effect of drug in two ways
 Adverse effect of theraputic drugs.
 Adverse effect of abusing drugs.

6. THERAPUTIC DRUG’S AND THEIR ADR’S
 Estrogen or oestrogen is the primary female sex
hormone and is responsible for development and
regulation of the female reproductive system
and secondary sex charecteristic.
 But exogenious estrogen used primarly for
distresing menapause symptoms(hot flashes) and
widly used to reduced osteoporosis in female .
 As it’s a hormone replacement therapy (HRT) ,so
incase of consistant low are high dose can cause
adverse effect.

7. ADVERSE EFFECT OF EXOGENIOUS
ESTROGEN
 Exogenious estrogen can cause endometrial
carcinoma with persistant low dose replecment .
 At high dose replacement it causes breast cancer .
 Increases the chances of thrombo embolism.
 It also increases high dansity lipid (HDL) and
decreases low dansity (LDL) .

8. MANFISTATION

9. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AND THEIR ADVERSE
REACTION
 The combination of estrogen and progesteron
which is used as birth controling drugs.
 It have less than 50 µg/day estrogen thats why it
has fewer side effect.
 Due to less estrogen it has less risk of breast
cancer and endometrial carcinoma as well.

10. ADVERSE EFFECT OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
 It can cause cervical carcinoma in women infected
with papilloma virus.
 It can cause thromboembolism due to increase
hepatic synthesis of cougulation factor.
 It can cause cardiovascular disease in a women
older than 35 year who smoke .
 Can cause Hepatic adenoma in older women who
have used OC’s for prolonged period.

11. MANIFESTATION

12. ACETAMINOPHEN AND THEIR ADVERSE EFFECT
 Acetaminophen (paracetamol ) is antipyratic and
analagisic drug through which an an individual get
rid off temprature and pain.
 It is commonly self medicated therputic drug but if
doses exceed can cause adverse effect no dought
which is harmfull.

13. ADVERSE EFFECT OF ACETA AMINOPHEN WITH
HIGH DOSES
 Hepitic necrosis
 Deplation of GSH(reduced glutathione) which give a free hit to
ROS(reactive oxygen species) and disrupt the membran of
verious cell .
 Irritation of GIT
 Intestinal ulcer
 Include nausea
 Stomach pain
 Loss of appetite
 Itching
 Rash
 Headache
 Dark urine
 Clay-colored stools, or jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes).

14. MANIFESTATION

15. ASPIREN AND THEIR ADVERSE EFFECT
 Aspirin(actylsalycylic acid) is common non steriodal
anti inflamatory drug.
 Aspirin over dose may result from accidental
overdose by young children and as succide attempt
in adult which causes adverse effect.
 May be fatal as little dose 2 – 4 gm in child and 10
– 30 gm in adult.

16. ADVERSE EFFECT
 Headach
 Dizziness
 Tinnitus (ringing in the ear)
 Difficulty in hearing
 Mental confusion
 Nausea
 Diarrhea
 Drowsiness
 Tublointerstetial nephritis

17. MANIFESTATION

18. SOME COMMON ADR’S AND THIER AGENTS

19. DRUG OF ABUSING AND THEIR ADVERS
EFFECT
 Drug abuse generally involves the use mind altering
substance beyaond theraputic or social norms.
 Drug addiction and over doses are serious public
health problems.
 Some common drug of abusing are
 Cocain
 Heroin
 Marijuana

20. COCAIN AND THIER ADVERSE EFFECT
 Cocain are chemical substance extracted from the
leaves of coca plant
 Coccain is mostly used drug of abusing in united
states
 It effect an individual Bio-Psycho-Social index by
altering individual mind.

21. ADVERSE EFFECT
 Cardiovascuular effect
 Tachycardia
 Hypertansion
 Vasoconstriction
 Myocardial ischemia
 CNS effect
 Hyperpyrexia
 Effect on fetus
 Abortion (Due to hypoxia)
 Chronic use
 Perforation of nasal septum
 Decrease lung diffusing capcity
 Development of dialated cardiomyopathy

22. HEROIN AND THIER ADVERSE EFFECT
 Herion is addictive opioid derived from the popy
plant and are more harmfull than cocain
 Estimated usage is also high in united state .
 As sold on street is diluted with an agent (often talc
or quinine).

23. ADVERS EFFECT OF HEROIN
 Pulmonary disease
 Infections
 Skin lesions
 Renal problems
 Euphoria
 Hallucination
 Sedation

24. MARIJUANA AND THIER SIDE EFFECT
 Marijuana is also drug of abusing extracted from
the leaves of cannabis sativa plant.
 Marijuana contain psychoactive substance
tetrahydrocannaninol (THC).
 Which effect CNS by different ways .

25. ADVERSE EFFECT OF MARIJUANA
 Allergies
 Tachycardia
 Bronchitis
 Pharyngitis
 Cough
 Anxity
 Panic
 Lung cancer
 Infartility

26. COMMON DRUG OF ABUSE AND THIER AGENT

28. Presented to: Mr.Zahid Rehman (Pathology)
Presented by: Babar Ali
Discipline: Cardiac Perfusion