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4. Advantage of audit
1 Errors and frauds are locked at an early date and in future no attempt is
made to commit such frauds or one is rather careful not to commit an
error or a fraud as the account are subject to regular audit.
2 The auditing of accounts keep the accounts clerks regular and vigilant as
they know that the auditors would complain against them if the accounts
are not prepared up-to- date or if there is any irregularity.
3 In case of fire ,the insurance company may settle the claim on the basis of
the audited accounts of the previous years.
4 Money can be borrowed easily on the basis of previous audited balance
sheet.

5. Advantage of audit...
5 If the business is to be sold as a going concern,there will not be much
difficulty regarding the valuation of assets and good will as the accounts
have already been subject to audit by an independent person.
6 income tax authorities generally accept the profit and loss account which
has been prepared by a qualified auditor and they do not go details of the
account.
7 The management may consult the auditor and seeks his advices on
certain thchnical points although it is not the duty of an auditor to give
advice.

6. Advantage of audit...
8 If the accounts have been prepared on a uniform basis , account of one
year can be compared with other years if there is any discrepancy ,the
cause may be enquired into.
9 Audited accounts are conidered more or less correct by the sales tax
authorities.
10 In case of join stock company when owership is separated from
management audit of accounts ensure the shareholders.
11 In the event of admission of new partner,audit accounts will have facilitate
the formation of terms and conditions form joining the new partner

7. Advantage of audit...
12It is because of audit that the owner will be satisfied about the business
operation and working of its variors department
13Another advantage of audit is the verification of the books of accounts
which help in mantaining the records up to date all times
14Auditing is very useful in obatining the independent opinion of the auditor
about businesscondition
15Due to the fear of audit the work of accounting always remains upto date
and correct in all respects.

9. Classification of Audit
On the basis of legislative control.
On the basis of auditor vis a vis management.
On the basis of periodicity of audit.
On the basis of subject of audit .
On the basis of coverage of audit.
On the basis of manner of checking

10. Lagislativ Control
 The statutory audit
 The statutory audit is mandatory audit and which carried out each year by
appointed auditors, which is done by proper manner and contents of audit
report.

 The goverment audit
 The goverment audit is regard to the audit of goverment companies and public
sector undertaking ,the is appointed by central goverment on the advice of
C&AG. The auditor submits his report to C&AG who comments on it and
placed it before parlament.

 private audit
 In case of private audit there is no statutory or constitutional compulsion to get
the account audit

11. Relation of Auditor vis a viv
Management
 External audit
 The audit is said to be external if the appoinment of auditor is made by persons
other then those whose performance is evaluated by auditor.

Internal audit
 On the other hend an audit is said to be internal when the auditor is appointed
by persons who are responsible for the entity . An internal auditor usually
appointed by the management of a company.

12. Periodicity of audit
 Financal audit
 Financal audit is examination of financial statments to opinon on the truth and
fairnees of financial condition and operting results of the entity.
 Cost audit
 Cost audit is the audit of cost records of the company. It is checking of cost
accounts and costing techniques,methods followed by the entity.
 Opertional audit
 Opertional audit is review of opertions of opertions of an audit. It carried out
by the internal auditors . the auditors opertions of functional areas audit like
production , marketing, stores.
 Management audit
 Management audit is critical review of policy and practices audit of
management. It involves review of various process of management.

13. Coverage of Audit
 Complete audit
 In complete audit there is no restriction placed on auditor in matter coverage of
audit. The auditor checks up all books of accounts with connected records to
express opinion on the final financial statment.
 Pertial audit
 In caseof pertial audit usally the areas to be covered in audit are delimited by
specific agreement to thic effect.

14. Manner of checking
 Standard audit:
 Mr. Irish of australia defined standard audit in his book theory and practice of
auditing as" This embraces a complete check and analysis of certain items
and containgent upon effective internal check ,appropriate test checks on
remaining items,the whole of the work being in accord with general auditing
standard quite adequate to justify an unqualified opinion".
 Form the defination it would appear the certain items in the accounts are
throughly checked and analysied and appropriate test checks are applied to
other items provide there is a good and effective internal check in operation


15. Manner of checking...
 Balance sheet audit.
 The term" balance sheet audit" means verification of the values of assets
,liabilities ,the balances of reserves and provisions and the amount of profit
earned ,or loss suffered by a firm during the year.
 "Balance sheet audit is an American term which is capable of two meaning":
 It means limited audit in which all the balance sheet accounts are verified and
tests imposed only on those profit and loss items which are directly related to
the assets such as repair and maintance ,dfepreciation or bad debts. Accounts
such as these are analysed ,but otherwise no detailed audit is cinducted.
 In such a balance sheet audit tests are imposed on internal control but generally
for a specific period .In any case , the transactions for the closing months of
the year are closely scruinised. further tests include scrutiny of records,
comparsion of income and expense investigation of material flucation and
analysis of appropriation accounts.

17. Difference between Continuous audit and
Interim audit
Continuous audit Interim audit
A continuous audit or a detailed audit as Some writers opine that an audit which
it is sometimes called is an audit which is called in between two annual audits
involves a detailed examination of the of with a view to find out interim profit to
account at regular intervals of say one enable company to declare an interim
month or three months dividend, shuld called interim audit.
Continuous audit is carried on up to any Interim audit is up to a definite date
date according to the convenience of the according to the instructions of the
auditor and his client. client.
The verification of assets and liabilities is Interim audit the assets and liabilities
done after the balance sheet has been are verified when such an audit is
prepared at the end of the accounting conducted
period.
No trial balance is prepared though the Interim audit the trial balance has to be
totals of certain accounts may be noted. prepared or checked.

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Continuous audit Interim audit
Continuous audit the object is not to Interim audit is conducted with the
know the profit or lose. object of finding the profit or the lose
It is an expensive system of audit. It is not an expensive system of audit.
Continuous audit is only satisfactory Interim audit is not satisfactory
system of internal check is in system of internal check is in
operation operation.
The auditor visits his clients at regular The auditor visit his clients at the
intervals during the financial year. periodically

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Continuous audit Interim audit
It is easy and quick discovery of errors. It is not easy and quick discovery of
errors.
The clerks will be very regular in The clerks will not be very regular in
keeping the accounts up to date any keeping the accounts up to date any
time. time.
It is more used in banking sector. It is used any institution.

21. Internal auditing and External auditing
Internal Auditing:
The auditing activities of an organization done by an auditor who
appointed by that particular organization, for the purpose of
evaluating the adequacy & effectiveness of the organization’s system
of internal control as well as the quality of performance and make
financial report and provide financial &operational information to
the management for taking managerial decision.
External Auditing:
The auditing activities that clarify and justify the internal auditing
report for the purpose of making the report reliable to the stock
holders and it’s others user.

22. “Internal audit” vs. “External audit”
Factors Internal audit External audit
Evaluating the adequacy Verifies the truth fairness of
Objective and effectiveness of the the financial information.
organization’s system of
internal control
Appointment of By management. By stock holders.
auditors
Relationship Part of the organization Not part of the organization.

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Factors Internal audit External audit
Independence The audit can be dominated by The audit can’t curtail or
the management. dominate by the
management.
Over all system finance, Accounts, profit & loss
Scope of work accounts, operations, MIS and a/c, balance sheet, annual
decision making. report and financial
system.
Primary client Management and Board Stock holders.
of directors.
Time Coverage Continuous throughout Tend to be year ended
the year process.

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Factors Internal audit External audit
Legal Generally not mendetory apart Essential for limited companies
requirement from parts of public sector. and most public bodies.
Efficiency Have efficiency & knowledge Have less efficiency and
of auditors about company’s operation and knowledge then internal
internal control. auditors.
Reliability of Less then external audit. More then internal audit.
audit report