The MACREDIE study examined the influence of gender on communication efficiency and effectiveness in a route guidance task with 56 university student participants (31 males, 25 females) randomly paired. In a Wizard of Oz experiment where one participant guided a "robot" to locations on a map via text, quantitative analysis found that female instructors provided less information to male followers, and male robots/followers had fewer misunderstandings. Qualitative analysis also found gender and role significantly impacted communication and task performance, with mixed gender pairs matching or exceeding all-male performance. The ELLIMAN study aimed to identify gaps in existing research on using information and communication technologies (ICT) for governance and policy modelling, to determine what areas need further