LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)
Adam copeland ig2 task 1 work sheet
1. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
1
Produce a glossary of terms specific to the methods and principles of sound design and production. Using a provided template, you must
research and gather definitions specific to provided glossary terms. Any definitions must be referenced with the URL link of the website you
have obtained the definition.
You must also, where possible, provide specific details of how researched definitions relate to your own production practice.
Name: Adam Copeland RESEARCHED DEFINITION (provide short
internet researched definition and URL link)
DESCRIBE THE RELEVANCE OF THE
RESEARCHED TERM TO YOUR OWN
PRODUCTION PRACTICE?
SOUND DESIGN METHODOLOGY Foley Artistry “Foley is the reproduction of everyday sound effects that are
added to film, video, and other mediums in post-
production to enhance audio quality. These reproduced
sounds can be anything from the swishing of clothing and
footsteps to squeaky doors and breaking glass.”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foley_(filmmaking)
Foley artists work in a Foley studio, a room with many props,
a viewing screen and recording equipment. The artist
watches the film and creates the sound in real time. In most
cases several different tracks are recorded, for example:
A "move track", which includes the sounds of general
movement, clothes swishing, etc, footsteps, "Specifics" —
individual sound effects for particular actions on screen, e.g.
fights, etc.
http://www.mediacollege.com/employment/film/foley-
artist.html
We have done similar tasks too this such as
recording things within the college grounds or
outside ad then editing them with different
types of effects like ambience or reverb.
Sound Libraries
A sample library is a collection of digital sound recordings,
known as samples, for use by composers, arrangers,
performers, and producers of music. The sound files are
loaded into a sampler - either hardware or computer-based -
which is then used to create music. Sample libraries appear
We have begun to do this with examples of
different types of game music varying from
Retro tracks to Action tracks.
2. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
2
in a variety of forms:
As a tempo-based musical phrase that can
be looped (repeated in tempo with the arrangement), or
edited in a cut and paste collage fashion (often utilizing
programs such as Propllerhead's Recycle).
Collections of note-by-note recordings of musical
instruments for playback on a digital sampler, known
as multi-samples. This method of sample playback is to
construct a playable instrument, or emulation of another
instrument, from a sampler or computer.
One-shot hits or stabs of non-tempo based audio.
Particularly used for sound effects.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_library
SOUND FILE FORMATS Uncompressed Uncompressed audio files are the most accurate digital
representation of a soundwave, but can also be the most
resource-intensive method of recording and storing digital
audio, both in terms of storage and management. Their
accuracy makes them suitable for archiving and delivering
audio at high resolution, and working with audio at a
professional level, and they are the 'master' audio format of
choice.
http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/guide/uncompressed-
audio-file-formats
We have not used these in class but this is a
common type of sound file which delivers
audio in high quality.
.wav Standard audio file container format used mainly
in Windows PCs. Commonly used for storing uncompressed
(PCM), CD-quality sound files, which means that they can be
large in size—around 10 MB per minute. Wave files can also
We have used these types of files when
editing sounds on reaper for multiple tasks
given.
3. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
3
contain data encoded with a variety of (lossy) codecs to
reduce the file size (for example the GSM or MP3 formats).
Wav files use a RIFF structure.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_file_format
.aiff Standard audio file format used by Apple. It could be
considered the Apple equivalent of wav.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_file_format
We have not used this type of file yet, it is
similar to the .wav but it is the Apple Mac’s
version of the file.
.au The standard audio file format used by Sun, Unix and Java.
The audio in au files can be PCM or compressed with the μ-
law, a-law or G729 codecs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_file_format
We have not used this type of file yet, it is a
compressed audio file for programmes similar
to Java.
.smp Short for Symmetric Multiprocessing, a
computerarchitecture that provides fast performance by
making multipleCPUs available to complete
individual processes simultaneously (multiprocessing). Unlike
asymmetrical processing, any idle processor can be assigned
any task, and additional CPUs can be added to improve
performance and handle increased loads. A variety of
specialized operating systems and hardware arrangements
are available to support SMP. Specific applications can
benefit from SMP if the code allows multithreading.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SMP.html
We have not used this type of file yet, it is a
file that processes sound.
Lossy Compression In information technology, "lossy" compression is a data
encodingmethod that compresses data by discarding (losing)
some of it. The procedure aims to minimize the amount of
data that needs to be held, handled, and/or transmitted by a
computer. The different versions of the photo of the dog at
the right demonstrate how much data can be dispensed
with, and how the images become progressively coarser as
the data that made up the original one is discarded.
Typically, a substantial amount of data can be discarded
before the result is sufficiently degraded to be noticed by the
user.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossy_compression
Lossy Compression is when you lose some
data from a file, for example, sound quality
would have missing parts of audio.
.mp3 MPEG Layer III Audio. Is the most common sound file format
used today.
We have also used the mp3 files quite a bit for
editing on Reaper.
4. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_file_format
AUDIO LIMITATIONS Sound Processor Unit (SPU) The SPU has control over a 512kb sound buffer. Data is
stored compressedinto blocks of 16 bytes. Each block
contains 14 packed sample bytes and twoheader bytes, one
for the packing and one for sample end and
loopinginformation. One such block is decoded into 28
sample bytes (= 14 16bitsamples).
http://psx.rules.org/spu.txt
SPU’s are used for control over sound buffers.
Digital Sound Processor (DSP) The mathematical manipulation of an information signal to
modify or improve it in some way. It is characterized by the
representation of discrete time, discrete frequency, or other
discrete domain signals by a sequence of numbers or
symbols and the processing of these signals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing
DSP controls multiple items like frequency’s
and sequences of numbers.
Random Access Memory (RAM) The most common computer memory which can be used by
programs to perform necessary tasks while the computer is
on; an integrated circuit memory chip allows information to
be stored or accessed in any order and all storage locations
are equally accessible
http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=random-
access memory
RAM is used to control multiple programmes
at once.
Mono Audio A single track of audio.
http://www.allynn.org/fcp/node/33
We have used Mono audio when using Reaper
for lots of different tasks like creating custom
sounds and editing recordings.
Stereo Audio Stereophonic sound or, more commonly, stereo, is a method
of sound reproduction that creates an illusion of
directionality and audible perspective. This is usually
achieved by using two or more independent audio channels
through a configuration of two or more loudspeakers (or
stereo headphones)in such a way as to create the impression
of sound heard from various directions, as in natural
hearing.Thus the term "stereophonic" applies to so-called
"quadraphonic" and "surround-sound" systems as well as the
more common two-channel, two-speaker systems. It is often
contrasted with monophonic, or "mono" sound, where audio
is in the form of one channel, often centred in the sound
field (analogous to a visual field). Stereo sound is now
common in entertainment systems such as broadcast radio
We have used this kind of technique in the
form of Sound effects with being able to
change the volume and the pan of the sounds.
5. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
5
and TV, recorded music and the cinema.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_audio
Surround Sound Surround sound is a term used to describe a type of audio
output in which the sound appears to "surround the
listener" by 360 degrees. Surround sound systems use three
or more channels and speakers in front and behind the
listener to create a surrounding envelope of sound and
directional audio sources. The term surround sound has
become popular in recent years and more commonly used
since the advent of home theatre systems. Surround sound
can be either an analog ordigital system.
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/surround_sound.html
Surround sound is a feature that some T.V’s
have. The effect of surround sound can also be
achieved with headphones.
Direct Audio (Pulse Code
Modulation – PCM)
Pulse-code modulation(PCM) is a method used
todigitally represent sampledanalog signals. It is the standard
form of digital audio in computers,Compact Discs, digital
telephony and other digital audio applications. In a PCM
stream, the amplitudeof the analog signal is sampled
regularly at uniform intervals, and each sample
is quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital
steps.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation
We have used direct audio when recording
sounds, while ambient records surrounding
sounds, direct audio will be from sounds the
microphone is directly pointed at.
AUDIO RECORDING SYSTEMS Analogue Analog recording methods store signals as a continual
wave in or on the media. The wave might be stored as a
physical texture on a phonograph record, or a fluctuation in
the field strength of a magnetic recording. This is different
from digital recording of which among many possibilities
include digital audio and digital video, which digital
signals are represented as data or discrete numbers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_recording
Analogues are different methods of wave in
on media items.
Digital Mini Disc A pre-recorded MiniDisc is exactly like a CD, except smaller.
You can read How Compact Discs Work to learn how music
can be recorded digitally and how a CD stores the digital
data. When you read that article you will see that a CD holds
about five times more data (650 megabytes in data mode
and 740 megabytes in audio mode) than a MiniDisc.
However, both CDs and MiniDiscs can store the same
amount of music (75 minutes or so). The difference is that a
MiniDisc uses a digital compression technique
called ATRAC(Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding) when
storing music.
We have not used Mini Discs, but they are
similar to CDs in what they do , but are in a
more compressed disc.
6. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
6
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/question55.htm
Compact Disc (CD) Compact disc (CD) is adigital optical disc data storage format.
The format was originally developed to store and play back
sound recordings only (CD-DA), but was later adapted for
storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were
further derived from these, including write-once audio and
data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video
Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc
(SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, andEnhanced Music CD.
Audio CDs and audio players have been commercially
available since October 1982.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc
CDs are the most common type of media to rip
or burn songs onto.
Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
Digital Audio Tape (DATor R-DAT) is a signal recording and
playback medium developed by Sony and introduced in
1987. In appearance it is similar to a Compact Cassette, using
4 mm tape enclosed in a protective shell, but is roughly half
the size at 73 mm × 54 mm × 10.5 mm. As the name
suggests, the recording isdigital rather than analog. DAT has
the ability to record at higher, equal or lower sampling rates
than aCD (48, 44.1 or 32 kHzsampling rate respectively) at
16 bits quantization. If a digital source is copied then the DAT
will produce an exact clone, unlike other digital media such
as Digital Compact Cassette or non-Hi-MD MiniDisc, both of
which use a lossy data reduction system.
Like most formats of videocassette, a DAT cassette may only
be recorded and played in one direction, unlike an
analog compact audio cassette.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape
Digital Audio Tapes are similar to the cassette
but can record at higher, lower and equal
sampling rates than a CD.
7. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
7
MIDI
MIDI (/ˈmɪdi/; short for Musical Instrument Digital
Interface) is a technical standard that describes
a protocol, digital interface and connectors and allows a
wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers
and other related devices to connect and communicate with
one another.[1]
A single MIDI link can carry up to sixteen
channels of information, each of which can be routed to a
separate device.
MIDI carries event messages that specify notation, pitch and
velocity, control signals for parameters such as volume,
vibrato, audio panning, cues, and clock signals that set and
synchronize tempo between multiple devices. These
messages are sent to other devices where they control
sound generation and other features. This data can also be
recorded into a hardware or software device called a
sequencer, which can be used to edit the data and to play it
back at a later time.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI
We use MIDI for creating sound tracks for
custom music that we have been making.
Software Sequencers A sequencing software package designed to be loaded into a
computer. Software sequencers usually have more features
and have the advantage of showing you a lot more
information at once because they use the computer's screen
and aren't locked into the knobs or buttons or display of a
Software Sequencers are programmes that
give you an advantage of showing you more
information on a screen.
8. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
8
hardware sequencer.
http://www.wannaplaymusic.com/get-started/keyboard-
terminology
Software Plug-ins
In computing, aplug-in (or plugin,extension, or add-
on / addon) is asoftware componentthat adds a specific
feature to an existing software application. When an
application supports plug-ins, it enables customization. The
common examples are the plug-ins used in web browsers to
add new features such as search-engines, virus scanners, or
the ability to utilize a new file type such as a new video
format. Well-known browser plug-ins include the Adobe
Flash Player, theQuickTime Player, and the Java plug-in,
which can launch a user-activated Java applet on a web page
to its execution a local Java virtual machine.
Add-on (or addon) is the general term for what enhances an
application. It comprises snap-in, plug-
in, theme and skin.[1]
An extension add-on tailors
the core features of an application by adding an
optional module, whereas a plug-in add-on would tailor
the outer layers of an application to personalize
functionality.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)
We use plug-ins on Reaper so that sounds will
work on the program
MIDI Keyboard Instruments A MIDI keyboard is typically apiano-style user
interfacekeyboard device used for sending MIDI signals or
commands over a USB or MIDI cable to other devices
We used the MIDI keyboard to create a verity
of the of the tracks on the sound library
9. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
9
connected and operating on the same MIDI protocol
interface. This could also be a personal computer running
software such as adigital audio workstation (DAW) that
listens to and sends MIDI information to other MIDI devices
connected by cable or running internal to the personal
computer system. The basic MIDI keyboard does not
produce sound. Instead, MIDI information is sent to an
electronic module capable of reproducing an array of digital
sounds or samples that resemble traditional analog musical
instruments. These samples or waveforms are also referred
to as voices or timbres.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI_keyboard
AUDIO SAMPLING File Size Constraints - Bit-depth
In digital audio using pulse-code modulation (PCM), bit
depth is the number of bits of information in each sample,
and it directly corresponds to the resolutionof each sample.
Examples of bit depth include Compact Disc Digital Audio,
which uses 16 bits per sample, and DVD-Audio andBlu-ray
Disc which can support up to 24 bits per sample.
In basic implementations, variations in bit depth primarily
affect the noise level fromquantization error—thus
the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dynamic range. However,
techniques such as dithering, noise
shaping andoversampling mitigate these effects without
changing the bit depth. Bit depth also affects bit rate and file
size.
Bit depth is only meaningful in reference to a PCM digital
signal. Non-PCM formats, such as lossy compression formats
like MP3, AAC andVorbis, do not have associated bit depths.
For example, in MP3, quantization is performed on PCM
samples that have been transformed into the frequency
10. Salford City College
Eccles Sixth Form Centre
BTEC Extended Diploma in GAMES DESIGN
Unit 73: Sound For Computer Games
IG2 Task 1
10
domain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_bit_depth
File Size Constraints - Sample Rate
In signal processing,sampling is the reduction of acontinuous
signal to a discrete signal. A common example is the
conversion of asound wave (a continuous signal) to a
sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).
A sample refers to a value or set of values at a point in time
and/or space.
A sampler is a subsystem or operation that extracts samples
from acontinuous signal.
A theoretical ideal sampler produces samples equivalent to
the instantaneous value of the continuous signal at the
desired points.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)
File size constraints are signal processes that
sample continuous signals and discrete-time
signals.