Actually, there are lots of studies and secondary data set that .docx

Actually, there are lots of studies and secondary data set that
will help in my topic. In addition the study will includes a case
study and I can use some journal articles for some important
information on the cases.
I can use various official sites to access their reports of
desalination in Florida. For example, I have found out an
official site of South Florida Water Management district
http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xweb%20-
%20release%203%20water%20supply/desalinationthat has
published a number of reports on desalination that can be
effectively used as secondary data in this case study. Since the
research is a qualitative study I can gather necessary reports to
collect secondary data set.
Here are some links that will help to collect data:
http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xweb%20-
%20release%203%20water%20supply/desalination for some
secondary data (numerical figures including a trend analysis).
For more information on desalination in South Florida:
2012 Potable Water Desalination Plants in the SFWMD
Facilities Using Brackish Groundwater and Seawater in South
Florida
Growth of Desalination Facilities within the SFWMD
2-There are links for some reports that will also be helpful to
collect qualitative data (they are not literature or journal
articles, they are simple reports from the water supply districts
and state of Florida.
i.
http://www.swfwmd.state.fl.us/publications/files/watersupply.p
df
ii.http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/docs/desalination-in-florida-
report.pdf
iii.http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xrepository/sfwmd
_repository_pdf/waterdesalinationconcentratemgmtpiloting-

dec09-carollo.pdf
iv.
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/water/waterpolicy/docs/factsheets/wr
fss-desalination.pdf
I can also find some more links as we proceed with the study.
Public Administration and Water supply Management in Urban
Areas of USA
How does the strategy of higher desalination of water helps in
better water supply management in overly populated urban
sector?
Abstract
A very interesting thing is being taking place in USA as well as
across the globe in the field of water supply management. With
increasing population and depletion of traditional freshwater
resources, there is a requirement of implementing a new way of
supplying water for drinking, domestic purposes and industrial
applications. Hence, increasing focus in being placed on
desalination as an alternative to fresh ground-water supplies.
Through the process of desalination salty water of sea as well as
moderately salty water sources are being treated for daily use.
USA has been one of the forerunners in installing desalination.
Moreover, Florida is the pioneer in implementing desalination
facilities in the country. Today, a significant portion of urban
water supplies in Florida as well as in USA is being managed by
desalination. However, much more initiatives need to be taken
to exploit this alternative method of water supply appropriately.
But, a lot of challenges are being faced by the USA in the
process of implementing desalination, such as technical issues,
funding problems, lack of public assistance, environmental
issues, etc. Government agencies need to be more careful while
using desalination and extend more funds towards installing
desalination facilities in order to have a better water supply

management.
Literature Review
In the urban areas of USA, due to reasons like increasing
population, climate changes, paucity of water supply etc., water
supply management has emerged as a matter of great concern.
Though the public administrative bodies of nation, state and
city levels have taken action to solve the problem but the level
of efficiency of these policies or initiative is still unclear.
More than 50% of water supplied by public authorities is
consumed by domestic household whereas less water is
consumed business or industries, as per the report of
Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of USA. Although, based
on location it includes some variations related to amount of
consumption (EPA, 2013).
Particularly in the urban areas, most of the sates of USA have
already understood the pressure related with increasing use of
water. In every region of USA water scarcity is a common
problem (Borisova et al. 2009). Issues like in growth in
population, increase in use of in-stream water, constant
withdrawal of ground water and its environmental side effects,
impact of climate changes in relation to water supply and
distribution worldwide are now being dealt with by the
administrative bodies (Dziegielewski and Kiefer 2008).
Over the years, efficiency with respect to water usage has been
improved, but rapid population growth, mainly in urban areas,
has led to a huge increase in withdrawal of groundwater by
public authorities to supply water (Marella 2008). Making
provision for adequate water for the incasing urban population
has become a major concern for water supply managers of the
country (Borisova et al. 2009). This concern has been
heightened by the long-term effects of climatic changes. For
example, changes in the amount of rainfall, evaporation,
groundwater recharge, etc. on account of variation in climate
significantly influence availability of and demand for
freshwater (Borisova et al. 2009). With respect to the quality of

drinking water, there are concerns about disinfection by
chemical substances, mainly in urban areas.
A former director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administrations’ Office of Hydrology stated that USA is
becoming seriously concerned about scarcity of clean water
supplies and increasing prices oil (America’s Authority in
Membrane Treatment, 2007). While conventional ways like
building of dams, aqueducts and reservoirs have already been
explored, the government has started to look for new
alternatives for increasing clean water supply. However, due to
funding problems, requirement high capital investments or
increasing environmental concerns, many proposed projects
about expanding the supplied of clean water have not been
completed (America’s Authority in Membrane Treatment,
2007). Hence, the government is now looking for various other
ways to deal with the issue of freshwater supply.
For expanding the present freshwater supplies, various options
are available. For the purpose of managing water demands,
conservation will always remain the most convenient and cost -
effective mean. But, the problem is that the amount of water
that can be conserved is limited. Hence, there is a requirement
of finding out other options. The present supply of fresh water
can be replaced by recycled and treated wastewater that can be
reused for some limited indirect drinking and non-drinking
purposed. (America’s Authority in Membrane Treatment, 2007;
National Research Council, 2008)
The water agencies have been compelled to search for latest
sources of water supply, like the sea or ocean and salty
groundwater aquifers to satisfy the demand for additional
supplies of water (Hill, 2012). In the United States of America,
ocean water desalination is a huge source of water s that has not
been exploited in a large extent (Chaudhry, 2010). Many areas
that have lack of freshwater, have still access moderately salty
water. Besides, more than three-quarters of the surface of the

earth is covered by very salty water that can not maintain
human life and makes agricultural activities unfeasible
(Clayton, 2006). However, this huge source of salty water can
be treated to address shortage of freshwater supplies. The
process which is employed to generate new freshwater supplies
by filtering out salt and other dissolved mineral from sea water
or moderately salty water is called desalination (Chaudhry,
2010; Clayton, 2006). The membrane method used in the
process of desalination also removes other contaminants in sea
or brackish water, such as dissolved metals, pathogens, organic
substances, arsenic, radio-nuclides, etc. (Carter, 2013).
Desalination is actually a supply-side management tool taken by
the government to preserve preferred quality of drinking water,
reclamation of water used by domestic households with
immensely efficient treatment for other non-drinking purposes
(Dziegielewski and Kiefer 2008; Borisova et al. 2009).
Beside the complexities that are typically involved in the
production process of drinking water from freshwater sources,
desalination of seawater and brackish water, which is a highly
developed process that actually combines a set of processes,
magnifies the complexities involved in the process of recycling
water (Carter, 2013; Cooley and Ajami, 2012). However, as
noticed by various researchers (Carter, 2013; Cooley and Ajami,
2012; Clayton, 2006; Chaudhry, 2010; Hill, 2012), the
importance of declination is increasing over time. For drinking
and domestic activities, commercial and industrial uses, etc.,
adequate availability of safe water is highly crucial as it
determines health and well being of people that in turn plays an
important role in the process of economic development (Khalil,
2001; Service, 2006; Carter, 2013).
In real life, in many regions, people have to travel long
distances in order to obtain adequate water to continue their life
(World Health Organization, 2007). This has caused
deterioration in their health conditions and they have been
unable to develop their resources and working capabilities so
that they can maintain a good life (World Health Organization,

2007). Around 50 years ago, the desalination technologies were
introduced. It was costly, but was able to expand access to
water (Service, 2006). Researchers like Durham et al. (2001),
Service (2006), Hill (2012), etc., have however, opined that
with the advancement and improvement of technologies now
one can access major quantities of safe water many parts of the
world, as the opportunities has expanded through desalination.
Nevertheless, some researchers (Chaudry, 2003; Arroyo and
Shirazi, 2009; Cooley and Ajami, 2012) have expressed their
concerns over greater cost involved with desalination, but
recent researches (Hill, 2012; Chaudhry, 2010) have also found
a reducing trend in the costs of desalination and in the presence
of inadequate water, this relatively more pricey option is being
more widely utilized. In the recent years, desalination for
indirect potable and non potable applications, like irrigation,
has been growing rapidly worldwide. The reason behind this is
the acute demand and need of producing more water and
efficient utilization to satisfy the need of this ever growing
population. (National Research Council (NRC), 2008; Clayton,
2006; Hill, 2012)
In comparison to traditional technologies, mainly applied to
relatively good qualities freshwater, the recent technologies are
more complex (Arroyo and Shirazi, 2009). Hence, these new
technologies are more expensive than traditional technologies
(Arroyo and Shirazi, 2009). But, the application of these more
expensive processes can be justified as they are applied in areas
where the need of freshwater is also very high and existing
sources of freshwater can not meet up the demand (Arroyo and
Shirazi, 2009).
However, as mentioned before, the cost of new technologies,
such as desalination, has been reduced. As cost has been
reduced and pressure to develop drought proof water supply has
been increased, the interest in the application of desalination for
treating sea water, brackish water and contaminated fresh water
has grown globally in the United States (Carter, 2013). But, on
account of various financial, ecological, social as well as

regulatory constraints, implementation of desalination has still
remained limited (Carter, 2013).
As noted by Carter (2013), due to sharp fall in costs in recent
decades, desalination has become more competitive in
comparison to other techniques of increasing freshwater supply.
Carter (2013) and Chaudhry (2010) further noticed that the
electricity expenses that make almost half of the operational
costs of desalination facilities can enhance the cost of
desalination if electricity prices rise that would hamper
desalination’s competitiveness. Therefore, uncertainties about
costs pose a great challenge in the process of large scale
implementation of desalination facilities. Besides, questions
have also been raised about the environmental impacts of
desalination. For example, in a study conducted by World
Health Organization (WHO) (2007), it has been found that the
intensity of energy used in desalination facilities has raised
concerns as it causes emissions of greenhouse gases to the
atmosphere. Some researchers (Carter, 2013; Cooley and Ajami,
2012; Chaudhry, 2010) have found that the nature of social
acceptance and regulatory norms also influence the adoption of
desalination and the level and type of perceived risks associated
with it. However, further research and development in this field
might resolve these issues and reduce costs and harmful
environmental impacts (Chaudhry, 2010; Lattemann and
Hoepner, 2003).
The US Congress is now concerned with its role of in the field
of desalination, more specifically in the areas of research and
development related to desalination and the related. The federal
government has also become much concerned about the
regulatory environment for desalination. Realizing the
importance of desalination, the US Congress is getting more
interested in the roles played by desalination to satisfy the
future demands of fresh water. However, in some areas various
regulations and availability of other alternatives for waste
disposal create some problems for the adoption of desalination
technique. (Carter, 2013)

Desalination can be done by employing various methods.
Among several methods of desalination, the most common
processes are thermal (such as distillation) and membrane (such
as reverse osmosis) (Durham et al. 2001). In USA, the reverse
osmosis process is mostly used at the time of desalination
(Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2010; Carter,
2013). The federal as well as state governments in USA is
making huge investments to build desalination facilities by
employing latest technologies so that the operational costs can
be curtailed and additional demand for freshwater can be met
properly. Florida, California, Texas, etc. are leading the process
of implementation of desalination as an effective alternative for
treating water and meeting increasing demand for freshwater.
Research Methodology
Increasing demand for municipal and industrial water supply are
being made by desalination and membrane technologies in USA
(Hill, 2012; National Research Council (NRC), 2008). With
increasing importance in the field of meeting augmented
demand for freshwater supplies, desalination is being subjected
to frequent examinations.
As per the data collection in 2005, about 2000 desalination
plants were set up in USA with a total capacity of 1600 MGD,
which yielded larger than 0.3 million gallons treated water per
day (MGD). Researchers have revealed that demands for two
thirds of the municipal water supply for the US are met by the
desalination industries and about 18% of the total capacity is
used up for this purpose. (Carter, 2013)
Depending on the sources available near a particular region and
the level of demand produced by industries and municipalities,
the use of desalination for treating water with the latest
technologies varies quite significantly (Khalil, 2001; Clayton,
2006). It has been found that in the USA, only 7% of the
existing desalination capacity uses seawater as its source, while
as much as 25% utilizes river water and more than half uses

brackish water for the desalination (Carter, 2013). Then, this
water is used up in industries, power plants, and in some
commercial applications as well (Carter, 2013). If considered
globally, then about 60% of the desalination capacity that has
been installed gets seawater as the source water (Carter, 2013).
Not only in U.S.A, the rise in need for desalinated water for
domestic used is on the rise for other countries across the globe
as well (Clayton, 2006). The places mainly with geopolitical
and natural barriers are picking up these techniques fast. In this
regard, the Middle East countries, Spain, and Australia are
taking the leading positions in the field of desalination of water
after U.S. The annual production of seawater is maximal from
Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (Carter, 2013).
However, the greatest desalination capacity has been installed
by far in the North Americas, mainly in Florida, California,
Texas, and Arizona. However, Florida has been dominating this
field of operation and satisfying most of the country’s water
requirement through desalination (Florida Department of
Environmental Protection, 2010). There is a desalination facility
in Tampa Bay situated in Florida and it exemplifies the
implementation of a large-scale desalination (Hill, 2012). Texas
and California, on the other hand, are making huge progress in
this field of desalination with advancement made in the
planning stages (Dziegielewski and Kiefer, 2008; Cooley and
Ajami, 2012).
Florida has been the pioneer to materialize desalinated
groundwater as a source of drinking water (Borisova et al. 2009;
Marella, 2008). Starting from the first desalination facility
installed in the year of 1969, Florida’s desalination facility has
grown immensely. In the initial period, it was just a small
electro-dialysis facility set in Siesta Key, but now impressive
advancements have been made that has led to more than 150
desalination facilities installed in the region with a combined
capacity of more than 515 million gallons per day (MGD) and
all of them taken together cover nearly 25 percent of Florida’s

total water supply (Florida Department of Environmental
Protection, 2010; Marella, 2008). Hence, the present study will
consider the case of desalination in Florida and explore it in
detail.
The present study that aims at answering the question of how
the strategy of higher desalination of water helps in better water
supply management in overly populated urban sector, will
consider the case study of Florida. The present study will take a
qualitative approach to answer the question. The present study
does not aim at any hypothesis testing or offering mere
description of desalination of water in Florida; rather it wants to
go in depth of the topic and hence it will apply an exploratory
research design that can best be accomplished by qualitative
data.
As far as sources of data is concerned, the present study will
use secondary sources, such as relevant articles published in
peer-reviewed journals, newspaper articles, documents on
desalination available from government websites or published
by federal government or government of Florida. Primary data
will not be used in this study as it would be very difficult to
collect qualitative data. General public living in Florida can not
give adequate information about desalination and its
effectiveness in water supply management in Florida. Only the
people working in federal or state water supply or associated
departments or in desalination facilities can offer required
information. But, it is quite difficult and time consuming to
locate those people and get their consent for the purpose of
interviews. This process is costly as well. Hence, secondary
data will be used here and content analysis method will be
applied to analyze the data obtained from various secondary
sources. Some efforts will also be made to compare the
desalination in Florida with that of Saudi Arabia as desalination
has been quite widespread and highly developed in that region.
This comparison will help to understand the current state of
desalination in Florida and find out some ways through which

existing system of desalination in Florida might be improved in
future. This comparison will also be made with the help of
secondary data.
Findings and Data Analysis
According to latest survey, it has been found that if Florida
does not use its desalination facilities extensively, then it can
not meet up its future demand for fresh water. Florida can not
depend only on traditional techniques of water supply and/or
sources of surface water for fulfilling its water demand in future
(Marella, 2008). It is expected that by the year 2025, the water
demand of the state is about to rise by more than 25% and it is
expected to become 8.7 billion gallons per day (Hill, 2012). A
good use of seawater, moderately salty surface and ground
waters and recycling of reclaimed and storm water can meet the
increasing demands of water in Florida in the coming years
(Hill, 2012). Water conservation comes out to be significant in
this regard because a cost effective strategy is always in
demand. However, the sustainable development of the diverse
water resources of the state is also required to be achieved
(Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2010).
Florida’s water supply managers have, of late, have identified
the process of removing salts from seawater and brackish water
sources as the major alternative to meet the increasing demands
(Borisova et al. 2009). This is a good option for those areas
where the desalination facilities bank heavily on rainfall only.
There is no chance of drought when these alternatives being
adopted (Marella, 2008).
The data that tells the number of facilities using the
desalination process (more than 140) and the gallons of drinking
water produced each day (about 515 million gallons), clearly
reveals that Florida is undoubtedly the leader in the desalination
industry (Florida Department of Environmental Protection,
2010). However, care is being taken, predominantly in coastal
regions of south Florida as well as Central Florida to ensure

that the drinking water sources are not used excessively (Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, 2010). Presently,
moderately salty ground and surface water is being used to be
treated at the desalination plants instead of extremely salty
water except a few plants in Florida (Borisova et al. 2009). The
name that is worth mentioning while talking about desalination
in Florida is the Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Facility
(Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2010; Hill
2012). Other desalination facilities including the Coquina Coast
project situated in Flagler County in Northeast Florida is also
worth to mention as it is trying to avail the land-based and new
ship-based methods to use salty seawater for reclaiming
freshwater by using latest desalination technologies (Florida
Department of Environmental Protection, 2010).
In Florida, mainly reverse osmosis (RO) is the dominant method
used for desalination and it is also followed in most of the
plants in USA (Florida Department of Environmental
Protection, 2010). Probably the cost is the reason behind
choosing this technology. Use of more energy efficient pumps,
longer lasting membranes, and combination of accessible
technologies like distillation have been the recent modifications
in the process of desalination in order to trim down the costs
associated with the process of desalination (Hill, 2012).
The significant factors that are affecting the environmental
assessment, monitoring and regulation of desalination facilities
situated in Florida include the available varieties of source
water, such as surface or ground water and/or salty or brackish
water, the desalination technology adopted, and the method of
management implemented. Coupled with these is the factor of
energy consumption, which is high for the desalination plants.
Besides, the greenhouse gas emission is high and it has become
a major concern in Florida. (Florida Department of
Environmental Protection, 2010)
The House Bill 199 passed at the time of the 2008 Florida
Legislative session put emphasis on saltwater treatment to
generate potable water (Hill, 2012). It also made sure that the

Department of Environmental Protection would work hand in
hand with the Water Management Districts to find out the utility
of the technology in Florida (Florida Department of
Environmental Protection, 2010). The bill also made provision
for examination and analysis of existing desalination
technologies in the state and offering suggestions to
successfully put into practice desalination cost effectively and
environment friendly ways (Florida Department of
Environmental Protection, 2010).
In different places situated in Florida, decreasing supplies of
groundwater have led to marking the areas as places of critical
water supply, water resource or water use caution areas by the
water management districts of the state (Hill, 2012). These
markings have led to the restrained use of water and rigid
conditions for getting, renewing or escalating the distribution of
water allowed by consumptive use permits (Hill, 2012). For
instance, water management districts in Central Florida came to
the conclusion that supply of water for public use from
conventional groundwater sources in the coming twenty years is
not sustainable (Florida Department of Environmental
Protection, 2010).
In some cases, extraction of groundwater has influenced the
spring flows and wetlands in Florida. So, Southwest and South
Florida and St. Johns River water management districts have
joined in order to ascertain the amount of the available supplies
of freshwater withdrawn form groundwater sources in the
locality and recognize substitute water sources to satisfy the
requirements of water of Central Florida. These districts are
also trying to develop long term regulations by the year 2013.
(Hill, 2012; Marella, 2008 )
It can be easily seen that Florida is unable to satisfy its future
requirement for water only by conventional surface and ground
water sources. Florida should start diversifying its sources of
water supply for including a series of environment friendly

substitutes such as conservation and reuse of storm water,
collection of surface water from wet-weather flows, brackish
ground and surface waters and saltwater and making them
potable through desalination (Marella, 2008).
Florida is the forerunner in the usage of desalination technology
in the nation as already mentioned. Florida is ranking first in
terms of manufacturing of potable drinking water, followed by
California (Borisova et al. 2009). This illustrates the increasing
population of the state particularly throughout the southern and
central coastal regions, and the limited presence of freshwater.
Hence, the state has put huge emphasis on desalination. Mainly
the water that is treated at the desalination plants present in
Florida is not salty but mainly it is less salty brackish surface
and ground waters. (Florida Department of Environmental
Protection, 2010)
Florida is, however, facing a few challenges with respect to
desalination and some effective steps should be taken to deal
with these challenges so that desalination can emerge as a better
alternative to manage water supply in the region in comparison
with traditional water supply techniques.
Utilization of desalination of seawater in Florida includes
various technological as well as non-technological challenges.
Among non-technological challenges, problems such as
acceptance of the new process by public, water rates,
governance and finance, and existing laws can illustrate
considerable limitations to development of appropriate water
supply management than the technical problems (Hill, 2012).
Florida has set up requirements for brackish water services. The
jobs of water supply, the procedure of treatment and discharge
of concentrate are distributed and understood properly
throughout Florida (Hill, 2012). This is not same in case of
seawater based desalination projects. The basic characteristics
of seawater projects are the main hurdle in permitting
desalination in Florida. The projects of seawater are beyond the
boundary of the state and are situated in the coastal and marine

environments, and thus the legal system enforced on them can
be different. Although the regulatory agencies of Florida have
been able to allow and authorize seawater desalination services
faster than some of the other states, but there are still some
discrepancies in case of handling permit in Florida and rules
regarding desalination of seawater must be altered. (Hill, 2012;
Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2010)
Another important limitation in case of implementation of
desalination in Florida is funds, especially in the economic era
when utility and budgets of consumer are restricted (Hill, 2012).
In the past, the districts of water management have given money
to the projects of substitute water supply and half of the funding
of Tampa Bay Water seawater desalination service was done by
SWFWMD (Hill, 2012; Borisova et al. 2009). The districts are
also interested in continuing the funding, but in case of decrease
in tax base and lack of state budget, these funds may be less
important compared to the past, even when substitute water
supplies are required at greater extent (Hill, 2012).
On the basis of the amount of seawater or brackish water
available in a water supply utility, adding of one of the novel
sources can affect the water rates of customer hugely. So, it is
important that the services continue to have a balanced portfolio
of water supply, look for monetary assistance in order to reduce
the rate effects on consumers and understand the effect of the
addition of desalinated water and its effect on consumers
(Borisova et al. 2009).
Sometimes public acceptance creates huge problem to
desalination, especially in case of seawater desalination is the
opposition of the public. As a result, public must be included
during the process of implementation and planning (Hill, 2012).
Now a days, the consumers of water have more information than
consumers of past. Correct as well as wrong data is very easily
assessable because of computer. The internet can provide huge
amount of data and it can also provide deceptive and
misinterpreted data. Some people utilize the internet for

distributing data against desalination in the name of customer or
environmental protection.
The water supply agencies of Florida need to address all these
challenges effectively in order to implement desalination
effectively throughout the state and make it a major source of
potable water that will be sustained over long term.
Funding of Desalination
Government agencies mainly offer funding for desalination in
Florida as well as throughout the nation. The federal and state
governments have invested a lot of money in research and
development related to desalination, implemented some
demonstration projects, and selected full-scale facilities by
using the funds allotted directly by the Congress (Carter, 2013).
The federal government is also supporting building of
desalination facilities in the municipal areas through loans
provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s
(EPA’s) Drinking Water State Revolving Loan Funds (Carter,
2013). In case of majority of municipal desalination projects,
local governments or public water management agencies in
association with state government and loans extended by the
federal government have been taking the responsibilities of
planning, assessing, constructing, and operating desalination
facilities. They are also treating freshwater drinking water
supplies (Carter, 2013). During recent Congressional
conference, a number of legal proposals have recognized quite a
few possible roles of federal government in the process of
desalination. It has mainly been incorporated as in the most
recent fiscal years, there has been a fall in assistance on the part
of the federal government for desalination.
Conclusion
The term desalination is comparatively a new term in the field

of water supply management, and hence, there is a huge
requirement for the public and other stakeholders to understand
this process in detail. From the present research, it is obvious
that general public still does not have proper understating of the
topic. People are still showing inhibitions with respect to
seawater desalination in particular. Moreover, due to costs
factors, government agencies are also not implementing
desalination at the desired rate, even if it has increased much
more than before.
When people perceive desalination initiative as just another
mode of water supply, they may not be able to understand its
actual and total impact, and equally they might not be willing to
offer their full acceptance towards it. Hence, proper initiatives
should be taken to educate people about desalination as people
living in USA or in other countries across the globe can no
longer sustain only on traditional freshwater supplies.
In addition to educate people about desalination, it is also
necessary to arrange for required funds. The desalination
initiatives are lacking sufficient funding. Realizing the benefits
of desalination federal and state government should arrange
more larger funds for installing more desalination facilities as
the country is going to face huge demand for freshwater
supplies in near future that cannot be met completely with
traditional sources only. Thus, with proper knowledge of
people and greater assistance offered by government agencies,
desalination holds the future of water supply management in
USA.
Reflection
The biggest challenge that I faced at the time of conducting the
research was time and resources. Combining my study with the
project has created time constraints for me. Moreover, settling
at a new place, getting habituated with it and building enough
relationship with new place and people was also a big
challenge.

Another challenge that I faced at the time of conducting this
study was formulating specific research questions for my study
as a lot of alternatives were available and it was quite difficult
to select a specific topic and associated question.
This research has also helped me to explore the opportunity of
interacting openly with different people in an academic field to
gather more knowledge about my subject and get their opinions.
It has also given me an opportunity to use my data collection
skills. Thus, I am not more confident about my future research
endeavors. Finally, the most important benefit that I have
obtained by conducting this research was a deep insight about
my chosen topic, i.e. desalination.
References
Clayton, R. (2006). Desalination for Water Supply. Retrieved on
November 16th, 2013, from http://www.fwr.org/desal.pdf.
America’s Authority in Membrane Treatment. (2007). Future of
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Supply and Allocation: Trends and Outlook. Washington, D.C.:
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WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT 2
Water measuring involves managing water and water supply
management lies behind the great development challenges in
this 21st century. It possible that without greatly improving how
we mange water, it will be almost impossible to have food
security, have healthy cities and productive ecosystems. The
challenges of this basis involve access to the water services and
it is less pressing and the other challenge involve making the
right quality and quantity of water that is available when it is
needed most. The critical goal regarding water, the water
capturing resource management and the water supply and the
sanitization services makes a lot of sense and the act of
measurement is important to water management. Therefore

improving the water management will involve grasping of
politically tough nettles. With the reduction of allocation f
water to some uses, reduction of pollution and overdrawing of
aquifers that is needed is not easy.
The report on world economic forum and global risks show that
the water supply listed are among the high risky when it comes
to impact, which is ahead of the spread of weapons in the mass
destruction of food crises and the fiscal imbalances. As the
world is waking up to the available potential problems
regarding water management that the water management has
posed to many aspects of life, the chance to come together
regarding the standards tool of measuring how well countries
could manage resources. Water supply is also characterized by a
challenging environment of the dense population and therefore
the access to water is affordable, universal and of high quality.
An innovative and integrated management approach like the use
of water that is reclaimed it is protected. There are
opportunities to enhance use of the scarce resource which is
both environmentally sustainable and viable like the use of
desalination.

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