Jiont and By Products

1. ACMA
JIONT PRODUCTS
AND BY PRODUCTS
P R O J E C T R E P O R T
T O P R O F . R M T
S E C T I O N : A F - 1 2
7 / 2 2 / 2 0 1 8
M.TOUSEEF AFZAAL
R1F16ASOC0027
OSAMA TARIQ
R1F16ASOC0041

2. Product:
Definition:
A productis the item offered for sale. A productcan be a serviceor an item. Itcan
be physicalor in virtual or cyber form. Every productis made at a cost and each is
sold at a price. The price that can be charged depends on the market, the quality,
the marketing and the segment that is targeted.
Joint Product:
Joint products are multiple products generated by a single production
process at the same time. These products incur undifferentiated joint costs
until a split-off point, after which each product incurs separate processing.
Prior to the split-off point, costs can only be allocated to the joint products.
Joint Cost:
Definition:
Joint costs are costs that are incurred from buyingor producing
two productsat the sametime. In cost accountingterms, joint costs
have the same cost object.
What does joint cost mean?
Manufactures incur many costsin the production process. It is the cost
accountant’s job to trace these costs back to a certain productor process(cost
object) duringproduction. Somecosts cannotbe traced back to a single cost
object. Some costs benefit more than one productor processin the
manufacturingprocess. These costs are called jointcosts. Almost all
manufacturersincur jointcosts at some levelthe manufacturingprocess.
Example:

3. Take shippingcosts for example. Often time’s manufacturerswillship a
productto customerswith advertisementsor catalogs in the package. The
shippingcost benefits both the productaswell as the advertisingcampaign.
Even though the cost of shipping the catalog might be insignificantcompared
to the cost of shipping the product, the cost is still shared between the two
departments.
Managerscan choose to split these joint costs up however they wantto. They
could allocate all of the joint costs to shippinggoods costs or advertisingcosts.
It doesn’t matter how managerschoose to allocate the costs internally.
If the company isissuing GAAP based financial statements on the other hand,
the joint costs must be allocated to the productsor departmentsbenefiting
from the costs either on a physical basis or a value basis. Most of the time a
physical basis is used to allocate joint costs because it is less subjective than
the valuebasis.
Joint Cost Allocation Methods:
Joint cost is the manufacturingcost incurred on a joint production process
which takes common inputsbutsimultaneously producesmultipleproducts
called joint-productse.g. processingof crudeoil simultaneously yields
gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, lubricants and other products. In order to allocate
costs to such joint products, costs accountantsemploy oneof the several cost
allocation methods. Most common of those methodsare:
Physical Measurement Method:
Joint costs are allocated based on number of units or physical quantity such as
weight, volumeor length of each productrelativeto total production. This
method can be represented in the followingformula:
Cost Allocated to a Joint Quantity of the Product × Total Joint

4. Product=
Quantity of Total
Production
Costs
This method is suitable where physical quantity of joint-productsclosely
reflects their costs e.g. differentshades of a paint obtained from a single
process may be allocated costs using physicalquantity method.
By-Product:
Definition:
A by productis a secondary unit produced in a joint production
process that has little value in relation to the main productbeing produced.
In other words, it’s a unit that is created inadvertently during the process of
manufacturing another product.
Examples:
Byproducts occur in almostall industries not justmanufacturing.
Take farming for example. Dairy farmers breed and raise cows to produce
milk in order to sell it to grocery stores, restaurants, and distributors. What
is a byproductof cattle? Manure. The farmer isn’ttrying to starta manure

5. farm. He or sheis interested in producing milk, but the manure is created
during the process.
The manure doesn’thave the same value that the milk does, but it does still have
value. Farmers typically sell manure to landscapers or fertilizer companies that
process the wasteinto fertilizer for farms, greenhouses, and homegardens.
There are numerous other processes thatcreate useful by products. Take the
logging industry for instance. The main products of this industry arewhole logs,
but every tree has branches and smaller sections that can’t be used as full logs.
These sections are typically ground up in a wood chipper to make wood chips.
These are then sold to professionallandscapers and homegarden enthusiasts.
What does by-product mean?
Unfortunately not all by-products havethe samesalability and value as the dairy
farmers’ and loggers’ operations. Someby-products aresimply wastethat can’t
be used for anything. Take a nuclear power plant for example. The plant
generates electricity using a nuclear process that produces nuclear waste. Not
only is this material not salable, it is hazardous to store and disposeof. Companies
must build highly specialized facilities to store this material and hire employees
who can take caution in handling, transporting, and disposing of it.

6. Conclusion:
 Joint products are two or more products separated during a process, each
of which have a significant valued compared to the other.
 A by-productis an incidental product froma process which has an
insignificant value compared to the main product.
 The split off point or separation point is the point at which joint products
and by-products becomeseparately identifiable. Costincurred up to this
point is called joint costs or common costs.
 "Physicalmeasurement" and "relative sales value" are the main methods of
apportioning joint costs.
 The relative sales value method is the mostcommonly used because it
assumes that all products achieve the sameprofit margin.
 The most common method of accounting for by-products is to deduct the
net realizable value of the by-productfromthe cost of the main product.