accounting managment, MBA

1. Accounting
Management

2. Understanding the Business
Owner-Managers
Founders of the business who also
function as managers are called Owner-
Mangers.
Creditors
Creditors lend money for a specific period
of time and gain by charging interest on
the money they lend.
Investors
Investors buy ownership in the company
in the form of stock.

3. • Provides service for a price
• Example:
• Airline Company
• Advertising Agency
• Accounting Firm
Service Business
• Buys merchandise for resale to customers.
• Example:
• Department Stores
• Wholesalers
• Retailers
Merchandising Business
• Acquires raw materials which are processed into
finished products, then sold to customers
Manufacturing Business
Major Types of Business Organizations

4. What is Financial
Accounting?
Financial Accounting is a system that collects and processes
(analyzes, measures and reports) financial information about an
organization and reports that information to interested users
(decision makers)
Sole proprietorship: A single owner
Partnership: Two or more partners
Corporation: Owned by shareholders (stakeholders)
Legal forms of business organizations:

5. Users of Financial Accounting
Information
External Users
• Investors
• Creditors
• Suppliers
• Customers
• Governmental
Agencies
• Regulators
Internal Users
• Management of a
company
• Marketing
Manager
• Credit
Department
manager
• Finance Manager
Investors and creditors are the primary users of Financial
Accounting information.

6. Financial Accounting as
Information System
Input
• Business transactions
• Example:
• Buying goods
• Paying salaries
• Providing services
• Buying land
• Borrowing cash
Processing
• Recording
• Example:
• Entering business
transactions into a set of
accounting records
Output
• Set of reports
prepared at the end of
an accounting period.
This set of reports is
called the Financial
Statement.
The accounting period is either a month, quarter or a
year.

7. The benefits of financial
Accounting System
Collects and processes
information
Reports
information
to decision
makers
Managers
(internal
decision
makers)
Investors
and
Creditors
(external
decision
makers)

8. What is accounting?
Recording,
Classifying,
Analyzing
Reporting

9. Nature of Accounting
• An understanding of the principles of
bookkeeping and accounting is essential for
anyone who is interested in a successful career in
business
• The main purpose of Financial Accounting is to provide
useful information to investors, creditors and others to help
them in making rational investing and crediting decisions.
The purpose of bookkeeping
and accounting

10. How Do Companies Keep Track of Account
Balances?
Journal entries
T-accounts

11. Direction of Transaction Effects
The left side of the
T-account is always the debit
side.
The right side of the
T-account is always the credit
side.
Account Name
Left Right
Debit Credit

12. A = L + SE
The Debit-Credit Framework
ASSETS
Debit
for
Increase
Credit
for
Decrease
EQUITIES
Debit
for
Decrease
Credit
for
Increase
LIABILITIES
Debit
for
Decrease
Credit
for
Increase
Debits and credits affect the Balance Sheet
Model as follows:

13. 2-13
Posted
Ref. Debit Credit
Jan. 1 Cash 20,000
Contributed Capital 20,000
Date Account Titles and Explanation
GENERAL JOURNAL
Analytical Tool: The Journal Entry
Provide a reference
date for each transaction.
Debits are written first.
Credits are indented and
written after debits.
Total debits must equal
total credits.

14. Post
Ledger
Analytical Tool: The T-Account
After journal entries are prepared, the
accountant posts (transfers) the dollar
amounts to each account affected by the
transaction.
Posted
Ref. Debit Credit
Jan. 1 Cash 20,000
Contributed Capital 20,000
Date Account Titles and Explanation
GENERAL JOURNAL

15. Papa John’s issues $2,000 of additional
common stock to new investors for cash.
Beg. Bal. 6,000
(a) 2,000
8,000
Cash
1,000 Beg. Bal.
2,000 (a)
3,000
Contributed Capital
Posted
Ref. Debit Credit
Cash 2,000
Contributed Capital 2,000
Date Account Titles and Explanation
GENERAL JOURNAL
(a)

16. Let’s see how to post this entry . . .
Papa John’s purchases $10,000 of new equipment,
paying $2,000 in cash and signing a two-year note
payable for the rest.
Posted
Ref. Debit Credit
Equipment 10,000
Cash 2,000
Notes Payable 8,000
Date Account Titles and Explanation
GENERAL JOURNAL
(c)

17. Beg. Bal. 246,000
(c) 10,000
256,000
Equipment
146,000 Beg. Bal.
6,000 (b)
8,000 (c)
160,000
Notes Payable
Beg. Bal. 6,000
(a) 2,000 2,000 (c)
(b) 6,000
12,000
Cash
Papa John’s purchases $10,000 of new equipment,
paying $2,000 in cash and signing a two-year note
payable for the rest.

18. Basic Financial Statements (FS)
For a corporation, Financial Statements
represent external reports that are published to
the interested users. FS for a corporation must
be audited by an independent (external) auditor.
The Basic FSs are:
1- Income Statement
2- Retained Earnings Statement
3- Statement of Financial Position Statement
( Balance sheet)
4- Statement of Cash Flows

19. Expenses
Cost of Goods Sold
Wages Expense
Rent Expense
Interest Expense
Depreciation Expense
Advertising Expense
Insurance Expense
Repair Expense
Income Tax Expense
The Income Statement

20. Basic Financial Statements (FS)
Reports revenues, expenses and the result of
operating activities for an accounting period
Net income = Revenues – Expenses
(Net loss) and gains and losses
Statement of Earnings
Statement of Operations
1- The Income Statement

21. Basic Financial Statements (FS)
This income statement is also known as the
statement of operations, statement of earnings, or
income statement. It reports the corporation's
revenues, expenses, gains and losses for a
period of time such as a year, quarter, month.
Net income = Revenues – Expenses
(Net loss) and gains and losses
1- The Income Statement

22. Basic Financial Statements (FS)
Cash Versus Accrual Accounting
 Companies record transactions in the periods in which
the events occur regardless of when cash is received or
paid.
 Therefore, using the accrual basis to determine net
income means companies recognize (record) revenues
when earned (rather than when they received the cash).
 It also means recognizing expenses when incurred
(rather than when they pay cash).
1- The Income Statement

23. Basic Financial Statements (FS)
Cash Basis Accounting
Companies record revenue when they receive cash
( regardless when the revenue is earned).
They record an expense when they pay out cash
(regardless when the expense is incurred)
1- The Income Statement

24. Revenue Recognition Principle
Recognizing Revenues and Expenses under Accrual Basis
Accounting
The revenue recognition principle dictates that companies
recognize revenue in the accounting period in which it is earned.
Service Business revenue is earned when services are
performed (provided)
Merchandising Business
Manufacturing Business
revenue is earned when
goods are sold (delivered)

25. Basic Financial Statements (FS)
1- The Income Statement
Matching Principle
Accountants follow a simple rule in recognizing expenses
which is
“Let expenses follow the revenues”
The matching principle dictates that efforts (expenses)
should be matched with accomplishments (revenues)

26. 1-26
How to deduct types of expenses such as:
 Employees wages
 Rent
 Interest on loans
 Insurance
 Advertising & promotion costs
 Training budget
 Telephone costs
 Office stationary
 Transportation costs

27. 2- Statement of Retained Earnings
 Retained earnings refer to the cumulative
portion of net income kept by the company
and not distributed to shareholder and is
reinvested in the business.
The statement of retained earnings reports
the way that net income and the distribution
of dividends affected the financial position of
the company during the accounting period.

28. Assets
Cash
Short-Term Investment
Accounts Receivable
Notes Receivable
Inventory (to be sold)
Supplies
Prepaid Expenses
Long-Term Investments
Equipment
Buildings
Land
Intangibles
Liabilities
Accounts Payable
Accrued Expenses
Notes Payable
Taxes Payable
Unearned Revenue
Bonds Payable
Stockholders’ Equity
Contributed Capital
Retained Earnings
The Balance Sheet

29. Third: The Balance Sheet
(Statement of Financial Position)
Basic Accounting Equation
Assets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity
Economic
Resources Sources of Financing for
Economic Resources
A = L + S E

30. • The balance sheet is a list of assets, liabilities,
and shareholders’ equity of an accounting
entity (organization) at a particular point of
time. The purpose of the balance sheet is to
report the financial position represented by
the amount of assets, liabilities, and
shareholders’ equity.

31. Elements of the balance sheet
• Assets:
–Are economic resources with probable
future benefits owned or controlled by an
entity as a result of past transactions and
can be measured in national monetary
units.

32. Assets are classified into:
 3-1-1 Current Assets:
Assets which are turned into cash or used up within one year or
the operating cycle whichever is longer.
 Current assets include:
Cash
Short term investment in marketable securities
Accounts receivable (AR)
Notes receivable (NR)
Inventory
Supplies
Prepaid expenses (prepaid rent, prepaid insurance,
…..)
*** Inventory is always classified as current asset even if takes more than one year
to be sold.

33. Assets are classified into:
 3-1-2 Long Term Assets (Non Current Assets)
Non Current assets include:
 3-1-2-1 Long term investment in another company
Long term notes receivable
3-1-2-2 Property, Plant, and Equipment (AKA Fixed
Assets)
Assets which are acquired or constructed for the purpose of use in business
operations (not for resale to customers) and are expected to provide their
benefits for many years.
-Land (on which a building is constructed) -Delivery equipment
-Building -Cars and trucks (vehicles)
-Office equipment -Machines
-Furniture
All of the fixed assets mentioned above are subject to depreciation except
land.

34. Assets are classified into:
3-1-2-3 Intangible fixed assets:
Assets which have no physical substance but have probable
future benefits. Example:
-Patents
-Copy rights
-Trademarks
-Franchises
-Goodwill
What is depreciation?
Depreciation is the process of allocating the depreciable cost of an asset to
expense over its estimated useful life in a rational and systematic manner.

35. Elements of the balance sheet
• 3-2 Liabilities:
• Are current obligations of the entity that result from past
transactions which will be settled by payment of cash,
providing goods, or by providing services.

36. Liabilities are classified into:
3-2-1 Current Liabilities (Short Term Liabilities)
Are obligations that will be settled by providing cash, goods,
or services within the coming year
( one year from the date of the balance sheet)
Current liabilities include:
Accounts payable
Accrued expenses payable (salaries payable, taxes
payable,--)
Notes payable
Current maturity of long term debt
Unearned revenue

37. Liabilities are classified into:
 3-2-2 Long Term Liabilities (Noncurrent Liabilities)
Liabilities that will be settled after one year from the
date of the balance sheet.
 Long Term Liabilities include:
Notes payable
Long term Bank Loans
Bonds Payable

38. Elements of the balance sheet
• 3-3 Stakeholders’ Equity:
(Shareholders’Equity, or Owners’Equity)
Is the financing provided by the owners and business operations.
 Stockholders’ equity include:
Contributed capital (Common Stock, Capital
Stock)
Other Contributed Capital (Additional-Paid-in-
Capital)
Retained Earnings

39. Statement of Cash Flows
Operating activities
(Covered in the next chapter.)
Investing Activities
Purchasing long-term assets and investments for cash –
Selling long-term assets and investments for cash +
Lending cash to others –
Receiving principal payments on loans made to others +
Financing Activities
Borrowing cash from banks +
Repaying the principal on borrowings from banks –
Issuing stock for cash +
Repurchasing stock with cash –
Paying cash dividends –

40. Statement of Cash Flows
Operating activities
(None in this chapter.)
Investing Activities
Purchased property and equipment (2,000)
$
Purchased investments (1,000)
Lent funds to franchisees (3,000)
Net cash used in investing activities (6,000)
Financing Activities
Issued common stock 2,000
Borrowed from banks 6,000
Net cash provided by financing activities 8,000
Net increase in cash 2,000
Cash at beginning of month 7,000
Cash at end of month 9,000
$
Papa John's International, Inc.
Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows
For the Month Ended January 31, 2004
(in thousands)

41. The Accounting Cycle
During the period:
Analyze transactions.
Record journal entries in the general journal.
Post amounts to the general ledger.
End of the period:
Adjust revenues and expenses
and related balance sheet accounts.
Prepare a complete
set of financial statements.
Disseminate statements
to users.
Close revenues, gains,
expenses and losses
to retained earnings.

42. Management accounting and financial
management
Cash
Equipment
Inventory
Notes
Payable
An organized format used by companies to
accumulate the dollar effects of
transactions.

43. Management accounting and financial
management
Accounting System
Financial Accounting System
Periodic financial statements and
related disclosures
Managerial Accounting System
Detailed plans and continuous
performance reports
External Decision Makers
Investors, creditors,
suppliers, customers, etc.
Internal Decision Makers
Managers throughout the
organization
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