About the reading2 none of the following selections are the actual writings of the Sophists themselves. Aside from a few fragments, most of the Sophists treatises did not survive to the present. Their thoughts are well preserved, however, in numerous sources that have survived. The snippets we will be reading are all from Plato's dialogues, wherein Plato depicts Socrates engaged in public discussions with these famous and notorious figures. Protagoras was a very famous Sophist and public figure. He wrote a few books, all of which have been lost to time. The first segment in this pdf is from Plato's dialogueo Theaetetus, where Socrates and Theaetetus refer to Protagoras' famous doctrine, *Man is the measure of all things." (pdf made fromThe Greek Sophisfs, Trans. John Dillon. Penguin 2003). Thrasymachus was another famous Sophist. We know of him through various accounts, but primarily through the depiction of his views in Plato's Republic. The second segment of this pdf is from Republic,wherein Thrasymachus is making several arguments concerning the nature ofjustice and being just. (pdfmade fromPlato: Republic, Trans. G.M.A. Grube. Hackett 1992). Callicles was a student of the sophist Gorgias. He was a political thinker in Ancient Athens. Few fragments of his ideas survive, but the gist of his politics is well preserved in Plato's dialogue Gorgias, a dialogue about the art of persuasion and its relationship to being just. (pdf made from Plato: Complete ll'orks Ed. John Cooper. Hackett 1997). YOU DO NOT NEED TO PRINT THIS PAGE $ $ $ iS r{SiEsil*$s ixt s t$ it * E \ ss{i! Erl T$ ssEs iis $3 : E€tiBc$ EiIE{ii1, ttiB€tet?l tr = cl .! u *.'{ = fI].E H E H€ E= bds; E IgE E [EqEE - $EE H PE ; H$i e EI: i+EE:I I ; 3$;tE{€igs q E=E f €{tE?r ! ! i€t E€ 3i:€ \ ! \ t\ .t gtIEgEEIHgEiEta :;*€;gigEigE;! E.refets iS}aEE;*gEiEflEB i; 3Is=i..iE EE fe g iIEEgEEiJgEEE EI -} €iEIE!E;;;EEiEt E;EEESigH-UI^-EtE: ,',, rEE?1*E;;:g:;E:J f;Ei#€iJiEIFEtEa E P C = _.--c.r r a.-E EE ; i€ E: s;;: i c,g E E }:.E€E-iEE:€gi: I ,EEEEE at ggiJ€EE Ei ; sEEE;' its€:;;;#;-iEi g 3t € ?iil;! il 6g4E! s5;r€i.z;Es=us:r! g l1giEe r iuiE; +:+EErEi*[,EES ! i: z sa;=fre t ., Ei € E#i€g IrHE::;:Ei,i EH Eiiit iellEn; 5 sBisi= iigl;E;i[Ei;il i Ss: : nliiaE # +IE FE; i iE?iE;$gif f,i g :iE E-; ?;giiE!iiE;i;i:icrIgfBEI;Ig5EE=Eg;;iltiar;:€B IE ;5H _t"i ttgEEs Ei:€ E's EE.=ii; .Et ?i :iaitE!gi :Ei g:iE;f ;;; ; E =; $t E Ffi lls:iz= ?=:iil:EE*ti;H€Er:s;=E'l:x qEIs*E E i1;E=: i zi;==!Z-1 1- =; == I =+=;ii1: glE E i +E E E giE i E ss - ; il EggB iIES?==i=i=i=='tls$ s== EE;*i==.r]= =e EBts; = ' s = 1 iE= -*i===i1=*; ii :i E rE; ;E SEfii [s :iEsr 5 E ; -;'.i=+=aiEEi f i;:SrEs;iSisEE t.-sE-:l,.= F 9=E- 5 =- =i = <'-); 3;;g .i H T ;E;:t I*'ri:iI ___€ i": E'Au >;ZrJ: _j > = = 7: -=t i ? E ZEgE 3€ i E*1:1 :f rYa E 'ii- ?": i= = ='1€ ;E :.E; x: E;E E.E f ..=':E U EE a f '=t:3; Zi:U\\}EiEiEf,EI gf i I E iE igi fIEfI E EiE; E =: ==A ; 2 == ai: 7= t =i:1.

1. About the reading2 none of the following selections are the
actual writings of the
Sophists themselves. Aside from a few fragments, most of the
Sophists treatises did not
survive to the present. Their thoughts are well preserved,
however, in numerous sources
that have survived. The snippets we will be reading are all from
Plato's dialogues,
wherein Plato depicts Socrates engaged in public discussions
with these famous and
notorious figures.
Protagoras was a very famous Sophist and public figure. He
wrote a few books, all of
which have been lost to time.
The first segment in this pdf is from Plato's dialogueo
Theaetetus, where Socrates and
Theaetetus refer to Protagoras' famous doctrine, *Man is the
measure of all things."
(pdf made fromThe Greek Sophisfs, Trans. John Dillon. Penguin
2003).
Thrasymachus was another famous Sophist. We know of him
through various accounts,
but primarily through the depiction of his views in Plato's
Republic.
The second segment of this pdf is from Republic,wherein
Thrasymachus is making
several arguments concerning the nature ofjustice and being

2. just.
(pdfmade fromPlato: Republic, Trans. G.M.A. Grube. Hackett
1992).
Callicles was a student of the sophist Gorgias. He was a
political thinker in Ancient
Athens. Few fragments of his ideas survive, but the gist of his
politics is well preserved in
Plato's dialogue Gorgias, a dialogue about the art of persuasion
and its relationship to
being just.
(pdf made from Plato: Complete ll'orks Ed. John Cooper.
Hackett 1997).
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828 Gorgias
out of getting a greater share than they, they say that getting
more than
one's share is "shameful" and "unjust," and that doing what's
unjust is
nothing but trying to get more than one's share. I think they like
getting
an equal share, since they are inferior.
These are the reasons why trying to get a greater share than
most is
said to be unjust and shameful by law and why they call it doing
what's

19. unjust. But I believe that nature itself reveals that it's a just
thing for the
better man and the more capable man to have a greater share
than th-e
worse man and the less capable man. Nature shows that this is
so in many
places; both among the other animals and in whole cities and
ru."s of
men, it shows that this is what justice has been decided to be:
that the
superior rule the inferior and have a greater share than they. For
what
sort of justice did Xerxes go by when he campaigned against
Greece, or
his father when he campaigned against Scythia? Countless other
such
examples could be mentioned. I believe that these men do these
things in
accordance with the nature of what's just-yes, by Zeus, in
accordance
with the law of nature, and presumably not with the one we
institute. We
mold the best and the most powerful among us, taking them
while they're
still young, like lion cubs, and with charms and incantations we
subdue
them into slavery, telling them that one is supposed to get no
more than
his fair share, and that that's what's admirable and just. But
surely, if a
man whose nature is equal to it arises, he will shake off, tear
apart, and
escape all this, he will trample underfoot our documents, our
tricks and
charms, and all our laws that violate nature. He, the slave, will
rise up

20. and be revealed as our master, and here the justice of nature
will shine
forth. I think Pindar, too, refers to what I'm saying in that song
in which
he says that
LND
Gorgias
he should, it's a man's undoing. For ever
but engages in philosophy faibeyond r
can't help but turn out to be inexperiencr
be admirable and good and well t-hought
in. Such people turn out to be inexpJrie
in the kind of speech one must use to
business, whether in public or private, in,
sures and appetites and, in short, inexp
beings altogether. So, when they ventui
activity, they become a laughingstock, a
rvhen they venture into your pirrsuits a
results is Euripides' saying, where he say
and "presses on to this,
allotting the greatest part o
where he finds himsetf at ht
-nd whatever a man's inferior in, he avr
:raises the other thing, thinking well of hi:
-,ray he's praising himself. I believe, how
:o have a share of both. To partake of as mu,
:equires is an admirable thing, and it,s not
_,.,'hile
you're a boy, but when you still do
:ecome a man, the thing gets to be ridicul

21. :c men who philosophize is very much like
:nd play like children. When I see a child,
:-- make conversation this way, haltine ir
51d, I'm delighted. I find it u a"hgntf"rt
=d appropriate for the child,s age. And wt
:-early, I think it's a harsh thing it hurts r
=: for a slave. But when one heirs a man
:-aving like a child, it strikes me as ridic
:: a flogging. Now, I react in the same way
;:1', too. When I see philosophy in a you:
-: s appropriate and consider such a persor
,.. ylg doesn't engage in philosophy ill
--::nself deserving of any admirable or nobl,
=:n. still.engaging in philosophy and not g
:-; this time needs a flogginf. For, as I w]
--:.t such a man, even if he,s niturally very r
:-:,1 avoids the centers of his city and the m
:l to the poet,ll men attain ,,preeminence
Homer, lliad ix.447.
4
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