Abortion is a common health intervention that is safe when performed by trained professionals using WHO-recommended methods appropriate for the duration of pregnancy. However, 45% of all induced abortions are unsafe, and 97% of unsafe abortions occur in developing countries. Unsafe abortion is a major cause of maternal death and illness. Expanding access to safe, affordable, timely abortion care is critical for public health and human rights. Multiple actions are needed to establish supportive legal frameworks, increase availability of information, and strengthen health systems to ensure universal access to comprehensive abortion services.
Ghia foundation strategy document v4.dec.17.2015 (ab)Ghia Foundation
GHIA FOUNDATION WAS FOUNDED IN 2013 by a team of kind-heated Professionals.
VISION: A World where women in developing Countries live healthier , longer lives
MISSION – To reduce morbidity and mortality among women in developing Countries by strengthening Health Systems to deliver high quality, comprehensive health services.
Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptxAshik Mondal
This slide made by me for my educational purpose. I think it will be helpful for others students in theie academic life specially who are interested about demogphy
Reproductive Health Lecture Note !
The Nairobi Summit on ICPD25 provides an opportunity to complete the unfinished business
of the ICPD programme of action and also a chance to commit to a forward-looking sexual
and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) agenda to meet the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) and its targets. It is an opportunity for the global community to build on the
ICPD framework and fully commit to realizing a visionary agenda for SRHR and to reaching
those who have been left behind. This agenda must pay attention to population dynamics and
migration patterns, recognize the diverse challenges faced by different countries at various
stages of development, and ground policies and programmes in respect for, and fulfilment of,
human rights and the dignity of the individual (United Nations Population Fund, 2019).
Since 1994, the world has developed through responding to the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), which focused on the achievement of a few, specific health targets, to commit
to the comprehensive 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aspirational targets
of the health SDG (SDG 3 – Good Health and Well-being) are not merely ambitious in
themselves, but cover nearly every important aspect of human well-being, both physical and
relational. Unlike the MDGs, the SDGs explicitly recognize sexual and reproductive health as
essential to health, development and women’s empowerment. Sexual and reproductive health
is referenced under both SDG 3, including met family planning needs, maternal health-care
access and fertility rates in adolescence, and SDG 5 (gender equality), which additionally refers
to sexual health and reproductive rights.
With the SDGs, the world has also committed to achieving UHC, including financial risk
protection, access to high-quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective,
high-quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. In connection with the
74th session of the United Nations General Assembly (2019), world leaders made a political
declaration1
recommitting to achieving UHC by 2030. The declaration further re-emphasizes
the right to health for all and a commitment to achieving universal access to sexual and
reproductive health services and reproductive rights as stated in the SDGs. As such, UHC
and SRHR are intimately linked. Without taking into account a population’s SRHR needs,
UHC is impossible to achieve, as many of the basic health needs are linked to people’s sexual
and reproductive health. Similarly, universal access to SRHR cannot be achieved without
countries defining a pathway towards UHC, which includes prioritizing resources according to health needs.
The purpose of this paper is to define and describe the key components of a comprehensive,
life course approach to SRHR. Furthermore, the ambition is to describe how countries can move towards universal access to SRHR as an essential part of UHC.
RH 4 GMPH Students
Ghia foundation strategy document v4.dec.17.2015 (ab)Ghia Foundation
GHIA FOUNDATION WAS FOUNDED IN 2013 by a team of kind-heated Professionals.
VISION: A World where women in developing Countries live healthier , longer lives
MISSION – To reduce morbidity and mortality among women in developing Countries by strengthening Health Systems to deliver high quality, comprehensive health services.
Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptxAshik Mondal
This slide made by me for my educational purpose. I think it will be helpful for others students in theie academic life specially who are interested about demogphy
Reproductive Health Lecture Note !
The Nairobi Summit on ICPD25 provides an opportunity to complete the unfinished business
of the ICPD programme of action and also a chance to commit to a forward-looking sexual
and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) agenda to meet the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) and its targets. It is an opportunity for the global community to build on the
ICPD framework and fully commit to realizing a visionary agenda for SRHR and to reaching
those who have been left behind. This agenda must pay attention to population dynamics and
migration patterns, recognize the diverse challenges faced by different countries at various
stages of development, and ground policies and programmes in respect for, and fulfilment of,
human rights and the dignity of the individual (United Nations Population Fund, 2019).
Since 1994, the world has developed through responding to the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), which focused on the achievement of a few, specific health targets, to commit
to the comprehensive 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The aspirational targets
of the health SDG (SDG 3 – Good Health and Well-being) are not merely ambitious in
themselves, but cover nearly every important aspect of human well-being, both physical and
relational. Unlike the MDGs, the SDGs explicitly recognize sexual and reproductive health as
essential to health, development and women’s empowerment. Sexual and reproductive health
is referenced under both SDG 3, including met family planning needs, maternal health-care
access and fertility rates in adolescence, and SDG 5 (gender equality), which additionally refers
to sexual health and reproductive rights.
With the SDGs, the world has also committed to achieving UHC, including financial risk
protection, access to high-quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective,
high-quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. In connection with the
74th session of the United Nations General Assembly (2019), world leaders made a political
declaration1
recommitting to achieving UHC by 2030. The declaration further re-emphasizes
the right to health for all and a commitment to achieving universal access to sexual and
reproductive health services and reproductive rights as stated in the SDGs. As such, UHC
and SRHR are intimately linked. Without taking into account a population’s SRHR needs,
UHC is impossible to achieve, as many of the basic health needs are linked to people’s sexual
and reproductive health. Similarly, universal access to SRHR cannot be achieved without
countries defining a pathway towards UHC, which includes prioritizing resources according to health needs.
The purpose of this paper is to define and describe the key components of a comprehensive,
life course approach to SRHR. Furthermore, the ambition is to describe how countries can move towards universal access to SRHR as an essential part of UHC.
RH 4 GMPH Students
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
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We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
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Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
1. Abortion
25 November 2021
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Key facts
● Abortion is a common health intervention. It is safe when carried out using a
method recommended by WHO, appropriate to the pregnancy duration and by
someone with the necessary skills.
● Six out of 10 of all unintended pregnancies end in an induced abortion.
● Around 45% of all abortions are unsafe, of which 97% take place in developing
countries.
● Unsafe abortion is a leading – but preventable – cause of maternal deaths and
morbidities. It can lead to physical and mental health complications and social
and financial burdens for women, communities and health systems.
● Lack of access to safe, timely, affordable and respectful abortion care is a
critical public health and human rights issue.
Overview
Around 73 million induced abortions take place worldwide each year. Six out of 10 (61%) of
all unintended pregnancies, and 3 out of 10 (29%) of all pregnancies, end in induced
abortion (1).
2. Comprehensive abortion care is included in the list of essential health care services
published by WHO in 2020. Abortion is a simple health care intervention that can be
effectively managed by a wide range of health workers using medication or a surgical
procedure. In the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, a medical abortion can also be safely
self-managed by the pregnant person outside of a health care facility (e.g., at home), in
whole or in part. This requires that the woman has access to accurate information, quality
medicines and support from a trained health worker (if she needs or wants it during the
process).
Comprehensive abortion care includes the provision of information, abortion management
and post-abortion care. It encompasses care related to miscarriage (spontaneous abortion
and missed abortion), induced abortion (the deliberate interruption of an ongoing pregnancy
by medical or surgical means), incomplete abortion as well as fetal death (intrauterine fetal
demise). The information in this fact sheet focuses on care related to induced abortion.
Scope of the problem
When carried out using a method recommended by WHO appropriate to the pregnancy
duration, and by someone with the necessary skills, abortion is a safe health care
intervention.
However, when people with unintended pregnancies face barriers to attaining safe, timely,
affordable, geographically reachable, respectful and non-discriminatory abortion, they often
resort to unsafe abortion.
Global estimates from 2010–2014 demonstrate that 45% of all induced abortions are
unsafe. Of all unsafe abortions, one third were performed under the least safe conditions,
i.e., by untrained persons using dangerous and invasive methods.
Developing countries bear the burden of 97% of all unsafe abortions. More than half of all
unsafe abortions occur in Asia, most of them in south and central Asia. In Latin American
and Africa, the majority (approximately 3 out of 4) of all abortions are unsafe. In Africa,
nearly half of all abortions occur under the least safe circumstances (2).
3. Consequences of inaccessible quality abortion care
Lack of access to safe, affordable, timely and respectful abortion care, and the stigma
associated with abortion, pose risks to women’s physical and mental well-being throughout
the life-course.
Inaccessibility of quality abortion care risks violating a range of human rights of women and
girls, including the right to life; the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and
mental health; the right to benefit from scientific progress and its realization; the right to
decide freely and responsibly on the number, spacing and timing of children; and the right to
be free from torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment.
Each year, 4.7–13.2% of maternal deaths can be attributed to unsafe abortion (3). In
developed regions, it is estimated that 30 women die for every 100 000 unsafe abortions. In
developing regions, that number rises to 220 deaths per 100 000 unsafe abortions (2).
Estimates from 2012 indicate that in developing countries alone, 7 million women per year
were treated in hospital facilities for complications of unsafe abortion (4).
Physical health risks associated with unsafe abortion include:
● incomplete abortion (failure to remove or expel all pregnancy tissue from the uterus);
● haemorrhage (heavy bleeding);
● infection;
● uterine perforation (caused when the uterus is pierced by a sharp object); and
● damage to the genital tract and internal organs as a consequence of inserting
dangerous objects into the vagina or anus.
Restrictive abortion regulation can cause distress and stigma, and risk constituting a
violation of human rights of women and girls, including the right to privacy and the right to
non-discrimination and equality, while also imposing financial burdens on women and girls.
Regulations that force women to travel to attain legal care, or require mandatory counselling
or waiting periods, lead to loss of income and other financial costs, and can make abortion
inaccessible to women with low resources (5, 6).
4. Estimates from 2006 show that complications of unsafe abortions cost health systems in
developing countries US$ 553 million per year for post-abortion treatments. In addition,
households experienced US$ 922 million in loss of income due to long-term disability related
to unsafe abortion (8). Countries and health systems could make substantial monetary
savings by providing greater access to modern contraception and quality induced abortion
(6, 7).
A set of scoping reviews from 2021 indicate that abortion regulations – by being linked to
fertility – affect women’s education, participation on the labour market and positive
contribution to GDP growth. The legal status of abortion can also affect children’s
educational outcomes, and their earnings on the labour market later in life. For example,
legalization of abortion – by reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies and thus
increasing the likelihood that children are born wanted – can be linked to greater parental
investments in children, including in girls’ schooling (7).
Expanding quality abortion care
Evidence shows that restricting access to abortions does not reduce the number of
abortions (1); however, it does affect whether the abortions that women and girls attain are
safe and dignified. The proportion of unsafe abortions are significantly higher in countries
with highly restrictive abortion laws than in countries with less restrictive laws (2).
Barriers to accessing safe and respectful abortion include high costs, stigma for those
seeking abortions and health care workers, and the refusal of health workers to provide an
abortion based on personal conscience or religious belief. Access is further impeded by
restrictive laws and requirements that are not medically justified, including criminalization of
abortion, mandatory waiting periods, provision of biased information or counselling,
third-party authorization and restrictions regarding the type of health care providers or
facilities that can provide abortion services.
Multiple actions are needed at the legal, health system and community levels so that
everyone who needs abortion care has access to it. The three cornerstones of an enabling
environment for quality comprehensive abortion care are:
● respect for human rights, including a supportive framework of law and policy;
5. ● the availability and accessibility of information; and
● a supportive, universally accessible, affordable and well functioning health system.
A well functioning health system implies many factors, including:
● evidence-based policies;
● universal health coverage;
● the reliable supply of quality, affordable medical products and equipment;
● that an adequate number of health workers, of different types, provide abortion care
at a reachable distance to patients;
● the delivery of abortion care through a variety of approaches, e.g., care in health
facilities, digital interventions and self-care approaches, allowing for choices
depending on the values and preferences of the pregnant person, available
resources, and the national and local context;
● that health workers are trained to provide safe and respectful abortion care, to
support informed decision-making and to interpret laws and policies regulating
abortion;
● that health workers are supported and protected from stigma; and
● provision of contraception to prevent unintended pregnancies.
Availability and accessibility of information implies:
● provision of evidence-based comprehensive sexuality education; and
● accurate, non-biased and evidence-based information on abortion and contraceptive
methods.
WHO response
WHO provides global technical and policy guidance on the use of contraception to prevent
unintended pregnancy, provision of information on abortion care, abortion management
(including miscarriage, induced abortion, incomplete abortion and fetal death) and
post-abortion care. In 2021, WHO published an updated, consolidated guideline on abortion
care, including all WHO recommendations and best practice statements across three
domains essential to the provision of abortion care: law and policy, clinical services and
service delivery.
6. WHO also maintains the Global Abortion Policies Database. This interactive online database
contains comprehensive information on the abortion laws, policies, health standards and
guidelines for all countries.
Upon request, WHO provides technical support to countries to adapt sexual and
reproductive health guidelines to specific contexts and strengthen national policies and
programmes related to contraception and safe abortion care. A quality abortion care
monitoring and evaluation framework is also in development.
WHO is a cosponsor of the HRP (UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special
Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction),
which carries out research on clinical care, abortion regulation, abortion stigma, as well as
implementation research on community and health systems approaches to quality abortion
care. It also monitors the global burden of unsafe abortion and its consequences.