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Asian Architecture [ARC 60403 /2234]
PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY
STRATEGIES TO PASSIVE COOLING IN WOOI RESIDENCE
BY USING ELEMENTS FROM TRADITIONAL RUMAH
MELAYU IN RESPONSE TO THE CLIMATE IN WOOI
RESIDENCE, SHAH ALAM
STUDENT NAME AND ID: CHONG YI QI (0304898)
CHOW HONG DA (0318571)
CLEMENT CHEN KIT SEONG (0319574)
JAMES TAY JIA CHUEN (0322210)
JANICE LEE JUEN YUNG (0318695)
KONG XHIANG LYNN (0317730)
LECTURER: MR NICHOLAS NG
SUBMISSION DATE: 29 NOV 2016

Strategies to Passive Cooling in Wooi Residence by Using Elements from Traditional Rumah
Melayu in Response to the Climate in Wooi Residen, Shah Alam
ARC 60403/ 2234 ASIAN ARCHITECTURE 2
Table of Contents Page
Abstract.............................................................................................................. 3
1.0 Introduction .................................................................................. ….….4
2.0 Openings in Wooi Residence................................................................ 5
2.1 Type of Openings............................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Louvered Doors
2.1.2 Casement windows
2.1.3 Vertical Timber Grilles
2.1.4 Stair Gaps
2.1.5 Clerestory Window Openings
2.2 Position of Openings........................................................................ 11
2.2.1 Arrangement of Openings on both sides on the same floor
2.2.2 Arrangement of Openings at the top and bottom on the same side
3.0 Environment Factor............................................................................. 14
3.1 Building Orientation
3.2 Placement of Vegetation
3.3 Swimming Pool as Heat Sink
4.0 Basic Building Elements...................................................................... 18
4.1 Plans to Section
4.2 Massing
5.0 Building Form...................................................................................... 22
6.0 Mechanical Ventilation Strategies………………………………………...25
6.1 Mechanical Ventilation
6.2 Mechanical Ventilation Strategy
6.3 Operation
7.0 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 28
8.0 References.......................................................................................... 29

Abstract
The purpose of doing a thorough study on passive cooling in Wooi Residence by using
elements from traditional Rumah Melayu in response to the climate in Shah Alam is to
identify the factors which influence the thermal comfort throughout the building by
integrating elements from the traditional Rumah Melayu due to its passive cooling designs
which responds perfectly to Malaysia’s climate. Ventilation in a tropical climate such as
Malaysia has many natural factors to consider, such as openings, site context, building
form and building components. Therefore, it is essential that the factors are being
discovered. As aid in the justification of this research, literature review, interview with the
architect, Ar. Wooi, and online research on passive cooling were conducted to enhance
the process. In order to provide a well-founded research, it is important to carry out an in-
depth study on Rumah Melayu on how it responds to different climate and context in order
to achieve thermal comfort by using only passive designs. It is prominent that maximum
openings are provided throughout the Rumah Melayu to allow cross and stack ventilation,
where Ar. Wooi integrated and modernized the idea efficiently in Wooi Residence by
using different types of openings such as louvered doors, casement windows, vertical
timber grilles, stair gaps, clerestory, and roof gaps. The building orientation, venturi effect
and heat sink are the environmental factors affecting the ventilation in Wooi Residence
and therefore, is tackled accordingly in response to the local climate. Furthermore, the
hot tropical weather, coupled with the fact that there is not much vegetation to cool and
filter the slightly polluted air makes mechanical ventilation necessary to augment the
natural ventilation strategies. Hence, it has come to a conclusion that all these passive
design factors extracted from Rumah Melayu has aided Ar. Wooi in achieving thermal
comfort in Wooi Residence, where all of the factors are vital in ensuring minimal heat gain
in the building, while at the same time, ensuring sufficient sunlight and airflow to enter the
building.

1.0 Introduction
Today, high energy consumption in combat to the unfavorable weather to achieve thermal
comfort in a building has become a big issue in architecture. Drastic usage of air
conditioning has led to many environmental impact such as greenhouse effect due to the
emission of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to the ozone layer. In spite of that, it is important
to achieve thermal comfort in a building as it affects the comfortability of the occupants
and habitability of the building. In this case, passive design comes in to play as it helps
one to achieve thermal comfort in a building by introducing ventilation, minimizing heat
gain, and at the same time reduces energy consumption. To further study on passive
design, we have chosen Wooi Residence as our case study due its passive design that
responded perfectly to the context and climate where some of the design are a translation
from the traditional Rumah Melayu. For example, the variation of openings throughout the
Rumah Melayu to allow cross and stack ventilation are integrated in Wooi Residence by
Ar. Wooi. By learning how Ar. Wooi fuses the elements from the traditional Rumah Melayu
to Wooi Residence, we can learn to design architecture that connects and responds well
to its context.
This paper will investigate on the strategies to passive cooling in Wooi Residence by
using elements from traditional Rumah Melayu in response to the local climate by
responding to the following research questions:
Question 1: How does the openings affect the ventilation in terms of type and position
in Wooi's residence?
Question 2: In term of site context, how does the environmental factors affect the
ventilation of Wooi’s Residence?
Question 3: What are the basic building design elements which promote ventilation in
Wooi’s Residence?
Question 4: How does the building form aid in passive cooling?
Question 5: How does mechanical ventilation compliment natural ventilation in Wooi’s
Residence?

2.0 Openings in Wooi Residence
Being an energy-efficient, eco-friendly home/office and a modern interpretation of the
malay vernacular kampong house. Architect Wooi designed this house with the intention
of not needing to install air-conditioning but instead relying heavily on natural ventilation
means as a form of passive cooling to cool the interior spaces to obtain thermal comfort
in this hot and humid country, Malaysia. Wooi’s residence focuses on specific small
details such as the type and position of openings which will aid in passive cooling in the
house. Through the focus of these different kinds of openings in Wooi residence, passive
cooling strategies such as cross ventilation and stack ventilation can be effectively
employed in the house to improve thermal comfort, increase energy efficiency as well as
being environmentally friendly.
2.1 Type of openings
Wind is free, natural and is one the most basic and environmental friendly energy source
on this planet. Architect Wooi realizes these advantages of wind and explored the
potentials of wind through many different types of methods to use wind source for
ventilation purposes in his house to achieve his goal of creating a green building which
provides great comfort as well as being cost effective in the a long run. Different types of
openings can be identified in Wooi Residence which produced different air flows through
the house. These types of openings are namely louvered doors, casement windows,
vertical timber grilles, stair gaps and clerestory openings.

2.1.1 Louvered doors
In an ordinary house we see in Malaysia, openings are normally only on windows such
as louvered windows. However, Architect Wooi wishes to maximize the use of openings
not only on windows but on doors as well. This is to allow a continuous free flow of air
through the house at all times. Other than being beneficial in providing natural ventilation,
louvered doors are also a great alternative than the more generic door design we normally
see.
Figure 2: Photo shows a louvered door in Wooi Residence
Figure 2.2: Photo shows air flowing through louvered door

2.1.2 Casement windows
Casement windows are said to have an effective open area of 90%. This means that
casement windows usually allow up to 90% of wind to enter the house and blocks only
10% of wind from entering the house. Furthermore, casement windows as shown in
Figure 2.4 can also act as wind scoops which open into prevailing winds when used as
inlets.
Figure 2.3: Photo shows casement windows in Wooi Residence
Figure 2.4: Diagram shows casement window acting as wind scoops

2.1.3 Vertical Timber Grilles
Vertical timber slits as shown in Figure 2.5 and Figure 2.6 is one of the most important
type of openings found in Wooi Residence as it is the most used type of opening in this
house. These openings act as passageways for free flow air to move through the spaces
and aids in cross ventilation to draw air from one side to the other side of the house.
Figure 2.8: Diagram shows the air flow
across in a space
Figure 2.7: Diagram shows air flow
through the house
Figure 2.6: Photo shows air flow
through vertical timber grilles
Figure 2.5: Photo shows vertical
timber grilles of Wooi Residence

2.1.4 Stair gaps
As seen from Figure 2.9, the design of the staircase is coherent to the vertical timber
grilles found in Wooi Residence in terms of how the sides of each stair thread are of
timber stripped design similar to the design of the vertical timber grilles showing sense of
continuity in design between different building components in the house. Besides that,
these stair gaps actually allow stack ventilation to occur and draws air upwards through
different floors in the house through the stack effect.
Figure 2.9: Photo shows stack effect through stair gaps

2.1.5 Clerestory window openings
Clerestory window openings are made in Wooi Residence as shown in Figure 2.10 for
the sole purpose of improving cross ventilation between floors.
Figure 2.10: Photo shows clerestory window openings in Wooi Residence
Figure 2.11: Photo shows air flow out through clerestory window openings during cross ventilation

2.2 Position of openings
Arrangement of openings at the top and bottom on both sides
As shown in Figure 2.12, openings such as the vertical timber grilles and stair gaps are
positioned lower in the building. Clerestory window openings on the other hand are
located at higher levels in the building. This allows a process called stack ventilation or
buoyancy ventilation to occur in Wooi Residence. This particular process happens by the
difference in temperature within different heights in Wooi Residence which will result in
different air densities. The hotter air of lower density at higher levels around clerestory
window openings exert relative negative pressure and help pull air upwards. Openings at
lower levels through vertical timber grilles on façade as well as gaps on stairs allow cooler
air to flow in due to this pressure difference. Hot air is expelled out from the clerestory
window openings due to the stack effect.
Figure 2.12: Diagram shows a section drawing of stack ventilation in Wooi Residence
Figure 2.13: Diagram shows the concept of stack ventilation
CLERESTORY WINDOW
OPENINGS STAIR GAPS
VERTICAL TIMBER
GRILLES

2.2.1 Arrangement of openings on both sides on the same floor
One of the conditions which affects the efficiency of cross ventilation is when the outlet is
bigger than the inlet as shown in Figure and Figure. In this case, largest air velocity occurs
around the inlet because the total force is acting on a small area and forcing air through
the opening at a high pressure. Thus, if the inlet opening is large, air velocity will be low.
Air flows from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Therefore, air is drawn
from the high pressure inlet and exits through the low pressure outlet hence resulting in
cross ventilation. The other condition which affects the efficiency of cross ventilation is
when the outlet is placed higher than then inlet as shown in Figure 2.14 and Figure 2.15.
Figure 2.16: Diagram shows cross ventilation
Figure 2.15: Photo shows clerestory
window openings as outlets
Figure 2.14: Photo shows horizontal
timber grilles as inlets

2.2.2 Arrangement of openings at the top and bottom on the same side
Single sided ventilation occurs for rooms with windows on one side only. As shown in
Figure 2.17, this particular room in Wooi Residence allows cooler air to flow in and warm
air to flow out through horizontal timber grilles at the bottom and exits through the
clerestory window openings at the top on the same side. In single sided ventilation,
convection currents will be able to expel warm air through the top opening and draw fresh
air in from the bottom.
Figure 2.17: Photo shows single sided ventilation in Wooi Residence
Figure 2.18: Diagram shows a single sided ventilation

3.0 Environmental Factors
3.1 Building Orientation
According to Nedhal, M. A., S. S., & W. W. (2010, December 21), building orientation is
a significant design consideration, mainly with regard to solar radiation and wind. In
predominantly hot humid regions like Malaysia which receives sunlight all year around,
buildings should be oriented to minimize solar gain and maximize natural ventilation.
Orientation of a building is very important as it affects the solar radiation, exposure of
heat, and internal heat gain. By orienting it to a proper direction, the whole building’s
internal heat gain will greatly reduce, it will receive enough shade from exposure of heat
and direct solar radiation.
According to our interview with Ar. Wooi, this building is oriented based on the contour
of the terrain, sun path movement and prevailing wind. Due to the prevailing wind of
Shah Alam coming from South to North, he oriented his building in such a way that it is
facing east and west. By orientating the building in such a way, the lounge of the
building in lower ground floor, living room in ground floor and first floor manage to
capture the prevailing wind by the operable pivot timber door and huge casement
windows, allowing cross ventilation to occur throughout the building. In addition, it will
improve the thermal comfort greatly inside the building.
Figure 3.1:
Photo shows a full height
operable pivot timber door
located at the lounge in
lower ground floor which is
used to capture the
prevailing wind from south

Even though the wind direction might come from all direction, the prevailing wind from
south would still be able to direct the wind towards the living room and the lounge of the
building with the usage of vegetation placement.
3.2 Placement of Vegetation
Vegetation can be used to redirect the flow of air and channel it to specific areas on site.
However, the greater the number of vegetation, air flow will decrease. But if we were to
place the vegetation according to the wind direction, it will create the Venturi Effect.
According to Dnr.louisiana.gov,. (2015), venturi effect is defined as when moving air is
channeled to pass through a smaller space or opening, the velocity of the air will increase.
Hence, wind velocity increases. Air flow will always flow from reign of high pressure to
lower pressure. By properly placing the vegetation, venturi effect occur and increases the
velocity of air movement in the area of the site.
The location of vegetation around the building greatly affects the ventilation of Wooi’s
Residence. In Wooi’s Residence, the location of the vegetation, which are mainly
bamboos, are located at the south, north and west of surrounding building. This creates
a pressure difference around the vegetation area, hence, wind velocity increases as it
Figure 3.2: Diagram show the
wind rose for Shah Alam.
Figure 3.3: Photo show that Wooi Residence
is orientated in the west-east direction

channel to pass through the gaps between bamboos. Also, the distance of the vegetation
from building affects the ventilation of the building. The distance of the vegetation from
the building are around 3 – 5 meters away.
By placing vegetation around Wooi’s Residence, it will provide a 'close to nature'
atmosphere. It gives a sense of enclosure and privacy, bringing mankind closer to nature.
By doing so, it brings them away from the hectic lifestyle in city as the Wooi’s family return
home. Besides, vegetation also helps in cooling of the temperature of surrounding site by
providing shade onto the ground. This will cause the temperature of the surrounding site
to be lower. Reductions in temperature would fluctuate even more during the night and
rainy days. This can be explained by biology as the plant excess warmth are offset by
evaporative cooling from transpiration. (NCStateuniversity, 2013). This can be comfirmed
by Safarzadeh & Bahadori (2005), that garden elements can significantly affect thermal
comfort of space.
Figure 3.4: Floor plan shows the placement of vegetation are mainly
at north, south, and west of Wooi Residence

3.3 Swimming Pool as Heat Sink
By owning a swimming pool at home, it will not only be used for fitness purpose, stress
relief and increasing a house’s value, but what is more important is, it acts as a heat sink
too. Swimming pool affects the ventilation of the surrounding building. Also, it provides
passive cooling for the surrounded site.
The implementation of a swimming pool or a pool can be seen in most of Ar. Wooi’s
project. This is because radiative cooling occur when there is a pool. Radiative cooling is
a process of whereby a body loses its heat by thermal radiation. When the swimming pool
starts storing heat, it acts as a heat sink. This would allow air from the opposite direction
to be attracted inwards, thus, allowing cross ventilation to take place and cooling of
internal spaces to achieve thermal comfort through the openings of Wooi’s Residence.
With the breeze constantly being drawn in like a natural fan, heat from Wooi’s Residence
escape at a much faster pace. Not only owning a swimming pools is beneficial to mental
health and physical health, it can be a crucial element for homes which has not achieved
thermal comfort.
Figure 3.5: Photo show that Ar. Wooi owns a swimming pool as it
improves the ventilation of his home

4.0 Basic Building Elements
Basic Building Design Elements which Promote Ventilation in Wooi’s Residence
Wooi Residence has utilized many approaches of using environmentally friendly and
energy efficient elements of nature into its design which promotes passive ventilation.
The architect designed his residence based on the traditional malay kampung house
design which is one of the most natural way to live comfortably in a humid tropical country
in Malaysia.
4.1 Plan to Section
Firstly, the dining & living lounge located at the ground floor is conducted by cross
ventilation and natural lighting effectively, the purpose of this is to improve air movement
as it is placed above the ground just like the Malay traditional house. The openings allow
free flow of air to perform cooling and carry out warm humid air. This important design
element helps to expand the space and support free flow of air.
Figure 4.1: Section show air flow throughout the building

Figure 4.2: Diagram show wind flow in traditional Malay house
The diagram shows the ground floor plan which houses the living rooms placed above
the lower ground compared to the traditional Malay house.
Besides that, the stairwells are also used as exhaust air paths and are connected openly
with the spaces from the café at the lower ground towards the living rooms on the top.
Figure 4.3: Section show stack ventilation in Wooi Residence

Figure 4.4: Photo show the stairwell found in Wooi Residence
The staircase itself acts as vents to allow air flow from all directions, the walls of the
stairwells are also permeable to allow cross ventilation. Thus, this stair design aids in
stack and cross ventilation to channel air movement. The material used, resak wood and
yellow balau aids the natural ventilation just like how the way kampong house is ventilated.

Figure 4.6: Diagram show the spaces in Wooi Residence
4.2 Massing
The massing also plays an important role in its design element to allow for natural
ventilation. The diagram above shows the levels being split so that gaps are created for
effective air movement as mentioned in the plan to section. The design allows for higher
air exchange rates providing effective comfort, reducing the discomfort of tropical humidity.
The unifying element of the design, which is the over sailing umbrella like roof with large
overhang aids the natural ventilation in providing shade to the brick wall to reduce wall
warming and various parts of the house where natural ventilation is present.
The diagram also shows that the massing is designed in a way that the family area, living
and studio are located towards the middle axis of the building- the tiang seri courtyard
where air starts to channel around the building where the inlet, outlet is places without
obstruction.

5.0 Building Form
Building form that influence the interior temperature in Wooi’s Residence.
Passive cooling techniques can reduce the peak cooling load in buildings, thus reducing
the number of the air conditioning equipment that required. Living in a tropical country,
the most efficient way to achieve a good passive cooling in a house in a sustainable way
is follow the three-tier design approach theory. In the first tier of the design approach,
building itself is the one of fundamental factor that impacting the 60 percent of the interior
space heating and cooling.
The shape of the house greatly impact how much of the climate and internal load are
converted into heating and cooling requirements. The indoor temperature will affect by a
lot architectural design features that apply on the house such as the potential for natural
ventilation and passive cooling of the building. They happen in the form of interaction
between the building and its surrounding. One of the main design features that affect the
indoor temperature is the house’s building layout. The main influence of layout is from the
indoor temperature point of view, its effect on the envelope’s surface area, relative to the
floor’s area or the space volume, and consequently on the rate of the heat exchange of
the house with the outdoors. It additionally affecting the building’s potential for natural
ventilation.

Figure 5.1: Floor plan show the curved wall that receive direct sunlight and oblique angle.
To maintain the comfortable indoor environment, it relies on reducing the rate of heat
gains into the house and remove of excess heat from the house. Due to the curve shape
of the house, only parts of the curved wall will receive the direct sunlight, rest of the
external wall receive rays from an oblique angle. When only part of the external wall
receives the direct solar radiation, which also mean the wall receive lesser solar heat.
The larger surface area of the walls that exposure to sun causes a higher heat gain will
also cause higher energy expenditure of the air conditioning equipment to cool down the
indoor temperature for a comfortable indoor atmosphere. In Wooi’s residence, the larger
surface wall is facing to north and south and the smaller wall is facing west and east,
which mean only certain wall have greater heat gain and allow most of the indoor space
does not require much usage of the mechanic ventilation or air-conditioner to cool down
the temperature.

Figure 5.2: Floor plan show the outdoor air flow through the house
Air passing over the surface creates the physiological cooling effect by evaporating
moisture from the surface of the wall. The flow of outdoor breeze with a specific speed
through the house extends the comfort zone of the house. The more irregular shape of
the house it is, the better potential for cross-ventilation. As the external walls for the floor
area is larger, there are more opportunities to provide openings in the house which will
catch down the wind from different directions. Heat transfer mainly by convection through
the openings of the house. Based on the curved wall of the house it create a least obstacle
path for the outdoor air to flow through the house easily compare to a normal straight
house.

6.0 Mechanical Ventilation Strategies that Complement Natural
Ventilation in Wooi Residence
6.1 Mechanical Ventilation
The idea of passive cooling through natural ventilation used by Wooi Residence is derived
from Traditional Rumah Melayu in old villages. This is possible because in the context of
a rural village, air pollution back then was not as severe, and the surrounding trees and
little development means the air is clean enough that natural ventilation is the norm rather
than the exception.
Ar. Wooi lived in a small village in Alor Setar before moving to the current site that is Shah
Alam. Shah Alam, however, is a developing urban town surrounded by more buildings
than trees. This makes sunny days in Shah Alam hotter while rain much harsher. The
new development means the air around is not as clean as a rural area, and as such solely
relying on natural ventilation for a house is not only not effective, it is also quite inflexible
for the different weather conditions that could happen when in a town, such as haze or
storms.
For his house, Wooi Residence, Ar. Wooi decides to complement his natural ventilation
idea with some mechanical ventilation. He also has techniques to use both natural and
mechanical ventilation in tandem to counteract different weather conditions and maintain
the air exchange in the house.
Figure 6.2: Diagram show the natural
ventilation strategies in Rumah Melayu
Figure 6.1: Photo shows a traditional
Rumah Melayu

6.2 Mechanical Ventilation Strategy: Fans
The mechanical ventilation used by Ar. Wooi for Wooi Residence is ceiling fans. The
reasoning of Ar. Wooi is that he needed it to introduce air movement in the otherwise still,
hot air trapped in the room. Although there are air vents and natural wind to help with the
air movement, he chose to install some fans as there are some days which the winds are
weak, or when opening windows was not an option.
For his house, he installed ceiling fans in every public space, which has openings for
natural air to enter and escape. His bedrooms are mostly enclosed, so he installs both
ceiling fans and air conditioning for better control of the interior temperature.
There are a few reasons why he does not install air conditioning for his living rooms. For
one, these spaces are quite open with slits and gaps for air circulation. This makes air
conditioning very inefficient and terrible for the environment. He specifically uses fans
because not only it is energy efficient, it also compliments his natural air ventilation
strategy while being very energy conserving unlike using air conditioning. This
combination helped Ar. Wooi realize his idea of energy-efficient house design into his
house, which he uses to showcase his design to clients.
For individual bedrooms, air-conditioning in tandem with conventional ceiling fans can
reduce the energy consumption needed to cool a room, compared to solely using air
conditioners.
Figure 6.3: Photo show the ceiling fans installed in the living room of Wooi Residence

6.3 Operation
During normal days, the windows are left open to let air enter naturally. The fans are set
to low to provide air movement inside the house and create positive air pressure, pushing
stale indoor air out. This allows fresh outside air to enter the house and circulate it
throughout.
During bad weather such as rain, haze and etc., the windows had to be closed, but the
ceiling fans can provide ventilation. The fan power is set to high to distribute the air
throughout the house, ensuring the air does not stay stale. The air can still enter and exit
through openings, so the carbon dioxide levels don’t become high and make air stagnant.
Figure 6.4: Diagram show the ventilation during normal days.
The fans help distribute the air evenly throughout the room
Figure 6.5: Diagram show the air movement during bad weather using fans.
The air moves around the house, preventing stale air stagnating in the house

7.0 Conclusion
A series of passive design strategies have been implemented and mostly are extracted
through the understanding of passive design in the vernacular Rumah Melayu. Other than
that, the strategies are also made possible due to the opportunity provided by the
surrounding context where some regional metaphors are translated into green
architecture. The passive designs, such as the building forms and layout, play a large role
in ensuring an unobstructed ventilation throughout the building. Even the slightest details
like the opening’s position and sizes can make a big difference in controlling the air flow
in the building, and where stack and cross ventilation can be implemented. Other than
building materials and building components, vegetation are used to direct the flow of air
and channel it to specific areas of the building. The vegetation are placed in such a way
that it creates a pressure difference around the vegetation area, hence, wind velocity
increases as it channel to pass through the gaps in between it. Although there are many
openings like air vents and natural wind to help with the air movement, mechanical
ventilation like fans are still installed to help with the air movement for the days when the
winds are weak, or when opening windows was not an option.

8.0 References
Hong Da, C., Clement, C., Yi Qi, C., James, T., Janice, L., & Xhiang Lynn, K. (2016).
Interview of Wooi Residence. , Jalan Bukit Hijau, Empat 26/24D, Taman Bukit Saga,
Seksyen 26, 40400 Shah Alam, Selangor Dahrul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Nostrand Reinhold.
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Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
For Mechanical Ventilation:
1) MTC » Wooi Residence, Selangor, Malaysia. (2016). Mtc.com.my. Retrieved 16
November 2016, from http://mtc.com.my/project/wooi-residence-selangor/
2) FLS2683. (2016) (1st ed., pp. 1-2). Retrieved from
http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/2306/original/FLS2683.pdf?1384760459

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