The U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division sent a letter to state court administrators to provide clarity on the requirement for courts receiving federal funding to provide meaningful access to individuals with limited English proficiency. The letter outlines that denying language access undermines fair administration of justice and may violate Title VI and other civil rights laws. It expresses concern over state court policies that limit interpreter services, charge costs to parties, restrict services to courtrooms, and fail to ensure communication with court-appointed personnel is effective for LEP individuals. While recognizing budget constraints, the letter states that language services are an essential operating expense and compliance will consider all facts and circumstances of each court system.
Pitfalls of judicial administration in indiaShantanu Basu
1. Judicial corruption is a major problem in India, with many judges being accused or convicted of corruption over the years. Large case backlogs and inefficiencies create opportunities for bribery to expedite cases or influence outcomes.
2. The system is resistant to reforms, with judges effectively having immunity from prosecution or impeachment. Politicians also interfere in impeachment processes. Case appeals can go through multiple levels, providing further chances for delay and corruption.
3. Vague and outdated laws, coupled with the ability of lawyers to repeatedly delay cases through applications and adjournments, ensure that cases can languish for years, incentivizing bribery for faster resolutions. The appointment of judges and allocation
ARTICLE REVIEW: FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE INTERNETASMAH CHE WAN
Article 10(1)(a) of the Malaysian Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression for all citizens. However, Parliament may impose restrictions on these rights under Article 10(2) for matters like security, public order, or relations with other countries. This article examines limitations on free speech in cyberspace and whether they are justified. It discusses how traditional laws may not fully cover electronic speech and how prior restraints are difficult to enforce online, posing challenges to restrictions on internet speech in Malaysia.
This document summarizes recent developments in dispute resolution in Malaysia. Key points include:
1) The Rules of Court 2012 came into force on August 1, 2012 simplifying civil procedures and emphasizing substance over form.
2) The Personal Data Protection Act 2010 and Mediation Act 2012 also came into effect, expanding alternative dispute resolution options.
3) Court statistics show high disposal rates within mandated timelines, including over 90% of commercial and civil cases in High Courts resolved within 9 months. The Court of Appeal disposed of 154% of registered cases in 2012.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Series: Newbie Litigator School)Financial Poise
This webinar provides an overview of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It discusses how a civil case is initiated through filing a complaint and serving the defendant. It also covers motions to dismiss, discovery procedures, summary judgment, and other pre-trial and trial processes governed by the Federal Rules. The panelists are experienced litigators who provide context and real-world perspectives on the Rules. The webinar is part of a series aimed at refreshing attorneys on civil litigation fundamentals.
This document provides guidance on bringing private employment discrimination actions against American Indian tribes. It discusses how tribal sovereign immunity poses a significant jurisdictional hurdle. Several federal statutes like Title VII and parts of the ADA do not permit such actions because they expressly exclude Indian tribes. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act is silent on tribes. The document examines potential jurisdiction under Title III of the ADA and also discusses how some tribal laws provide limited waivers of immunity and permit administrative processes and tribal court review of discrimination claims. Finding an appropriate jurisdictional hook to bring a private suit against a tribe is very difficult given tribal sovereign immunity.
The document discusses the jurisdiction of states and various principles of jurisdiction under international law. It addresses the two types of jurisdiction - prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction. Prescriptive jurisdiction refers to a state's ability to make its own laws, while enforcement jurisdiction refers to a state's ability to enforce those laws. There are several principles that determine a state's jurisdiction, including territoriality, nationality, universality, and protective principles. The document also discusses challenges around jurisdiction in cyberspace given its borderless nature. It analyzes sections of the Indian Penal Code and Information Technology Act regarding extraterritorial jurisdiction over cybercrimes. Finally, it examines factors like party agreements, the Civil Procedure Code, and foreign judgments that influence
The document summarizes the restriction of freedom of expression under the Malaysian legal system. It discusses how Article 10 of the Federal Constitution guarantees this right but subjects it to restrictions for reasons of national security, public order, or morality. It outlines limiting laws like the Internal Security Act which allows detention without trial, and the Sedition Act which prohibits certain speech. The document analyzes cases that further define the restrictions on this constitutional right in Malaysia.
The RTI Act is one of the rarest, rather the only, citizen friendly and pro-democracy law in India as on date. It is simple, unambiguous and can be understood clearly by even a student who has passed 5th standard in school. But even this law has been subverted by the nexus of the public servants in all the three organs of our Constitution. Here is a short and crisp analysis of the ways in which it has been literally murdered!
Pitfalls of judicial administration in indiaShantanu Basu
1. Judicial corruption is a major problem in India, with many judges being accused or convicted of corruption over the years. Large case backlogs and inefficiencies create opportunities for bribery to expedite cases or influence outcomes.
2. The system is resistant to reforms, with judges effectively having immunity from prosecution or impeachment. Politicians also interfere in impeachment processes. Case appeals can go through multiple levels, providing further chances for delay and corruption.
3. Vague and outdated laws, coupled with the ability of lawyers to repeatedly delay cases through applications and adjournments, ensure that cases can languish for years, incentivizing bribery for faster resolutions. The appointment of judges and allocation
ARTICLE REVIEW: FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND THE INTERNETASMAH CHE WAN
Article 10(1)(a) of the Malaysian Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression for all citizens. However, Parliament may impose restrictions on these rights under Article 10(2) for matters like security, public order, or relations with other countries. This article examines limitations on free speech in cyberspace and whether they are justified. It discusses how traditional laws may not fully cover electronic speech and how prior restraints are difficult to enforce online, posing challenges to restrictions on internet speech in Malaysia.
This document summarizes recent developments in dispute resolution in Malaysia. Key points include:
1) The Rules of Court 2012 came into force on August 1, 2012 simplifying civil procedures and emphasizing substance over form.
2) The Personal Data Protection Act 2010 and Mediation Act 2012 also came into effect, expanding alternative dispute resolution options.
3) Court statistics show high disposal rates within mandated timelines, including over 90% of commercial and civil cases in High Courts resolved within 9 months. The Court of Appeal disposed of 154% of registered cases in 2012.
The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Series: Newbie Litigator School)Financial Poise
This webinar provides an overview of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. It discusses how a civil case is initiated through filing a complaint and serving the defendant. It also covers motions to dismiss, discovery procedures, summary judgment, and other pre-trial and trial processes governed by the Federal Rules. The panelists are experienced litigators who provide context and real-world perspectives on the Rules. The webinar is part of a series aimed at refreshing attorneys on civil litigation fundamentals.
This document provides guidance on bringing private employment discrimination actions against American Indian tribes. It discusses how tribal sovereign immunity poses a significant jurisdictional hurdle. Several federal statutes like Title VII and parts of the ADA do not permit such actions because they expressly exclude Indian tribes. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act is silent on tribes. The document examines potential jurisdiction under Title III of the ADA and also discusses how some tribal laws provide limited waivers of immunity and permit administrative processes and tribal court review of discrimination claims. Finding an appropriate jurisdictional hook to bring a private suit against a tribe is very difficult given tribal sovereign immunity.
The document discusses the jurisdiction of states and various principles of jurisdiction under international law. It addresses the two types of jurisdiction - prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction. Prescriptive jurisdiction refers to a state's ability to make its own laws, while enforcement jurisdiction refers to a state's ability to enforce those laws. There are several principles that determine a state's jurisdiction, including territoriality, nationality, universality, and protective principles. The document also discusses challenges around jurisdiction in cyberspace given its borderless nature. It analyzes sections of the Indian Penal Code and Information Technology Act regarding extraterritorial jurisdiction over cybercrimes. Finally, it examines factors like party agreements, the Civil Procedure Code, and foreign judgments that influence
The document summarizes the restriction of freedom of expression under the Malaysian legal system. It discusses how Article 10 of the Federal Constitution guarantees this right but subjects it to restrictions for reasons of national security, public order, or morality. It outlines limiting laws like the Internal Security Act which allows detention without trial, and the Sedition Act which prohibits certain speech. The document analyzes cases that further define the restrictions on this constitutional right in Malaysia.
The RTI Act is one of the rarest, rather the only, citizen friendly and pro-democracy law in India as on date. It is simple, unambiguous and can be understood clearly by even a student who has passed 5th standard in school. But even this law has been subverted by the nexus of the public servants in all the three organs of our Constitution. Here is a short and crisp analysis of the ways in which it has been literally murdered!
The Supreme Court considered whether a police department violated the Fourth Amendment by obtaining transcripts of text messages sent on a pager provided to an employee. The Court determined that the search was reasonable given that the employer had informed employees that their communications would not be private and were subject to auditing. While employees generally have an expectation of privacy, the Court concluded the search was motivated by a legitimate work-related purpose rather than an intent to harass the employee. The Court resolved the case based on established principles for when a search is reasonable without addressing broader privacy issues.
This presentation was made at a high profile seminar organized by the military in Republic of Korea. Its contents will be useful as an introduction to military legal system to the audiences abroad as well as those insulated from the armed forces in India.
This document discusses freedom of speech and expression under the Malaysian constitution. It begins by outlining Article 10 which guarantees these rights. However, it notes restrictions may be imposed by Parliament for reasons of security, public order, or morality. Several laws are discussed that place restrictions, such as the Printing Presses and Publications Act and Sedition Act. Case law is examined that further defines the limits of free speech, such as not allowing speech that incites hatred or causes unrest. Overall, while free speech is protected, reasonable limits may be placed to maintain public safety and order.
Letter to ice_and_eoir_regarding_remote_legal_access_and_representation_durin...Greg Siskind
This letter from legal organizations urges immigration authorities to implement remote access measures during the COVID-19 pandemic to protect health and due process rights. It requests free phone and video calls for detained individuals and their attorneys, remote court appearances, and postponing non-essential hearings. It outlines specific policy changes needed regarding court access, hearings, deadlines and more to balance public health and legal access during this crisis.
This document discusses freedom of speech and expression under Article 10 of the Malaysian constitution. It provides an overview of the nature and extent of free speech rights, including protections for press freedom and symbolic speech. It then examines limitations on free speech that are permitted under Articles 10(2), 10(4), 149 and 150, such as through the Sedition Act, Official Secrets Act, and Printing Presses and Publications Act. The document analyzes key cases that have interpreted and applied these laws. It concludes by discussing the lack of whistleblower protections or a right to information in Malaysian law.
The document discusses the Right to Information Act in India. It provides background on how secrecy was the norm in British India but transparency became a pressing need for Indian citizens after independence. It summarizes the key objectives of the RTI Act to establish an informed citizenry and open society with transparent governance. It also discusses the role of judicial precedents in establishing information as a right under freedom of speech. The document analyzes a key court case that established the Chief Justice of India and Supreme Court of India as a single public authority under the RTI Act, with information held by the CJI subject to disclosure.
10 incredibly ironic flaws you can find in our constitutionohjhaly
1. The Philippine Constitution contains loopholes that have allowed political dynasties to continue and have prevented citizens from initiating constitutional amendments directly. There are no enabling laws to implement anti-dynasty provisions or laws governing citizens' initiative.
2. The Constitution vaguely defines Congress's power to amend it and does not specify if votes should be joint or separate. It also does not address if Congress should convene as a constituent assembly. This has prevented constitutional amendments.
3. Other loopholes include provisions allowing presidents to be "reelected" by running again after resigning, limitations that have made the Commission on Human Rights a "lame duck" agency, and impeachment processes that can be abused through weak complaints.
This submission opposes the Te Ture Whenua Maori Bill 2015 for several reasons:
1. It does not honor the legacy of Māori who fought to protect Māori lands.
2. It will negatively impact Māori lands and communities by making it easier to alienate owners from their lands and allowing organizations like Te Tumu Paeroa to replace existing trusts.
3. The consultation process was rushed and did not allow owners to properly understand how the bill would impact them or provide meaningful feedback.
4. The bill discriminates against Māori owners and fails to protect Māori lands as taonga tuku iho in accordance with tikanga.
Ron Lucey and Fran Robertson's (Texas Governor's Committee on People with Disabilities) presentation provided an update on their 2016 study on abuse of accessible parking and disabled placards.
Sir Ashley Harrison Attorney: Real estate lawyers serve two primary functions in the real estate world. They either act as litigators or handle the legal aspects of real estate transactions. Real estate lawyers deal with real property and mediate real estate transactions gone sour. Typically, real estate lawyers with their own practice or in small firms focus on residential real estate transactions.
The document discusses fundamental rights relating to life and personal liberty as outlined in Article 5 of the Malaysian Constitution. It provides details on the meaning and scope of key terms in Article 5, including "person", "life", "personal liberty", "in accordance with law", and the rights to know the grounds of arrest, legal representation, and production before a magistrate. It also examines habeas corpus as a remedy for unlawful detention that allows a court to order the production of a detainee and release if detention is found to be unlawful.
This document discusses procedural fairness in the context of administrative law. It covers several key topics:
1) Sources of procedural fairness obligations, including the Charter, Canadian Bill of Rights, common law, and statutes.
2) Key Supreme Court of Canada cases that have shaped the modern understanding of procedural fairness, including Nicholson, Baker, and Knight.
3) Factors considered in determining whether and to what extent procedural fairness applies in a given case, such as the nature of the decision, statutory context, and importance to individuals affected.
4) Examples of specific procedural protections, such as the right to a hearing, right to provide oral submissions, and right to respond to allegations.
Alteration of Patent Protection Length in the Intellectual Property Provision...Karim Khayat
The document summarizes and analyzes key provisions around patent protection length in the intellectual property chapter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement. Specifically:
- The TPP IP chapter would require countries to provide patents in all fields of technology and extend patentability to plants/animals and medical procedures, going beyond existing agreements.
- It allows compensation for "unreasonable delays" in patent approval/marketing approval to extend patent terms beyond 20 years.
- While promoting access to medicines, critics argue these expanded patent rights could weaken competition and increase drug costs, reducing access to affordable treatments.
The document describes the Cyber Appellate Tribunal, which was established under the Information Technology Act 2000. It has jurisdiction over appeals of orders made by controllers or adjudicating officers. The tribunal consists of a single presiding officer, who must be qualified as a high court judge or have sufficient experience in the Indian Legal Service. It has the power to regulate its own procedures and also has powers equivalent to civil courts to summon parties, require discovery, and review decisions. The purpose is to provide a forum for aggrieved parties to appeal orders made under the Information Technology Act.
The supremacy of the Malaysian Constitution is subject to exceptions and limitations that weaken its authority. Several provisions allow the legislature and executive to act outside constitutional constraints, such as emergency powers that suspend rights protections. Additionally, judicial review is an ineffective check due to courts' reluctance to invalidate other branches' actions and interpret rights broadly. As a result, many laws and administrative practices are inconsistent with the Constitution's spirit. The relationship between Islam as the federation's religion and constitutional supremacy also presents conflicts. Overall, the document argues the Constitution's supremacy exists more as a myth than reality.
Service to Persons with Limited English ProficiencyIowaLegalAid
This document discusses language access issues and legal obligations under federal law to provide services to those with limited English proficiency (LEP) in Iowa. Census data shows the largest non-English language spoken in Iowa homes is Spanish. Iowa Legal Aid provides language access services including interpreters and translations. As a recipient of federal funds, it also has obligations to LEP individuals and advocates on their behalf. Federal agencies provide guidance on developing LEP plans and assessing language needs based on factors like affected populations and available resources.
This document discusses language access issues and obligations under federal law to provide services to those with limited English proficiency (LEP) in Iowa. Census data shows the largest non-English language spoken in Iowa homes is Spanish. Iowa Legal Aid represents LEP clients and enforces their rights under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination based on national origin in federally funded programs. The document outlines federal and state requirements regarding LEP plans and providing interpretation and translation services to ensure meaningful access for all.
American Government P5IP instructionsThe instructor has returned.docxgalerussel59292
American Government P5IP instructions
The instructor has returned your Week 4 Individual Project Key Assignment with comments and suggestions on how to improve your overall draft.
[Instructors’ Comments: Overview of selected Constitutional Amendment (38/38). Demonstrates a clear understanding of the need being addressed. The types of crimes to be addressed by the proposed policy (10/15): Minimal effort; does not demonstrate comprehension; missing relevant information. Specific constitutional rights to be upheld (12/22): Minimal effort; does not demonstrate comprehension; missing relevant information. The rationale for the proposed policy (12/23): Minimal effort; does not demonstrate comprehension; missing relevant information. How should the proposed policy be evaluated (11/30). Minimal effort; does not demonstrate comprehension; missing relevant information. Mechanics (15/15). Document organization (7/7). Demonstrates a clear understanding of the document organization. You did a very good job in discussing your chosen amendments and the purpose of each amendment. In addition, you accurately discussed who each amendment affects and why each amendment is important, and how each amendment. You did not complete the second part of the assignment, in which you were to discuss what type of policy you believe would need to be implemented for police investigators when interrogating a suspect. However, you did not provide any discussion regarding this matter. You were to determine what your ideal policy would be. For example, if you believed that the current Miranda policy was sufficient to address issues with police interrogations you would then discuss the type of crimes the policy should pertain (i.e., felony, misdemeanors, or both), the specific constitutional rights that must be upheld under the policy, the rationale for the policy, and discuss how the policy should be evaluated for potential weaknesses or gaps. You are on the right track, just make sure you are responding to every question in a task and if you have any questions seek clarification.]
Assignment Guidelines
1. Revise and amend your Week 4 Key Assignment by adding/changing what your instructor commented on.
2. Address the following, and add your responses to your Key Assignment final draft:
3. Conduct an Internet search for a current foreign policy that deals with the same issue you discussed in your Week 4 Individual Project.
4. What is the name of the country?
a. What is the name of the policy in the other country?
b. What are the specific components of the policy? Explain in detail.
c. How might you evaluate the policy’s overall effectiveness? Explain.
*Must be in APA format with references.
Running head: P4IP
2
P4IP
PBAD200-1204B-01 P4IP
Colorado Technical University
Instructor: Professors Jeter
Connie Hutson
17 December 2012
Fourth Amendment of the Bill of Rights
The Fourth Amendment is entrenched in English legal doctrine. Sir Edward Coke, in Semayne's.
Analysis of Judicial Misconduct by Identifying Motive and Strategy to Expose it. The growing number of litigants outraged by their experience of judicial bias and abuse of power, most obvious in bankruptcy, probate, real estate, landlord, and family cases, will find useful an analysis of why judges engage in misconduct. That analysis identifies a motive and, more importantly, leads to the fashioning of a strategy to deal with the underlying problem.
The Supreme Court considered whether a police department violated the Fourth Amendment by obtaining transcripts of text messages sent on a pager provided to an employee. The Court determined that the search was reasonable given that the employer had informed employees that their communications would not be private and were subject to auditing. While employees generally have an expectation of privacy, the Court concluded the search was motivated by a legitimate work-related purpose rather than an intent to harass the employee. The Court resolved the case based on established principles for when a search is reasonable without addressing broader privacy issues.
This presentation was made at a high profile seminar organized by the military in Republic of Korea. Its contents will be useful as an introduction to military legal system to the audiences abroad as well as those insulated from the armed forces in India.
This document discusses freedom of speech and expression under the Malaysian constitution. It begins by outlining Article 10 which guarantees these rights. However, it notes restrictions may be imposed by Parliament for reasons of security, public order, or morality. Several laws are discussed that place restrictions, such as the Printing Presses and Publications Act and Sedition Act. Case law is examined that further defines the limits of free speech, such as not allowing speech that incites hatred or causes unrest. Overall, while free speech is protected, reasonable limits may be placed to maintain public safety and order.
Letter to ice_and_eoir_regarding_remote_legal_access_and_representation_durin...Greg Siskind
This letter from legal organizations urges immigration authorities to implement remote access measures during the COVID-19 pandemic to protect health and due process rights. It requests free phone and video calls for detained individuals and their attorneys, remote court appearances, and postponing non-essential hearings. It outlines specific policy changes needed regarding court access, hearings, deadlines and more to balance public health and legal access during this crisis.
This document discusses freedom of speech and expression under Article 10 of the Malaysian constitution. It provides an overview of the nature and extent of free speech rights, including protections for press freedom and symbolic speech. It then examines limitations on free speech that are permitted under Articles 10(2), 10(4), 149 and 150, such as through the Sedition Act, Official Secrets Act, and Printing Presses and Publications Act. The document analyzes key cases that have interpreted and applied these laws. It concludes by discussing the lack of whistleblower protections or a right to information in Malaysian law.
The document discusses the Right to Information Act in India. It provides background on how secrecy was the norm in British India but transparency became a pressing need for Indian citizens after independence. It summarizes the key objectives of the RTI Act to establish an informed citizenry and open society with transparent governance. It also discusses the role of judicial precedents in establishing information as a right under freedom of speech. The document analyzes a key court case that established the Chief Justice of India and Supreme Court of India as a single public authority under the RTI Act, with information held by the CJI subject to disclosure.
10 incredibly ironic flaws you can find in our constitutionohjhaly
1. The Philippine Constitution contains loopholes that have allowed political dynasties to continue and have prevented citizens from initiating constitutional amendments directly. There are no enabling laws to implement anti-dynasty provisions or laws governing citizens' initiative.
2. The Constitution vaguely defines Congress's power to amend it and does not specify if votes should be joint or separate. It also does not address if Congress should convene as a constituent assembly. This has prevented constitutional amendments.
3. Other loopholes include provisions allowing presidents to be "reelected" by running again after resigning, limitations that have made the Commission on Human Rights a "lame duck" agency, and impeachment processes that can be abused through weak complaints.
This submission opposes the Te Ture Whenua Maori Bill 2015 for several reasons:
1. It does not honor the legacy of Māori who fought to protect Māori lands.
2. It will negatively impact Māori lands and communities by making it easier to alienate owners from their lands and allowing organizations like Te Tumu Paeroa to replace existing trusts.
3. The consultation process was rushed and did not allow owners to properly understand how the bill would impact them or provide meaningful feedback.
4. The bill discriminates against Māori owners and fails to protect Māori lands as taonga tuku iho in accordance with tikanga.
Ron Lucey and Fran Robertson's (Texas Governor's Committee on People with Disabilities) presentation provided an update on their 2016 study on abuse of accessible parking and disabled placards.
Sir Ashley Harrison Attorney: Real estate lawyers serve two primary functions in the real estate world. They either act as litigators or handle the legal aspects of real estate transactions. Real estate lawyers deal with real property and mediate real estate transactions gone sour. Typically, real estate lawyers with their own practice or in small firms focus on residential real estate transactions.
The document discusses fundamental rights relating to life and personal liberty as outlined in Article 5 of the Malaysian Constitution. It provides details on the meaning and scope of key terms in Article 5, including "person", "life", "personal liberty", "in accordance with law", and the rights to know the grounds of arrest, legal representation, and production before a magistrate. It also examines habeas corpus as a remedy for unlawful detention that allows a court to order the production of a detainee and release if detention is found to be unlawful.
This document discusses procedural fairness in the context of administrative law. It covers several key topics:
1) Sources of procedural fairness obligations, including the Charter, Canadian Bill of Rights, common law, and statutes.
2) Key Supreme Court of Canada cases that have shaped the modern understanding of procedural fairness, including Nicholson, Baker, and Knight.
3) Factors considered in determining whether and to what extent procedural fairness applies in a given case, such as the nature of the decision, statutory context, and importance to individuals affected.
4) Examples of specific procedural protections, such as the right to a hearing, right to provide oral submissions, and right to respond to allegations.
Alteration of Patent Protection Length in the Intellectual Property Provision...Karim Khayat
The document summarizes and analyzes key provisions around patent protection length in the intellectual property chapter of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement. Specifically:
- The TPP IP chapter would require countries to provide patents in all fields of technology and extend patentability to plants/animals and medical procedures, going beyond existing agreements.
- It allows compensation for "unreasonable delays" in patent approval/marketing approval to extend patent terms beyond 20 years.
- While promoting access to medicines, critics argue these expanded patent rights could weaken competition and increase drug costs, reducing access to affordable treatments.
The document describes the Cyber Appellate Tribunal, which was established under the Information Technology Act 2000. It has jurisdiction over appeals of orders made by controllers or adjudicating officers. The tribunal consists of a single presiding officer, who must be qualified as a high court judge or have sufficient experience in the Indian Legal Service. It has the power to regulate its own procedures and also has powers equivalent to civil courts to summon parties, require discovery, and review decisions. The purpose is to provide a forum for aggrieved parties to appeal orders made under the Information Technology Act.
The supremacy of the Malaysian Constitution is subject to exceptions and limitations that weaken its authority. Several provisions allow the legislature and executive to act outside constitutional constraints, such as emergency powers that suspend rights protections. Additionally, judicial review is an ineffective check due to courts' reluctance to invalidate other branches' actions and interpret rights broadly. As a result, many laws and administrative practices are inconsistent with the Constitution's spirit. The relationship between Islam as the federation's religion and constitutional supremacy also presents conflicts. Overall, the document argues the Constitution's supremacy exists more as a myth than reality.
Service to Persons with Limited English ProficiencyIowaLegalAid
This document discusses language access issues and legal obligations under federal law to provide services to those with limited English proficiency (LEP) in Iowa. Census data shows the largest non-English language spoken in Iowa homes is Spanish. Iowa Legal Aid provides language access services including interpreters and translations. As a recipient of federal funds, it also has obligations to LEP individuals and advocates on their behalf. Federal agencies provide guidance on developing LEP plans and assessing language needs based on factors like affected populations and available resources.
This document discusses language access issues and obligations under federal law to provide services to those with limited English proficiency (LEP) in Iowa. Census data shows the largest non-English language spoken in Iowa homes is Spanish. Iowa Legal Aid represents LEP clients and enforces their rights under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits discrimination based on national origin in federally funded programs. The document outlines federal and state requirements regarding LEP plans and providing interpretation and translation services to ensure meaningful access for all.
American Government P5IP instructionsThe instructor has returned.docxgalerussel59292
American Government P5IP instructions
The instructor has returned your Week 4 Individual Project Key Assignment with comments and suggestions on how to improve your overall draft.
[Instructors’ Comments: Overview of selected Constitutional Amendment (38/38). Demonstrates a clear understanding of the need being addressed. The types of crimes to be addressed by the proposed policy (10/15): Minimal effort; does not demonstrate comprehension; missing relevant information. Specific constitutional rights to be upheld (12/22): Minimal effort; does not demonstrate comprehension; missing relevant information. The rationale for the proposed policy (12/23): Minimal effort; does not demonstrate comprehension; missing relevant information. How should the proposed policy be evaluated (11/30). Minimal effort; does not demonstrate comprehension; missing relevant information. Mechanics (15/15). Document organization (7/7). Demonstrates a clear understanding of the document organization. You did a very good job in discussing your chosen amendments and the purpose of each amendment. In addition, you accurately discussed who each amendment affects and why each amendment is important, and how each amendment. You did not complete the second part of the assignment, in which you were to discuss what type of policy you believe would need to be implemented for police investigators when interrogating a suspect. However, you did not provide any discussion regarding this matter. You were to determine what your ideal policy would be. For example, if you believed that the current Miranda policy was sufficient to address issues with police interrogations you would then discuss the type of crimes the policy should pertain (i.e., felony, misdemeanors, or both), the specific constitutional rights that must be upheld under the policy, the rationale for the policy, and discuss how the policy should be evaluated for potential weaknesses or gaps. You are on the right track, just make sure you are responding to every question in a task and if you have any questions seek clarification.]
Assignment Guidelines
1. Revise and amend your Week 4 Key Assignment by adding/changing what your instructor commented on.
2. Address the following, and add your responses to your Key Assignment final draft:
3. Conduct an Internet search for a current foreign policy that deals with the same issue you discussed in your Week 4 Individual Project.
4. What is the name of the country?
a. What is the name of the policy in the other country?
b. What are the specific components of the policy? Explain in detail.
c. How might you evaluate the policy’s overall effectiveness? Explain.
*Must be in APA format with references.
Running head: P4IP
2
P4IP
PBAD200-1204B-01 P4IP
Colorado Technical University
Instructor: Professors Jeter
Connie Hutson
17 December 2012
Fourth Amendment of the Bill of Rights
The Fourth Amendment is entrenched in English legal doctrine. Sir Edward Coke, in Semayne's.
Analysis of Judicial Misconduct by Identifying Motive and Strategy to Expose it. The growing number of litigants outraged by their experience of judicial bias and abuse of power, most obvious in bankruptcy, probate, real estate, landlord, and family cases, will find useful an analysis of why judges engage in misconduct. That analysis identifies a motive and, more importantly, leads to the fashioning of a strategy to deal with the underlying problem.
1. International treaties that Mexico has signed are below the Mexican constitution but above federal and state laws. These treaties allow for limited pre-trial discovery between countries.
2. Pre-trial procedures in Mexico are more limited than discovery in common law countries. Evidence must generally be collected after a trial has begun, though some pre-trial requests and depositions are allowed.
3. Parties can request documents and financial information from opposing parties and banks, and present witness lists and expert testimony before a trial in Mexico.
“With this volume we celebrate 30 years of publishing critical and diverse perspectives on public policy and its impact on our communities. Given the significance of the upcoming elections, our Editorial Board worked tirelessly to include timely and innovative works that spark conversation and debate about ways to improve the social, economic, and political condition of Latinas and Latinos in the U.S.”
LDPs are legal document preparers who are certified by state courts or bar associations to assist self-represented litigants by preparing legal documents without attorney supervision. To become certified in Arizona requires passing a test, paying fees, submitting to a background check, and being approved by the state Supreme Court's Certification and Licensing Board of Directors. Once certified, LDPs must include their certification number on all documents and cannot provide legal advice, though they can explain how to fill out forms. LDPs must complete 10 hours of continuing legal education annually, including 1 hour of ethics. Violations of the rules can result in discipline like suspension or revocation of certification.
There are many 'red-notes' for recovering the assets against financing-crime in Indonesia. The Asset Confiscation Bill represents a significant step forward by incorporating Non-Conviction-Based Asset Forfeiture. NCB-AF is a powerful tool in the fight against illicit activities, allowing the seizure of assets tied to criminal actions, even without a conviction. As we move forward, it is imperative to ensure that safeguards are in place to prevent any unintended infringements on human rights, preserving the principles of justice and fairness.
Citizens appeal for more expeditious and timely justice in the Indian legal system. The current system faces many problems that cause delays, including a lack of judges and infrastructure, political influence, corruption, and inefficient investigation practices. Several solutions are proposed, including alternative dispute resolution, prioritizing urgent cases, increasing transparency, appointing specialized police and review bodies, and implementing new technologies to digitize processes. The proposed reforms aim to restore faith in the judiciary by providing guidance to reduce injustice and settle cases in a timely, efficient manner.
This document provides an overview of civil rights compliance training for employees and sub-recipients of the Tennessee Department of Health (TDH). It discusses key federal civil rights laws including Title VI, Title IX, Section 504, the Age Discrimination Act, and Executive Orders on environmental justice and limited English proficiency. The training covers TDH's requirements for complying with these laws, such as appointing civil rights coordinators, providing employee training, developing policies, acquiring assurances, addressing complaints, and evaluating language assistance programs. Non-compliance can result in sanctions like withholding payments or canceling contracts. Contact information is provided for TDH's civil rights compliance officer and committee.
This document discusses laws governing electronic data and seizure, including key cases like Zubulake v. USB Warburg and US v. Arthur Andersen. It covers topics like data preservation duties arising from litigation, sanctions for spoliation of evidence, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act increasing document retention requirements, HIPAA privacy rules, the Stored Communications Act, and the importance of meet and confer requirements under the FRCP for electronic discovery. Key takeaways include parties having a duty to preserve relevant evidence once litigation is reasonably foreseeable and place it under a litigation hold, as well as the need to identify relevant data sources, systems and key players early in the discovery process.
The document discusses the concepts of equality and justice, and outlines various initiatives in the Philippines aimed at improving access to justice. It defines equality before the law as the principle that each individual is subject to the same laws, with no special legal privileges. John Rawl's theory of justice as fairness is summarized. Several projects are then described that seek to address barriers to access like costs, delays, and lack of information, through activities like legal aid, education, research, and reform of procedures and institutions. The overall goal is a well-functioning judicial system that is efficient, fair, and enjoys public trust and confidence.
7 Juvenile Justice Procedures
Chapter Learning Objectives
On completion of this chapter, students should be able to do the following:
Understand and discuss juvenile court procedures
Discuss the rights of juveniles at various stages, from taking into custody through appeals
Understand requirements for bail, notification, and filing of petitions
Discuss procedures involved in detaining juveniles
What Would You Do?
It is Friday night and you are in bed. Your 13-year-old daughter is spending the night with a friend. The two girls told you they were going to a movie and back to
her friend’s home. Her friend’s older sister, who is 18, is going to drive them to and from the movie. At approximately 2:15 a.m. you get a phone call. The caller
identifies herself as Lisa Strom, an employee of the Forten County Detention Center. She says that your daughter has been taken into custody for curfew violation,
possession of alcohol by a minor, peace disturbance, and assaulting a police officer. Ms. Strom informs you that your daughter will be held in detention pending a
review of her case by a juvenile intake officer. This review will take place within the next 24 hours and you will receive another phone call once the juvenile intake
officer decides to hold or release the child. She states that you are allowed to visit your daughter once within the next 24 hours and informs you that visitation is
allowed between 6:00 p.m. and 8:00 p.m. that day. The only question you can think to ask is if your daughter is okay. Ms. Strom says your daughter is going through
the intake process and is in good health. You hang up the phone wide awake and wondering what to do next.
What Would You Do?
1. Would your daughter be classified as a status offender or a delinquent, according to the charges?
2. What would be your next course of action? Would you contact a lawyer, wait for the phone call from the juvenile intake officer, visit your daughter during
visiting hours, or do something else?
3. If you were the juvenile intake officer, would you continue to detain this child or release her to her parents pending court?
Juvenile court acts discuss not only the purposes and scope of the juvenile justice system but also the procedure the juvenile courts are to
follow. Proceedings concerning juveniles officially begin with the filing of a petition alleging that a juvenile is delinquent, dependent,
neglected, abused, in need of supervision, or in need of authoritative intervention. Most juvenile court acts, however, also discuss the unofficial
or diversionary activities available as remedies prior to the filing of a petition such as a stationhouse adjustment and a preliminary
conference. A stationhouse adjustment occurs when a police officer negotiates a settlement with a juvenile, often with his or her parents,
without taking further official action (a full discussion of stationhouse adjustments follows in Chapter 8). A preliminary conference is a
voluntary meeting arranged by .
This webinar discusses discovery practice in litigation. It begins with an overview of the rules governing discovery, including initial disclosures, written discovery like requests for production of documents and interrogatories, and oral discovery such as depositions. It covers topics like proportionality, preservation of electronic data, discovery from non-parties, and expert discovery procedures. The webinar provides both an explanation of the procedural rules and practical guidance about managing the discovery process.
NEWBIE LITIGATOR SCHOOL - Part I 2022 - The Federal Rules of Civil ProcedureFinancial Poise
Has it been 10 years since you took Civil Procedure in law school? Are you a business owner that’s been sued for the first time? How does litigation really move through the Federal Courts? This webinar provides an overview of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, with emphasis on recent changes and developments. By the end of the hour, the listener will have a clear understanding of how a case is initiated, how defendants and issues are brought into the case, and the required pre-trial steps. We also touch on settlement procedure and trial practice. Join us to hear one of the cornerstone law school classes condensed into a brisk and engaging hour-long discussion.
Part of the webinar series: NEWBIE LITIGATOR SCHOOL- PART 1 2022
See more at https://www.financialpoise.com/webinars/
The document discusses the ethical and liability risks for lawyers who do not use computer-assisted legal research (CALR) technology such as Westlaw and LexisNexis. While there is no direct rule requiring the use of CALR, the standard of competent legal practice implies that lawyers must use tools that allow for thorough, efficient research. Failure to research issues adequately could lead to ethics violations, malpractice claims, or sanctions. As CALR has become ubiquitous and courts increasingly rely on it, not using these tools risks a lawyer failing to meet the standard of competent legal representation according to evolving practices.
Role of Legal Services Authority in Arbitration and Dispute ResolutionManish Kumar
This document discusses Lok Adalats, which are alternative dispute resolution bodies in India established under the Legal Services Authorities Act of 1987. It provides that Lok Adalats aim to promote compromise between parties through non-adversarial proceedings before a presiding officer. Awards made by Lok Adalats are binding, enforceable as civil court decrees, and cannot be appealed. The document outlines the roles of various legal authorities in establishing and supporting Lok Adalats in India.
This document provides an overview of arbitration as a dispute settlement mechanism. It defines arbitration as a private process where disputes are resolved by impartial arbitrators based on rules and procedures selected by the parties. Key features of arbitration identified include that it provides an alternative to national courts, is a private mechanism controlled by the parties, and results in a final and binding decision. The document also contrasts arbitration with national courts, noting arbitration allows more flexibility in procedures and is not bound by a single country's laws.
Discovery Practice (Series: Newbie Litigator School - Fall Edition)Financial Poise
If you say the word “discovery” to a litigator, the reaction may not be kind. Discovery-the exchange of relevant information- usually in the form of documents or oral depositions, takes up the majority of a litigator’s time and costs clients the most money.
To view the accompanying webinar, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/discovery-practice-2020/
Chapter 7 of the textbook explores how political leanings influence judicial appointments and court rulings, which is particularly evident in civil cases involving business and economic issues. Chapter 11 provides an overview of different types of civil law and the civil litigation process. A handbook from the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida outlines the rules and procedures for discovery in civil cases in that court. An additional article explains the nature of civil cases in federal courts.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
A2 jfinal courts_ltr_081610
1. u. S. Department of Justice
C ivil R ights Division
August 16, 20 I 0
Dear Chief Justice/State Court Administrator:
[n the past decade, increasing numbers of state court systems have sought to improve
their capacity to handle cases and other matters involving parties or witnesses who are limited
English proficient (LEP). [n some instances the progress has been laudable and reflects
increased recognition that language access costs must be treated as essential to sound court
management. However, the Department of Justice (DOJ) continues to encounter state court
language access policies or practices that are inconsistent with federal civil rights requirements.
Through this letter, DOJ intends to provide greater clarity regarding the requirement that courts
receiving federal financial assistance provide meaningful access for LEP individuals.
Dispensing justice fairly, efficiently, and accurately is a cornerstone of the judiciary.
Policies and practices that deny LEP persons meaningful access to the courts undermine that
cornerstone. They may also place state courts in violation of long-standing civil rights
requirements. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.c. § 2000d et seq.
(Title VI), and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended, 42 U.S.c.
§ 3 789d( c) (Safe Streets Act), both prohibit national origin discrimination by recipients of
federal financial assistance. Title VI and Safe Streets Act regulations further prohibit recipients
from administering programs in a manner that has the effect of subjecting individuals to
discrimination based on their national origin. See 28 C.F.R. §§ 42.1 04(b)(2), 42.203(e).
The Supreme Court has held that failing to take reasonable steps to ensure meaningful
access for LEP persons is a form of national origin discrimination prohibited by Title V[
regulations. See Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974). Executive Order 13166, which was issued
in 2000, further emphasized the point by directing federal agencies to publish LEP guidance for
their financial assistance recipients, consistent with initial general guidance from DOJ. See 65
Fed. Reg. 50, 121 (Aug. 16, 2000). [n 2002, DOJ issued final Guidance to Federal Financial
Assistance Recipients Regarding Title VI Prohibition Against National Origin Discrimination
Affecting Limited English Proficient Persons. 67 Fed. Reg. 41 ,455 (June 18,2002) (DOl
Guidance). The DOJ Guidance and subsequent technical assistance letters from the Civil Rights
Division explained that court systems receiving federal financial assistance, either directly or
indirectly, must provide meaningful access to LEP persons in order to comply with Title VI, the
Safe Streets Act, and their implementing regulations. The federal requirement to provide
language assistance to LEP individuals applies notwithstanding conflicting state or local laws or
court rules.
2. -2
Despite efforts to bring courts into compliance, some state court system policies and
practices significantly and unreasonably impede, hinder, or restrict participation in court
proceedings and access to court operations based upon a person 's English language ability.
Exampl es of particular concem include the following:
I. Limiting the types of proceedings for which qualified interpreter services are
provided by the court. Some courts only provide competent interpreter assistance in
limited categories of cases, such as in criminal, termination of parental rights, or domestic
violence proceedings. 001, however, views access to all court proceedings as critical.
The 001 Guidance refers to the importance of meaningful access to courts and
courtrooms, without distinguishing among civil, criminal, or administrative matters. See
DOJ Guidance, 67 Fed. Reg. at 41 ,462. It states that "every effort should be taken to
ensure competent interpretation for LEP individuals during all hearings, trials, and
motions," id. at 41,471 (emphasis added), including administrative court proceedings.
Jd. at 41 ,459, n.5.
Courts should also provide language ass istance to non-party LEP individuals
whose presence or participation in a court matter is necessary or appropriate, including
parents and guardians of minor victims of crime or of juveniles and family members
involved in delinquency proceedings. Proceedings handled by officials such as
magistrates, masters, commissioners, hearing officers, arbitrators, mediators, and other
decision-makers should also include professional interpreter coverage. 001 expects that
meaningful access will be provided to LEP persons in all court and court-annexed
proceedings, whether civil, criminal, or administrative including those presided over by
non-judges.
2. Charging interpreter costs to one or more parties. Many courts that ostensibly
provide qualifi ed interpreters for covered court proceedings require or authorize one or
more of the persons involved in the case to be charged with the cost of the interpreter.
Although the rules or practices vary, and may exempt indigent parties, their common
impact is either to subject some individuals to a surcharge based upon a party's or
witness' English language proficiency, or to discourage parties from requesting or using a
competent interpreter. Title VI and its regulations prohibit practices that have the effect
of charging parties, impairing their participation in proceedings, or limiting presentation
of witnesses based upon national origin. As such, the DOJ Guidance makes clear that
court proceedings are among the most important activities conducted by recipients of
federal funds, and emphasizes the need to provide interpretation free of cost. Courts that
charge interpreter costs to the parties may be alTanging for an interpreter's presence, but
they are not "providing" the interpreter. 001 expects that, when meaningful access
requires interpretation, courts will provide interpreters at no cost to the persons involved.
3. -3
3. Restricting language services to courtrooms. Some states provide language
assistance only. for courtroom proceedings, but the meaningful access requirement
extends to court functions that are conducted outside the courtroom as we ll. Examples of
such court-managed offices, operations, and programs can include information counters;
intake or filing offices; cashiers; records rooms; sheriffs offices; probation and parole
offices; alternative di spute resolution programs; pro se clinics; criminal diversion
programs; anger management classes; detention facilities; and other similar offices,
operations, and programs. Access to these points of public contact is essential to the fair
administration of justice, especially for unrepresented LEP persons. DOJ expects courts
to provi de meaningful access for LEP persons to such court operated or managed points
of public contact in the judicial process, whether the contact at issue occurs inside or
outside the courtroom.
4. Failing to ensure effecti ve communication with court-appointed or supervised
personnel. Some recipient court systems have failed to ensure that LEP persons are able
to communicate effecti vely with a variety of individuals involved in a case under a court
appointment or order. Criminal defense counsel, child advocates or guardians ad litem,
court psychologists, probation officers, doctors, trustees, and other such individuals who
are employed, paid, or supervised by the courts, and who are required to communicate
with LEP parties or other indi viduals as part of their case-related functions, must possess
demon strated bilingual skill s or have support from professional interpreters. In order for
a court to provide meaningful access to LEP persons, it must ensure language access in
all such operations and encounters with professional s.
DOJ continues to interpret Title VI and the Title VI regulations to prohibit, in most
circumstances, the practices described above. Nevertheless, DOJ has observed that some court
systems continue to operate in apparent violation of federal law. Most court systems have long
accepted their legal duty under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to provide auxiliary
aids and services to persons with disabilities, and would not consciously engage in the practices
highlighted in this letter in providing an accommodation to a person w ith a disability. Whil e
ADA and Titl e VI requirements are not the same, existing ADA plans and policy for sign
language interpreting may provide an effective template for managing interpreting and
tran slating needs for some state courts.
Language services expenses should be treated as a basic and essential operating expense,
not as an ancillary cost. Court systems have many operating expenses - judges and staff,
buildings, utilities, security, filing, data and records systems, insurance, research, and printing
costs, to name a fe w. Court systems in every part of the country serve populations ofLEP
indi vidual s and most jurisdictions, if not all, have encountered substantial increases in the
number of LEP parties and witnesses and the diversity of languages they speak. Budgeting
adequate funds to ensure language access is fundam ental to the business of the courts.
4. -4
We recogni ze that most state and local courts are struggling w ith unusual budgetary
constraints that have slowed the pace of progress in thi s area. The 001 Guidance acknowledges
that recipi ents can consider the costs of the services and the resources avail abl e to the court as
part of the determination of what language assistance is reasonably required in order to provide
meaningful LEP access . See id. at 41 ,460. Fiscal pressures, however, do not provide an
exemption from civil rights requirements. In considering a system 's compli ance with language
access standards in li ght oflimited resources, 001 will consider all of the facts and
circumstances of a parti cul ar court system. Factors to rev iew may include, but are not limited to,
the fo ll owing:
• The extent to whi ch current language access defici encies reflect the impact of the fi scal
cri sis as demonstrated by prev ious success in providing meaningful access;
• The extent to whi ch other essential court operations are being restricted or defund ed;
• The extent to whi ch the court system has secured additi onal revenues from fees, fine s,
grants, or other sources, and has increased effi ciency through collaboration , technol ogy,
or other means;
• Whether the court system has adopted an implementation plan to move promptly towards
full co mpli ance; and
• The nature and significance of the adverse impact on LEP person s affected by the
ex isting language access defi ciencies.
001 acknow ledges that it takes time to create systems that ensure competent
interpretation in a ll court proceedings and to build a qualified interpreter corps. Yet nearl y a
decade has passed since the issuance of Executi ve Order 131 66 and publication of initial general
guidance clari fY ing language access requirements for recipients . Reasonable efforts by now
should have resulted in significant and continuing improvements for all recipients. With thi s
passage of time, the need to show progress in providing all LEP person s with meaningful access
has increased. 001 expects that courts that have done well will continue to make progress
toward full co mpli ance in poli cy and practi ce. At the same time, we expect that court recipi ents
that are furth est behind will take significant steps in order to move promptl y toward compliance.
The 0 0 1 guidance encourages recipients to develop and maintai n a periodi ca lly-updated
written pl an on language assistance for LEP person s as an appropriate and cost-effective means
of documenting compliance and providing a framework for the provision of timel y and
reasonabl e language ass istance. Such written plans can provide additional benefits to recipi ents'
managers in the areas of training, administrating, planning, and budgeting. The 001 Guidance
goes on to note th at these benefit s should lead most recipients to document in a written LEP plan
their language ass istance services, and how staff and LEP persons can access those servi ces . In
court systems, we have found that meaningful access inside the courtroom is most effecti vely
implemented in states that have adopted a court rul e, statute, or admini strati ve order prov iding
for uni versal, free, and qualifi ed court interpreting. [n additi on, state court systems that have
strong leadership and a designated coordinator of language services in the offi ce of the court
ad mini strator, and th at have identifi ed personnel in charge of ensuring language access in each
courthouse, will more li ke ly be abl e to provide effecti ve and consistent language access for LEP
5. -5
individuals. Enclosed, for illustrative purposes only, are copies of Administrative Order JB-06-3
of the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine, together with the September 2008 Memorandum of
Understanding between that court and DOJ. Also enclosed for your information is a copy of
"Chapter 5: Tips and Tools Specific to Courts" from DOJ, Executive Order 13166 Limited
English Proficiency Docllment: Tips and Tools Ji'om the Field (2004) .
The Office of Justice Programs provides Justice Assistance Grant funds to the states to be
used for state and local initiatives, technical assistance, training, personnel, equipment, supplies,
contractual support, and criminal justice infOlmation systems that will improve or enhance
criminal justice programs including prosecution and court programs. Funding language services
in the courts is a permissible use of these funds.
DOJ has an abiding interest in securing state and local court system compliance with the
language access requirements of Title VI and the Safe Streets Act and wi ll continue to review
courts for compliance and to investigate complaints. The Civil Rights Division also welcomes
requests for technical assistance from state courts and can provide training for court personnel.
Should you have any questions, please contact Mark J. Kappelhoff, Acting Chief, Federal
Coordination and Compliance Section (forma lly known as Coordination and Review Section) at
(202) 307-2222 .
Sincerely,
Thomas E. Perez
Assistant Attorney General
Enclosures