In a worrying development, a new mosquito species has been discovered in Florida that could potentially transmit mosquito-borne diseases. The Culex lactator mosquito, which is found in Central and northern South America
Dengue Fever in Southern Florida 1
Change in Mosquito Ecology Leading to Increase in Dengue Fever in Southern Florida Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Add the word climate change somewhere in the title since that’s the main focus of the paper
National University: Public Health
COH400: Environmental Health
February 21, 2021
Abstract Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Refer to grading rubric. Multiple elements are missing that will lead to points deduction.
By influencing mosquito behavior, vector growth, and mosquito/human encounters, the environment affects the dengue ecosystem. Although these relationships are established, it is unknown what effect climate change would have on transmissions. Statistical and method temperature simulations have been used to improve our understanding of these interactions and forecast the impact of predicted climate change on dengue fever incidence, however, these simulations have yielded conflicting findings.
We identified critical environmental impacts on the dengue virus's ecology and assessed temperature dengue models' capacity to explain climate-dengue interactions, predict outbreaks, and forecast climate change consequences. We study the proof through lab experiments, field research, data analysis of correlations among proxies, dengue disease occurrence, and environmental conditions linked directly and indirectly to climate and dengue.
Health effects of dengue fever can range from a major drop in blood pressure leading to shock to internal bleeding and organ damage. In some cases, dengue can even lead to death. In pregnant women, dengue can be dangerous because it can be spread to the baby during childbirth. In the region of Southern Florida, most cases of dengue fever are brought in from individuals who have traveled to places such as the Caribbean, South America, or Asia. While traveling to areas where Dengue is widespread is the most common cause for seeing it here in the U.S., there have recently been 26 cases that were locally acquired.
Table of Contents
Background 4
Aedes Mosquitoes 5
Control of Aedes Mosquitoes 5
Geographical Location 6
Dengue Occurrence in Florida 7
Health Effects 8
Causes of Dengue Fever 9
Weather and Climate Variability 10
Clinical Diagnosis 12
Dengue Fever Symptoms 13
Dengue Fever Treatment 13
Clinical Management 14
Laboratory Diagnosis 15
Public Health Response 15
Conclusion 17
References 18
Tables 20
Table 1 20
Figures 21
Figure 1 21
Figure 2 22
Figure 3 23
Figure 4 24
Change in Mosquito Ecology Leading to Increase in Dengue Fever in Southern Florida Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: All over the paper, check for sentences that do not have a reference. You cannot JUST have a reference at the end of the paragraph, you need to reference “sentences” and then follow-up with transitional words that connect that reference to additional content from that same reference to build your paragraph. Of course, it’s never a good idea to ONLY have one reference in a single p ...
This document discusses how climate change is contributing to an increase in dengue fever cases in Southern Florida. Warmer temperatures associated with climate change are causing changes in mosquito ecology that allow disease-carrying mosquitoes like Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to thrive and expand their ranges. This has increased encounters between mosquitoes and humans, leading to more dengue virus transmission and outbreaks in Southern Florida in recent decades after the disease was previously eliminated in the 1930s. The effects of climate change like rising temperatures, heavier rainfall, and sea level rise are expected to further exacerbate the dengue situation by creating more favorable conditions for mosquito growth and survival.
epidemiology report on The Coming Plague by Laurie GarrettJames Nichols
This book review summarizes Laurie Garrett's book "The Coming Plague", which chronicles the efforts of the CDC and other agencies to investigate and contain emerging pathogens since World War II. The book details epidemiological investigations of diseases such as Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, yellow fever, and more. It demonstrates how epidemiology is applied in real world disease outbreaks and the challenges investigators face. The book also examines the successful eradication of smallpox and efforts to eliminate polio and malaria.
This document discusses factors responsible for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It argues that while pathogens, hosts, vectors, and environment have traditionally been seen as the main determinants of infectious disease emergence and transmission, human intervention through progress in science and technology should be considered a fifth key determinant. It provides examples of how various aspects of scientific and technological progress, such as intensive agriculture, antibiotic overuse, bioterrorism, and changes in food processing and transportation, have contributed to disease emergence and spread in recent decades.
As a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, spreads across the nation’s farms, scientists are intensifying efforts to assess its potential threat to human health
MERS has to be tackled more practically ,its nothing to scare unless you find and suspicious case around you.The contributing factors are ,weather ,closed homes ,shisha culture ,and the anatomy of Arabs nostrils play a aggressive role in spread of this new disease.The virus mutated recently in a more more cases in humans appeared in hospitals in Jeddah, which may indicate increased virus transmission from man to man due to mutation in the genome leading to virus adaptation. This event may be associated with loss of some virulence elements in the virus.”to survive, viruses adapt or evolve, changing its surface proteins enough to trick the host cell into allowing it to attach.
According to a recent study conducted by the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, it has been discovered that the virus responsible for Covid-19 was transmitted to wild white-tailed deer in the United States more than 100 times during late 2021 and early 2022. This finding indicates that the infection spread extensively within the deer population, and there are even instances where researchers suspect that humans contracted the virus from deer.
This document discusses bioaerosols and factors related to the transmission of coronaviruses. It summarizes research on the size and properties of airborne viruses, how they bind to carriers in aerosols, and the impact of environmental conditions on viral survival. The document reviews studies showing that viruses like influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and others can remain infectious in aerosols for hours or days, with their survival affected by temperature, humidity, and other physicochemical properties. Understanding these transmission mechanisms could help public health institutions improve prevention strategies for pandemics.
Dengue Fever in Southern Florida 1
Change in Mosquito Ecology Leading to Increase in Dengue Fever in Southern Florida Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Add the word climate change somewhere in the title since that’s the main focus of the paper
National University: Public Health
COH400: Environmental Health
February 21, 2021
Abstract Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: Refer to grading rubric. Multiple elements are missing that will lead to points deduction.
By influencing mosquito behavior, vector growth, and mosquito/human encounters, the environment affects the dengue ecosystem. Although these relationships are established, it is unknown what effect climate change would have on transmissions. Statistical and method temperature simulations have been used to improve our understanding of these interactions and forecast the impact of predicted climate change on dengue fever incidence, however, these simulations have yielded conflicting findings.
We identified critical environmental impacts on the dengue virus's ecology and assessed temperature dengue models' capacity to explain climate-dengue interactions, predict outbreaks, and forecast climate change consequences. We study the proof through lab experiments, field research, data analysis of correlations among proxies, dengue disease occurrence, and environmental conditions linked directly and indirectly to climate and dengue.
Health effects of dengue fever can range from a major drop in blood pressure leading to shock to internal bleeding and organ damage. In some cases, dengue can even lead to death. In pregnant women, dengue can be dangerous because it can be spread to the baby during childbirth. In the region of Southern Florida, most cases of dengue fever are brought in from individuals who have traveled to places such as the Caribbean, South America, or Asia. While traveling to areas where Dengue is widespread is the most common cause for seeing it here in the U.S., there have recently been 26 cases that were locally acquired.
Table of Contents
Background 4
Aedes Mosquitoes 5
Control of Aedes Mosquitoes 5
Geographical Location 6
Dengue Occurrence in Florida 7
Health Effects 8
Causes of Dengue Fever 9
Weather and Climate Variability 10
Clinical Diagnosis 12
Dengue Fever Symptoms 13
Dengue Fever Treatment 13
Clinical Management 14
Laboratory Diagnosis 15
Public Health Response 15
Conclusion 17
References 18
Tables 20
Table 1 20
Figures 21
Figure 1 21
Figure 2 22
Figure 3 23
Figure 4 24
Change in Mosquito Ecology Leading to Increase in Dengue Fever in Southern Florida Comment by Zohir Chowdhury: All over the paper, check for sentences that do not have a reference. You cannot JUST have a reference at the end of the paragraph, you need to reference “sentences” and then follow-up with transitional words that connect that reference to additional content from that same reference to build your paragraph. Of course, it’s never a good idea to ONLY have one reference in a single p ...
This document discusses how climate change is contributing to an increase in dengue fever cases in Southern Florida. Warmer temperatures associated with climate change are causing changes in mosquito ecology that allow disease-carrying mosquitoes like Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus to thrive and expand their ranges. This has increased encounters between mosquitoes and humans, leading to more dengue virus transmission and outbreaks in Southern Florida in recent decades after the disease was previously eliminated in the 1930s. The effects of climate change like rising temperatures, heavier rainfall, and sea level rise are expected to further exacerbate the dengue situation by creating more favorable conditions for mosquito growth and survival.
epidemiology report on The Coming Plague by Laurie GarrettJames Nichols
This book review summarizes Laurie Garrett's book "The Coming Plague", which chronicles the efforts of the CDC and other agencies to investigate and contain emerging pathogens since World War II. The book details epidemiological investigations of diseases such as Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, yellow fever, and more. It demonstrates how epidemiology is applied in real world disease outbreaks and the challenges investigators face. The book also examines the successful eradication of smallpox and efforts to eliminate polio and malaria.
This document discusses factors responsible for emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It argues that while pathogens, hosts, vectors, and environment have traditionally been seen as the main determinants of infectious disease emergence and transmission, human intervention through progress in science and technology should be considered a fifth key determinant. It provides examples of how various aspects of scientific and technological progress, such as intensive agriculture, antibiotic overuse, bioterrorism, and changes in food processing and transportation, have contributed to disease emergence and spread in recent decades.
As a highly pathogenic strain of avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu, spreads across the nation’s farms, scientists are intensifying efforts to assess its potential threat to human health
MERS has to be tackled more practically ,its nothing to scare unless you find and suspicious case around you.The contributing factors are ,weather ,closed homes ,shisha culture ,and the anatomy of Arabs nostrils play a aggressive role in spread of this new disease.The virus mutated recently in a more more cases in humans appeared in hospitals in Jeddah, which may indicate increased virus transmission from man to man due to mutation in the genome leading to virus adaptation. This event may be associated with loss of some virulence elements in the virus.”to survive, viruses adapt or evolve, changing its surface proteins enough to trick the host cell into allowing it to attach.
According to a recent study conducted by the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, it has been discovered that the virus responsible for Covid-19 was transmitted to wild white-tailed deer in the United States more than 100 times during late 2021 and early 2022. This finding indicates that the infection spread extensively within the deer population, and there are even instances where researchers suspect that humans contracted the virus from deer.
This document discusses bioaerosols and factors related to the transmission of coronaviruses. It summarizes research on the size and properties of airborne viruses, how they bind to carriers in aerosols, and the impact of environmental conditions on viral survival. The document reviews studies showing that viruses like influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and others can remain infectious in aerosols for hours or days, with their survival affected by temperature, humidity, and other physicochemical properties. Understanding these transmission mechanisms could help public health institutions improve prevention strategies for pandemics.
Key question:
Could the plague ever re-emerge on a similar level in the twenty-first century?
Due to the potential seriousness of the disease this is a subject worthy of epidemiological consideration and research.
Here are the key points about smallpox:
- Caused by the variola virus, which only infects humans. There are two variants - variola major which has a higher mortality rate, and variola minor.
- Spread through inhalation of airborne variola virus released from infected individuals. It was estimated that one case of smallpox on average led to 15-20 new cases.
- Symptoms include high fever, fatigue, head and body aches followed by distinctive pustular rash on face/body that leaves scars. Fatality rates for variola major were around 30%.
- There is no cure for smallpox. Prior to the vaccine, variol
The Sky Gets Dark Slowly in View of the Emergence of “The Super Omicron Varia...IIJSRJournal
The new Omicron variant of SARS-cov-2 speeding around the world may bring another wave of chaos. It is like walking on a tight rope. The earth is brimming with viruses. The lungs are the paramount respiratory organs. Besides COVID-19, Omicron variant, pollution is another uninvited guest. People are aggrieved by the recurrence of pollution every year. Delhi and most of the cities expressed air emergency. Nothing seems to change. Not a soul is taken care of. The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID‐19. Virus-infected patients are suffering from air hunger. COVID-19 and its variants are the lung annihilate viruses that traumatically lead to lung failure. COVID 19 pandemic sweeps across the globe, Co-infection with respiratory viruses and SARS-CoV-2 and the mutant variants Omicron, raising danger bells around the world. Omicron is an exciting outstanding pandemic co-infected with respiratory viruses, demands crucial public health Intervention.
Global warming is causing tropical diseases carried by mosquitoes and ticks to spread farther and increase in frequency. Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by day-biting mosquitoes that infects 50-100 million people annually. It causes fever, pain and potentially internal bleeding and death. While historically present in the southern US, it was largely eliminated after WWII but has reappeared in recent years in Texas and Florida due to rising temperatures allowing mosquito habitats to expand. Chikungunya virus causes similar symptoms and is also spread by mosquitoes found in the US.
This document summarizes evidence of sexual transmission of the Zika virus. It discusses how Zika was first discovered in 1947 and recent epidemics have shown it can cause severe birth defects. Unlike other mosquito-borne flaviviruses, Zika can be transmitted sexually. The document reviews cases of individuals who were infected after travel and outlines evidence of Zika persisting in semen and vaginal secretions, enabling sexual transmission. It emphasizes the importance of precautions during and after travel to Zika outbreak areas.
This document discusses filoviruses, which cause viral hemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola virus disease and Marburg virus disease. It provides background on the classification and transmission of filoviruses, describing how they are spread through contact with bodily fluids. Symptoms are then explained, which include fever, vomiting, and bleeding. As there is no vaccine or cure, treatment focuses on supportive care. The document concludes by reviewing the history of Ebola virus outbreaks since 1976 and discusses current concerns around controlling the ongoing 2014 outbreak in West Africa.
This document discusses the ecological impact of white-nosed syndrome, a wildlife disease affecting bats. It describes how the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans has caused high mortality rates among bat populations in North America, with over 5.7 million bats dying. The fungus thrives in cold temperatures and infects hibernating bats, whose immune systems are weakened during hibernation. Conservation efforts aim to monitor disease spread and investigate antifungal treatments, while closing caves to limit human-assisted dispersal. However, challenges remain in understanding and controlling this geographically widespread disease due to limited research funding.
You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life. - Steve Jobs
Control your own destiny or someone else will. - Jack Welch
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Dengue Fever Outbreak: Cases Reported in Alabama, Florida, and Georgia | The ...The Lifesciences Magazine
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Key question:
Could the plague ever re-emerge on a similar level in the twenty-first century?
Due to the potential seriousness of the disease this is a subject worthy of epidemiological consideration and research.
Here are the key points about smallpox:
- Caused by the variola virus, which only infects humans. There are two variants - variola major which has a higher mortality rate, and variola minor.
- Spread through inhalation of airborne variola virus released from infected individuals. It was estimated that one case of smallpox on average led to 15-20 new cases.
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The Sky Gets Dark Slowly in View of the Emergence of “The Super Omicron Varia...IIJSRJournal
The new Omicron variant of SARS-cov-2 speeding around the world may bring another wave of chaos. It is like walking on a tight rope. The earth is brimming with viruses. The lungs are the paramount respiratory organs. Besides COVID-19, Omicron variant, pollution is another uninvited guest. People are aggrieved by the recurrence of pollution every year. Delhi and most of the cities expressed air emergency. Nothing seems to change. Not a soul is taken care of. The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID‐19. Virus-infected patients are suffering from air hunger. COVID-19 and its variants are the lung annihilate viruses that traumatically lead to lung failure. COVID 19 pandemic sweeps across the globe, Co-infection with respiratory viruses and SARS-CoV-2 and the mutant variants Omicron, raising danger bells around the world. Omicron is an exciting outstanding pandemic co-infected with respiratory viruses, demands crucial public health Intervention.
Global warming is causing tropical diseases carried by mosquitoes and ticks to spread farther and increase in frequency. Dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by day-biting mosquitoes that infects 50-100 million people annually. It causes fever, pain and potentially internal bleeding and death. While historically present in the southern US, it was largely eliminated after WWII but has reappeared in recent years in Texas and Florida due to rising temperatures allowing mosquito habitats to expand. Chikungunya virus causes similar symptoms and is also spread by mosquitoes found in the US.
This document summarizes evidence of sexual transmission of the Zika virus. It discusses how Zika was first discovered in 1947 and recent epidemics have shown it can cause severe birth defects. Unlike other mosquito-borne flaviviruses, Zika can be transmitted sexually. The document reviews cases of individuals who were infected after travel and outlines evidence of Zika persisting in semen and vaginal secretions, enabling sexual transmission. It emphasizes the importance of precautions during and after travel to Zika outbreak areas.
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This document discusses the ecological impact of white-nosed syndrome, a wildlife disease affecting bats. It describes how the fungal pathogen Pseudogymnoascus destructans has caused high mortality rates among bat populations in North America, with over 5.7 million bats dying. The fungus thrives in cold temperatures and infects hibernating bats, whose immune systems are weakened during hibernation. Conservation efforts aim to monitor disease spread and investigate antifungal treatments, while closing caves to limit human-assisted dispersal. However, challenges remain in understanding and controlling this geographically widespread disease due to limited research funding.
You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life. - Steve Jobs
Control your own destiny or someone else will. - Jack Welch
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A New rapidly-spreading Mosquito Species Discovered in Florida | The Lifesciences Magazine
1. A New rapidly-spreading Mosquito
Species Discovered in Florida
In a worrying development, a new mosquito species has been discovered in Florida that could
potentially transmit mosquito-borne diseases. The Culex lactator mosquito, which is found in
Central and northern South America, has already established a permanent home in at least three
counties in the state.
Scientists at the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences discovered the
species in Miami-Dade County in 2018 while they were looking for other nonnative mosquitoes.
They recently published their findings in the Journal of Medical Entomology.
Difficult to Predict the Implications
The Culex group of mosquitoes includes important species that transmit the West Nile and St.
Louis encephalitis viruses. While it is too early to say whether Culex lactator will exacerbate
these challenges, the implications are difficult to predict since not all mosquito species are
equally capable of transmitting a particular virus or other pathogen.
Lawrence Reeves, lead author of the study and an assistant professor and mosquito biologist at
the university’s research center in Vero Beach, expressed concern that there has not been enough
research on the species and their potential disease risk. He also pointed out that Florida already
has about 90 mosquito species, and this number is growing as new mosquito species are
introduced to the state from other parts of the world.
2. Rising temperatures in Florida contribute to spreading of invasive mosquito
species
Role of Climate Change
The introduction of new mosquito species to Florida is a growing concern, as the state’s climate
becomes more conducive to tropical mosquito species. According to Reeves, climate change may
improve the chances of tropical mosquito species becoming established once they make it to
Florida if the state becomes warmer. Increasing storm frequency and intensity could also help
blow in more mosquitoes from the Caribbean, Central America, and elsewhere.
The discovery of Culex lactator in Florida is yet another example of the threat posed by nonnative
mosquitoes. Florida’s greatest mosquito-related challenges have arisen from nonnative
mosquitoes, and it is difficult to anticipate what to expect when we know so little about a
mosquito species.
Summing Up
In conclusion, the discovery of the Culex lactator mosquito species in Florida is a cause for
concern, as it has the potential to transmit mosquito-borne diseases. With the number of mosquito
species in Florida already high and growing, scientists must carry out more research to better
understand the risks associated with new mosquito species. It is also vital that measures are put in
place to prevent the introduction of new mosquito species to the state, as the consequences could
be severe.
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