The present study utilizes a computer-operated additive manufacturing process referred to as three-dimensional printing. 3D food printing involves printing filament like regular 3D printing in which a viscous material is deposited on the surface layer by layer to produce a final shape. It combines 3D printing with digital gastronomy techniques to fabricate food products. In recent years it shows great potential in the food sector to fabricate complex shapes, sizes, colors, flavors, and textures of the food. 3D printing has the benefits of providing personalized health requirements and complex shape fabrication as per consumers’ needs. 3D food has an immense number of applications from personal cooking and catering services to space food requirements. In this study, the critical review of 3D food printing is discussed about 3D food printing technologies, factors influencing reliability, and its applications.

1. A Detailed Study of Effect of Dielectric Fluid in Electrical Discharge
Machining (EDM) Process
Abstract: Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) or spark machining is a non-conventional machining process of operating
materials utilized in manufacturing industries in the current world. The machining of metal/conductive material in EMD depends
on the transfer of thermoelectric energy between the electrically conductive electrode and the conductive working material. The
transfer of thermoelectric energy generates a spark between the electrode and working material in thepresence of dielectric fluid.
Though this spark erodes the workpiece, the dielectric fluid substantially controls the machined surface roughness, tool wear rate,
heat transfer, and Material removal rate. For successful EDM operation and minimum surface roughness, the selection of
appropriatedielectric fluid is vital. This research includes a detailed examination of the effects of several types of dielectric fluids
used in EDM on TWR, MMR, and surface hardness of the working material. The material removal phenomenon in EDM is aided
by the vaporization and liquifying of the working material by an electric arc.
Keywords: Thermoelectric Energy, Erosion, Dielectric Fluid, Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Rate (TWR), Surface
Roughness (SR)
1. Introduction
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is the most well-known non-traditional machining process in the
manufacturing industry. A very wide range of machining application such as engine component production for
aerospace, highly dimensional accurate molds and dies, precise shape components for electronic and medical
industries are using EDM [1]. EDM machining can manufacture job at the micro level with consideration of material
hardness and type of dielectric material [2]. The material removal phenomenon in EDM is aided by the liquefying and
vaporization of the workpiecematerial by an electric arc, i.e. top machined layers of work piece is solidified and frigid at a
high rate under the influence of dielectric fluid [3]. A dielectric fluid is a non-conductive material used to prevent or
rapidly quenched electric discharges [3]. A good dielectric fluid should have high dielectric constant, high boiling
temperature, and high flashing point (high thermal stability), low environmental toxic and good heat transfer
medium[4]. In EDM process dielectric fluid works as the electric spark breakdown in pulse ON/OFF time, as well as
carries away the heat from the cutting zone which is responsible for controlled machining. The dielectric fluid also
Fig. 1. The EDM machine's schematic diagram
creates an oxygen-free machining environment to avoid spark corrosion on the workpiece's surface, resulting in
improved surface finishing [4]. Hence the selection of the appropriate dielectric fluid of known dielectric constant is
vital to control the spark erosion, TWR, MRR and SR of the machined top surface in machining process.

2. 2. Literature Overview
In EDM since 1990 [3]. However, the effect of dielectric fluid on machining parameters starts evaluating after about
one decade. The dielectric fluid influences the workpiece MRR, SR, TWR. The various types ofdielectric fluids with
number of modifications have been implementing. An overview of studied dielectric fluids with their modifications
is as follows:
Fabio N. Leao et al. [1] studied the impacts of water-based dielectric fluid and hydrocarbon oil-based fluid in carbon-
concentrated workpiece EDM. It unveils that the surface roughness is directly correlated to the kind of dielectric fluid
operated in machining. Over oil and water dependent dielectric fluid promotes the decreased surface roughness of
carbon-concentrated workpieces. However, the water-based fluid machining of carbon concentrated workpiece lower
the carbon content over machined surface because oxide layer deposit over surface which reduces carbon content.
While the oil based dielectric fluid machining of carbon concentrated workpiece promotes carbide layer formation
over the surface which increases surface roughness.Moreover, water-based dielectric fluid machining creates micro
crakes over the machined surface because of higher heat transfer capacity of water in comparing to hydrocarbon oil
fluid. In some of the applications this additional improved hardness is required. It has been concluded that the
machining of high carbon concentrated workpiece is best with hydrocarbon oil dielectric fluid to avoid reduction in
carbon content.
Gunawan Setia Prihandana et al. [2] examined the consequence of kerosene-based dielectric liquid in the micro -
EDM machining process by adding micro powder (MoS2) in it. The ultrasonic vibration has been used to add MoS2
in the fluid. For four-machining parameters, micro-powder concentration, material for the tool, ultrasonic oscillation
of dielectric liquid, and the workpiece, the Taguchi technique and analysis of variance approach are used. It was
observed that MoS2 powderenhanced the MRR, improved the surface finishing, and increased the frequency of spark
discharge as compared to pure Kerosene oil dielectric fluid in micro-EDM machining. MoS2 particles with ultrasonic
vibration have a considerable impact on the surface,resulting in an improved MRR and surface quality. The dielectric
fluid’s ultrasonic vibration is very important because it reduces the sticky nature of the debris and avoids micro-
powder deposit at the bottom, allowing more dielectric fluid to flow between the instrument and the working material.
S. L Chen et al. [3] investigate the rate of feasibility in the EDM process by utilizing biodiesel based on kerosene oil
and distilled water of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In the presence of oil and water, while machining, a carbide, and oxide layer
are formed respectively. The carbide and oxide layers control MRR and TWR. In comparison to the carbide layer, the
oxide layer on the alloy surface has a higher MRR and a lower TWR. Moreover, the debris size of the removed
material during alloy machining in water is bigger than in oil. Because machining with distilled water generates less
and stable impulsive force which was not with kerosene oil.
Murahari Kolli et al.[4] analyzed the role of the span 20 surfactant (C18H34O6) and graphite powder concentrations
in oil dielectric fluid in machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. The concentrations ofC18H34O6 and graphite powderhave been
found to regulate the discharge current and thus control the MRR, SR, and TWR. The developments concluded that
up to 6 gm/lit of concentration ofgraphite powder results in the increase of material removal. At 10A discharge current
value, surface roughness 1.95 µm value was found with respectively 4 gm/lit surfactant concentration and 4.5 gm/lit
graphite powder concentration. The tool wear rate (TWR) directly depends on discharge current because at 10A
discharge current TWR is 0.85 mm3/min to increase 2.15 mm3/min at 20A discharge current value and inversely
dependent on the concentration of surfactant and graphite powder. Using variance (ANOVA) and F-test methods, it
was discovered that discharge current and surfactant concentration have a greater impact on MRR and TWR, but
graphite powder has a greater impact on surface roughness.
Houriyeh Marashi et al. [5] examined the consequence of adding of Gr, Al, Ti, W, TiC, Si, SiC powders with
hydrocarbon oil and deionized water on EDM machining parameters. It was found out from the study that the pristine
hydrocarbon dielectric is the most effective fluid in EDM for high thermal stability. In terms of flow rate, thermal
conductivity, and viscosity in the machining process water is the most promising dielectric fluid. However, higher
thermal conductivity of water creates micro cracks on the machining surface. The addition of powders with dielectric
introduced less energy in a single spark over the pure dielectric fluid. The lower spark energy provided freedom to
increase spark frequency which results in higher MRR. Gr and Al powders are often utilised in dielectric fluids to
improve MRR and surface polishing. Surface modification with Gr, Al, Ti, W, TiC, Si, and SiC powders yields good
results during EDM machining. Due to their low conductivity, ceramic powders like B4C and SiC formed diminished

3. void expansion. Dielectric fluid with powder shows the better result in MRR, TWR and surface finishing over pure
dielectric fluid performance.
S. Tripathy et al. [6] investigate the impact of EDM parameters on micro-hardness of machined surface of H-11 die
steel. The test was performed on the oil dielectric fluid based on the mixture of kerosine oil with chromium powder.
The studied parameters were varying powder concentration (Cp), duty cycle (DC), voltage (v), current (Ip) and time
duration pulsing (Ton). The maximum micro-hardness (1173 HVN) was obtained on Cp of 6 gm/L, DC of 80%, V of
50 V, Ip of 9 Amp and Ton of150 µs. The increase in Cp increased the microhardness value substantially and produced
superior (than pristine oil dielectric fluid) surface finishing with very fewer micro cracks on the surface. The dielectric
breakdown in the process increased the carbon content on the machining surface which concludes in appearance of
chromium carbide layer on the surface. From the ANOVA results, it was found out that the chromium carbide layer
on the machined surface increased the microhardness of H-11 die steel.
Janak B. Valaki et al. [7] ] investigate the rate of feasibility in the EDM process by utilizing biodiesel based on
Jatropha curcas oil. The MRR, surface hardness (SH) and SR were considered as the performance parameters. These
parameters were investigated in relation to the effects of current, pulse on/offtime, and voltage gap.Among these,the
most important machining parameter that affects MRR is current, whereas the most important machining parameter
that influences SH and SR is pulse on/off time. It was concluded that the Jatropha curcas oil-based machining has an
MRR, lower SR and higher SH over the hydrocarbon oil (Kerosene) dielectric fluid. At 18 A cutting current, 200 s
Ton and 20 Toff cutting condition,53.33 mm3 /min MRR and 12.47 µm SR value in Jatropha oil dielectric is obtained as
compare 29.21 mm3 /min MRR and 16.6 µm SR value in kerosene oil dielectric fluid.
Yanzhen Zang et al. [8] investigated the machining processes properties of several dielectric fluids used as EDM
working fluid. The study was performed on different liquid and gaseous dielectric fluids. The deionized water,
kerosene oil, and water in emulsion were selected as liquid dielectric fluids while air, and oxygen gas were selected
as gaseous dielectric fluid. Craters formation parameters including recast material used as the performance parameters
of the various dielectric fluid. A significant difference in crater geometry was found in various dielectric fluids under
similar experimental conditions.Efficiency for the material removal was influenced by the different type ofdielectrics
and pulse duration in machining. Kerosene oil dielectric fluid has lessermaterial removal volume as compared to other
dielectric fluid. The liquid dielectric has a higher material removal rate over gaseous dielectric because higherviscosity
in the liquid dielectric produced higher pressure over discharge point. This was observed prominently in water in
emulsion dielectric fluid.
Mohammadreza Shabgard et al. [9] examined the characterized consequence ofcarbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the oil
based dielectric fluid (oil flux ELF2 and oil flux ELF2 with 2g/l CNT powders) on MRR, TWR and surface finishing
of Ti-6Al-4V alloy machining in EDM. Carbon nanotubes have special characteristics such as high tensile strength
with good conductivity rate thermal and electrical. It was found that, the machining steadiness can be enhanced by the
use of dielectric fluid having CNTs by reducing inappropriate spark due to this MRR is reduced in machining, but
lower current and long pulse duration time MRR is increased. In a stable machining process surface finishing is
improved, and also TWR is reduced, but in instable condition,MRR is increased, and surface finishing is reduced. By
the accumulation of CNTs particles in dielectric fluid reduce the size and length of micro crakes on machining surface
which usually generated in the pure water dielectric fluid machining process.
Shuliang Dong et al. [10] analyzed the role on machining characteristics of micro-holes machining of Be-Cu alloy in
micro EDM in presence in two different dielectric fluid, one is deionized water and another is kerosene oil. It was
found that in the existence of deionized water, EDM operation occurred simultaneously in Be- Cu alloy machining.
The machining hole diameter is bigger in the deionized water than kerosene oil. The surface quality produced in
deionized water dielectric is 1.53µ and 0.86µ in kerosene oil dielectric fluid. There was found a special type of
machining process in which multi-diameter cutting tool is used and the first stage of machining, dielectric fluid based
on deionized water used whereas kerosene oil is used in second stage.It was the possible machining process to achieve
the maximum surface finishing as compare use dielectric fluid individual in the machining process.
Mohd. Yunus Khan et al. [11] investigate the rate of feasibility in the EDM process by utilizing biodiesel based on
Jatropha curcas oil. For accurate and precise outcomes in any of the machining processes, dielectric fluid plays a
crucial function. Operating hydrocarbon-based dielectric fluids (typically kerosine) can adversely impact human
health as well as the environment. These fluids lead to contaminated emissions, non-biodegradable trash, and to
regulate such consequences anotherdielectric is a must. On moderate, a jatropha plant can cultivate approximately 5

4. kg of seeds from the 5th year of plantation to the 50th year. The seeds are acidic that's why firstly detoxification of
them is essential for usage. Though out of the seeds, the weightage of oil extract from them is about 40%. Also,
refining for jatropha oil is not mandated which is pursued by its leading disadvantage of high viscosity 40.97 cst at
30°C. Furthermore, it can be enhanced by using the transesterification process and biodiesel is acquired.
Janak B. Valaki et al. [12] investigate the rate of feasibility in the EDM process by utilizing bio-dielectric fluid based
on waste vegetable oil (WVO). Though EDM has overcome its initial lacking areas like precision in geometries, time -
taken, material conductivity it still lacks in the area ofhazards to humans and the environment. In this present research,
a comparison is being done between waste vegetable oil and kerosine. The parameters that are utilized to characterize
between them are Material removal rate - 90 mm3/min, Tool and Electrode wear ratio (TWR & EWR) - 9 mm3/min
and 10 mm3/min respectively with respect to voltage (V), current (amp), and time-interval (µsec). The results conclude
that the WVO can be substituent to additionalsorts of dielectric fluids (hydrocarbons,synthetic fluids). In addition to
it, WVO provides a better sustainable choice of dielectric fluid to ensure health safety, and a clean, greener
environment.
B.P. Mishra et al. [13] investigate the rate of feasibility in the EDM process by utilizing bio-dielectric fluid based on
Calophyllum Inophyllum (Polanga) oil. Globally, the implementation of sustainable machining processes is a better
approach for a clean and green environment. In this current research, an analogy has experimented with surface
texture, aerosolemission rate, Electrode WearRate - EWR (mm3/min), MRR (mm3/min) with respect to current (amp),
voltage (V), time-interval (µsec), and duty cycle. The developments conclude an enhancement in surface finish by
16.64% with a better MRR of 0.86 times and surface hardness by 6.46% to the hydrocarbon dielectric fluid. Besides
that,experimental investigation implements the reliability of polanga oil as it lowers the emissions by 17.33%. Hence,
Polanga oil can be used as a substituent for hydrocarbon dielectric fluids and contributes to the scope of vegetable-
based oils for green manufacturing.
Jeavudeen et al. [14] study the feasibility rate in the Powder Mixed EDM (PMEDM) process by examining the effects
of combining powders on liquid dielectric strength and gap voltage. The PMEDM method may be enhanced by
increasing the MRR and improving the Tool Wear Index (TWI), by decreasing liquid dielectric's breakdown strength.
The tests used ceramic (SiC & Al2O3) and metallic (Cu & Al) powders,which seemed to reduce dielectric strength by
28.70%, 50.23%, 46.30%, and 41.43 %, respectively, when 3 g/l particles were added. By attaining powder
concentration up to 4 g/l, the drop in strength ofdielectric liquid leads to a 29.49 percent rise in MRR and a negligible
increase in TWI in the PMEDM process.
3. Review table
Author Type of
Dielectric
Fluid
Parameters Result Ref.
Fabio N.
Leao, Ian R.
Pashby
Water, Oil,
Gaseous dielectric
fluids.
Surface
roughness,
surface integrity
Oil-based dielectric has more impact than water-based dielectric.
White layer on the surface is produced in oil-based dielectric which
promotes micro hardness and increase carbon content on machined
surface. Water-baseddielectricproducedmicro-cracks onthe surface.
[1]
Gunawan Setia
Prihandana, M.
Hamdi, Muslim
Mahardika,
Kimiyuki
Mitsui, Y.S.
Wong
Micro-MoS2
powder in
kerosene dielectric
fluid. Ultrasonic
vibration to
dielectric fluid.
MRR andsurface
finishingover-
concentration of
micro-powder,
ultrasonic
vibration of
dielectric, tool
material.
MoS2 powder mixed dielectric has a higher MRR and better surface
finishingandincreasedfrequencyof spark as comparetokerosene oil
dielectric. Ultrasonic vibrationof dielectricfluidgives strongparticle
impact to MoS2 powder and prevent precipitation of powder in the
bottom of a machining tank.
[2]

5. S.L. Chen, F.Y.
Huang, B.H.
Yan
Kerosene oil and
distilledwater as
the dielectricfluid
MRR, TWR and
surface finishing
Distilled water dielectric has higher MRR and less TWR as compare
to kerosene oil dielectric. It has been noted that the oxide layer over
Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface higer the MRR and lower the TWR in
comparison tocarbide layer. The debris size of the removedmaterial
during alloy machining in water is bigger than in oil. Because
machining with distilled water generates less and stable impulsive
force which was not with kerosene oil.
[3]
Murahari Kolli,
AdepuKumar
Surfactant and
graphite powder
concentration in
dielectric fluid.
MRR, TWR, SR Surfactant andGr- powder addition increases MRR andreduce TWR,
SR. SR depends on cutting current and Gr-powder concentration,
TWR, MRR depends on cuttingcurrent andsurfactant concentration.
[4]
Houriyeh
Marashi
DavoudM,
Sarhan Mohd
Hamdi, Jafarlou
AhmedA.D
Various powder
mixedin
hydrocarbonoil
andwater based
dielectric fluid.
MRR, TWR,
Surface roughness
Combiningof Gr andAl powder for dielectricresult in increasedMRR
and improved surface finishing. Gr, Ti, Al, W, TiC, SiC, and Si
powder added dielectric shows a better surface modification.Powder
added dielectric has better results over pure dielectric fluid. The
addition of powders with dielectric introducedless energy in a single
spark over the puredielectric fluid. The lower sparkenergyprovided
freedom to increase spark frequency which results in higher MRR.
[5]
S.Tripathy
D.K.Tripathy
CP mixed
dielectric fluid
Micro-hardness
over CP, V, DC
By increasing powder concentration, micro-hardness increases,
surface finishing increase, and micro-crack are reducing. Chromium
carbide form on thesurface due to dielectric breakdown, it was found
out that the chromiumcarbide layeronthe machinedsurfaceincreased
the microhardness of H-11 die steel. The maximum micro-hardness
(1173 HVN) was obtainedonconcentrationof 6 gm/L,DC of 80%, V
of 50 V, I of 9 Amp and Ton of 150 µs.
[6]
Janak B. Valaki,
C.D.
Sankhavara,
Pravin P.
Rathod
Vegetable oil
based dielectric
fluid (Jatropha
curcas oil)
MRR, SR,
Surface hardness
(SH) undercutting
current, voltage
gap, pulse on/off
time
Jatropha oil has more MRR, reduced SR and increased SH than
kerosene oil dielectric. MRR depends oncuttingcurrent while SR and
SH depend on cutting current and pulse on time for Jatropha oil
dielectric fluid. At 18 A cuttingcurrent,200 s Ton and20 Toff cutting
condition, 53.33mm3
/min MRR and12.47 µm SR value in Jatropha
oil dielectric is obtained as compare 29.21 mm3
/min MRR and 16.6
µm SR value in kerosene oil dielectric fluid.
[7]
Yanzhen Zhang,
Chao Zheng,
YangShen,
YonghongLiu,
Renjie Ji, Zhen
Li,
Five different type
dielectric water in
oil emulsion, de-
ionizedwater,
oxygen gas, air
andkerosene oil
Crater formation
parameters,recast
material
formation, MRR
andsurface
finishing.
Kerosene oil dielectric has lesser material removal as comparing
another dielectric. Liquid dielectric fluid produced higher pressure
point on discharge point and hada higher material removal rate over
the gaseous dielectric fluid.
[8]
Mohammadreza
Shabgard,
Behnam
Khosrozadeh
Carbon nanotubes
particles (CNTS)
in a dielectric
fluid
MRR, TWR and
surface quality of
the machined
surface.
Carbon nanotubes particles in dielectric fluid improve machining
stability by reducinginappropriatesparks. MRR reducedin the
presence of CNTs particles in the dielectric fluid. CNTs particles
reduce the lengthof micro crakes overthe machinedsurface.
[9]
Shuliang Dong,
Zhenlong
Wanga,
HongzhengLiu,
Yukui Wanga
Use of deionized
water and
kerosene oil
dielectric fluidfor
combine
machining
process.
MRR andsurface
finishing.
The machinedsurface quality is less in deionizedwaterthan
kerosene oil dielectric. Use of combine machiningprocess in the
dielectric is betterthanindividual dielectric machiningprocess.
[10]
M. Yunus
Khan, B. S.
Jatropha biodiesel
oil
Flash Point,
Calorific Value,
Kinematic
Better properties thankerosinelike flashpoint-175°C, thermal
conductivity-0.147W/m-K, density-0.880g/cm3at 30C, kinematic
viscosity-6.5cSt at 38C, andless hazardous.
[11]

6. Pabla, P.
Sudhakar Rao
Viscosity,
Density,
Dielectric
constant,Thermal
conductivity,
Specific heat, BD
voltage
Janak B. Valaki
Pravin P.
Rathod
waste vegetable
oil (WVO)
MRR, TWR,
EWR
Generates MRR-90mm3
/min, TWR- mm3
/min, EWR- 10mm3
/min
at 18 amp
[12]
B.P. Mishra
B.C. Routara
Polanga bio-
dielectric oil
EWR, MRR,
surface finish and
hardness
Better MRR by 0.86times, surface finish= 16.64%, aerosolemission
= 17.33% (less), surface hardness = 6.46%
[13]
Jeavudeen, S.
Jailani, H.
Siddhi
Murugan, M.
Ceramic and
metallic powders
MRR, TWI The additionof powder reduces dielectric strength, resultingin an
increase in MRR andTWI.
[14]
4. Conclusion
Consider the various type of water and oil-based dielectric fluid such as a pure dielectric or special powder mixed
dielectric fluid. MRR, TWR, machined surface quality is extensively studied in the influence of the different type of
dielectric fluid in EDM machining. It is concluded that the MRR and surface finishing is higher in powder mixed
dielectric fluid in comparison of pure individual dielectric fluid with varying different machining parameters. Gr -
powder exhibits high material removal and powder concentration effect the TWR. The surface hardness of the
machined component was improved by using powder mixed dielectric. Waterbased dielectric fluids had lower surface
roughness and produced micro cracks on the surface due to the high thermal conductivity of water. By using water-
based dielectric and vegetable oil-based dielectric fluids (Jatropha oil), we can move towards sustainable and eco-
friendly machining. Oil-based dielectric fluids on Hydrocarbon have many sustainability problems and hazard for
workers. Vegetable oil based dielectric fluid has better machining possibilities than hydrocarbon oil-based dielectric.
Carbon nanotubes (CTNs) particles mixed dielectric fluid improve machining stabilities by systemized spark erosion
but due to this MRR is reduced so CNTs particles mixed dielectric can use for very precise machining. Combined
form of water and oil-based dielectric fluid with powder particles can show more effective machining results as
compare to any individual dielectric fluid.

7. References
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