A data center is a facility for housing IT infrastructure.

DTET-Tec GAMPAHA
Data Centers
V S Imbulpitiya
Instructor (Electronic )
BSc automation and
Electronic (UOC),NDES

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Data Center
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A data center is a repository that houses computing
facilities like servers, routers, switches and firewalls, as
well as supporting components like backup equipment,
fire suppression facilities and air conditioning. A data
center may be complex (dedicated building) or simple
(an area or room that houses only a few servers).
Additionally, a data center may be private or shared.
Data Center Standards -ANS/TIA-942
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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What is data center
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❖ A data center is a physical facility that
organizations use to house their critical
applications and data.
❖ A data center's design is based on a network
of computing and storage resources that
enable the delivery of shared applications
and data.
❖ The key components of a data center design
include routers, switches, firewalls, storage
systems, servers, and application-delivery
controllers.
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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Global Data Center Market Analysis and Forecast
(2025)
❖The total amount of data created, captured, copied, and
consumed globally is forecast to increase rapidly, reaching 64.2
zettabytes in 2020.
❖Over the next five years up to 2025, global data creation is
projected to grow to more than 180 zettabytes.
❖In 2020, the amount of data created and replicated reached a new
high.
❖The growth was higher than previously expected caused by the
increased demand due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as more
people worked and learned from home and used home
entertainment options more often. 4
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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Storage capacity also growing
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Only a small percentage of this newly
created data is kept though, as just two
percent of the data produced and
consumed in 2020 was saved and retained
into 2021. In line with the strong growth of
the data volume, the installed base of
storage capacity is forecast to increase,
growing at a compound annual growth rate
of 19.2 percent over the forecast period
from 2020 to 2025. In 2020, the installed
base of storage capacity reached 6.7
zettabytes.
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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Data Center market share
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Today, there are reportedly more than 7 million
data centers worldwide. Practically every business
and government entity builds and maintains its own
data center or has access to someone else's, if not
both models. Many options are available today,
such as renting servers at a colocation facility, using
data center services managed by a third party, or
using public cloud-based services from hosts like
Amazon, Microsoft, Sony and Google.
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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Global Data Center market value
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Keeping up with this tremendous spike in data usage, operators built or
expanded over 515 facilities in 2021 alone. The Asia-Pacific region led the
charge with 161, followed by Europe and North America.
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Main Reasons of Data Center Growth
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❖ The rise of remote work and
learning.
❖ Development of data-hungry
technologies such as IoT, Machine
Learning, and AI.
❖ The digitization of business
processes.
❖ The Industrial digital
transformation.
❖ he rise in the number of small and
medium enterprises adopting
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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COVID 19 Pandemic
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The pandemic has acted as an accelerator and compressed many years’
worth of change into months. Asia Pacific region expanded by 24% in 2021.
This demand for data has prompted China to approve the construction of
ten data center clusters in strategic locations.
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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Why ?
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Another key factor to consider is the
rapid digitalization of banking,
financial services, and insurance
companies around the world. As
one of the leading data generators,
they are becoming increasingly
reliant on Big Data to perform
everyday tasks.
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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What Does a Data Center Do?
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A data center is designed to handle high volumes of data and traffic
with minimum latency, which makes it particularly useful for the
following use cases:
⮚ Private cloud: hosting in-house business productivity applications
such as CRM, ERP, etc.
⮚ Processing big data, powering machine learning and artificial
intelligence.
⮚ High-volume e-Commerce transactions.
⮚ Powering online gaming platforms and communities.
⮚ Data storage, backup, recovery, and management.

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What is data center
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Vindya Imbulpitiya

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The Role of the Data Center
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Data centers are an integral part of the enterprise,
designed to support business applications and provide
services such as:
1.0 Data storage, management, backup and recovery
2.0 Productivity applications, such as email
3.0 High-volume e-commerce transactions
4.0 Powering online gaming communities
5.0 Big data, machine learning and artificial
intelligence
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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The Main Components Of A Data Center
There are two principal aspects to any data center:
1.the facility
2.the IT infrastructure
Facility.
The facility is the physical building used for the data center. In
simplest terms, a data center is just a big open space where
infrastructure will be deployed. Although almost any space has the
potential to operate some amount of IT infrastructure, a properly
designed

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The Facility
⮚ Space. There must be sufficient floor space -- a simple measure of square
feet or square meters -- to hold all the IT infrastructure that the business
intends to deploy now and in the future. The space must be located on a
well-considered site with affordable taxes and access. The space is often
subdivided to accommodate different purposes or use types.
⮚ Power. There must be adequate power -- in watts, often as much as 100
megawatts – to operate all the IT infrastructure. Power must be affordable,
clean -- meaning free of fluctuation or disruption -- and reliable. Renewable
and supplemental/auxiliary power must be included.
⮚ Cooling. The enormous amount of power delivered to a data center is
converted into computing -- i.e., work -- and a lot of heat, which must be
removed from the IT infrastructure using conventional HVAC systems, as well
as other unconventional cooling technologies.

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The Facility
⮚ Security. Considering the value of the
data center and its critical importance to
the business, the data center must
include controlled access using a variety
of tactics, ranging from employee badge
access to video surveillance.
⮚ Management. Modern data centers
typically incorporate a building
management system (BMS) designed to
help IT and business leaders oversee the
data center environment in real time,
including oversight of temperature,
humidity, power and cooling levels, as
well as access and security logging.

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the IT infrastructure
⮚ Servers. These computers host enterprise applications and perform
computing tasks.
⮚ Storage. Subsystems, such as disk arrays, are used to store and protect
application and business data.
⮚ Networking. The gear needed to create a business network includes
switches, routers, firewalls and other cybersecurity elements.
⮚ Cables and racks. Miles of wires interconnect IT gear, and physical server
racks are used to organize servers and other gear within the facility space.
⮚ Backup power. Uninterruptible power supply (UPS), flywheel and other
emergency power systems are critical to ensure orderly infrastructure
behavior in the event of a main power disruption.
⮚ Management platforms. One or more data center infrastructure
management (DCIM) platforms are needed to oversee and manage the IT
infrastructure reporting on system health, availability, capacity and
configuration.

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Data center Facility overview

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Other facilities
⮚ Lighting. Most data center lighting is low or off without human
presence.
⮚ Temperature. Cooling demands can keep temperatures low, so
humans might need some protective clothing.
⮚ Noise. The cooling fans in dozens -- even hundreds -- of servers
can produce a cacophony that requires hearing protection.
⮚ Weight. Equipment is heavy, and flooring must be designed to
bear the extreme weight. Special weight considerations might be
needed for raised flooring used to handle cooling airflows.

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Data Center Architecture
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Data center architecture is the physical and logical layout of the
resources and equipment within a data center facility.
Typically, data center architecture consists of or incorporates:
⮚ Data center network architecture
⮚ Data center computing architecture
⮚ Data center security architecture
⮚ Data center physical architecture
⮚ Data center information architecture
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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Data center network architecture
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Creating a blueprint for better data center performance
A data center networking architecture—the layout of the cabling
infrastructure and the way servers are connected to
switches—must strike a balance between reliability, performance,
agility, scalability and cost.It must also support both current and
future applications and speeds
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Data center network architecture
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Data center network architecture-Topologies
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There are three main data center topologies in use today
1. CENTRALIZED
2. ZONED
3. TOP OF RACK
Each has its advantages and trade-offs. In fact, some larger data
centers will often deploy two or even all three of these
topologies in the same facility.
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Topology -Centralized
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1. CENTRALIZED
✔ The centralized model is an
appropriate topologies for
smaller data centers (under
5,000 square feet).
✔ There are separate local area
network (LAN)/ storage area
network(SAN) environments and
each one has home run cabling
that goes to each of the server
cabinets and zones.
✔ Each server is effectively cabled
back to the core switches, which
are centralized in the main
distribution area.
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Topology -Centralized
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Advantages
✔This provides very efficient utilization of port switches and makes
it easier to manage and add components.
✔The centralized topology works well for smaller data centers
Dis Advantages
✔does not scale up well, which makes it difficult to support
expansions.
In larger data centers, the high number of extended-
length cable runs required causes congestion in the cable pathways
and cabinets, and increases cost. While some larger data centers
use zoned or top-of-rack topologies for LAN traffic, they may also
utilize a centralized architecture for the SAN environments. This is
especially true where the cost of SAN switch ports is high and port
Vindya Imbulpitiya

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Topology - ZONED
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2. ZONED
✔ Zoned topology consists of
distributed switching
resources.
✔ The switches can be
distributed among end-of-
row (EoR) or middle of-row
(MoR) locations, with chassis-
based switches typically used
to support multiple server
cabinets.
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Topology - ZONED
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Advantages
✔Very scalable, repeatable, and predictable.
✔Zoned architecture is usually the most cost-effective design,
providing the highest level of switch and port utilization while
minimizing cabling costs.
✔In certain scenarios, end-of-row switching provides performance
advantages.
✔For example, the local area network (LAN) ports of two servers (that
exchange large volumes of information) can be placed on the same
end-of-row switch, for low-latency port-to port switching.
Disadvantage
✔Every server is connected to redundant switches, this cabling can
exceed what is required in top-of-rack architecture
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Topology - TOP OF RACK
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3. TOP OF RACK
✔ Top-of-rack (ToR) switching typically consists of
two
or more switches placed at the top of the rack in
each server cabinet
✔ This topology can be a good choice for dense one
rack-unit (1RU) server environments.
✔ All servers in the rack are cabled to both switches
for redundancy.
✔ The top-of-rack switches have uplinks to the next
layer of switching.
✔ Top of rack significantly simplifies cable
management
and minimizes cable containment requirements.
✔ This approach also provides fast port-to-port
switching for servers within the rack and predictable
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Topology - TOP OF RACK
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Vindya Imbulpitiya
Advantages
✔ A top-of-rack design utilizes cabling more efficiently.
Disadvantage
✔ The tradeoffs are often an increase in the cost of switches and the
high cost for under-utilization of ports.
✔ Top-of-rack switching may be difficult to manage in large
deployments
✔ and there is also the potential for overheating of local area
network (LAN) switch gear in server racks.As a result, some data
centers deploy top-of-rack switches in a middle-of-row
or end-of-row architecture to better utilize switch ports
and reduce the overall number of switches used.

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Data center computing architecture
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Vindya Imbulpitiya

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Standards
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1. Uptime Institute Tier Standard. The Uptime Institute Tier Standard
focuses on data center design, construction and commissioning, and it
is used to determine the resilience of the facility as related to four
levels of redundancy/reliability
2. ANSI/TIA 942-B. This standard involves planning, design,
construction and commissioning of building trades, as well as fire
protection, IT and maintenance. It also uses four levels of reliability
ratings, implemented by BICSI-certified professionals.
3. EN 50600 series. This series of standards focuses on IT cable and
network design and has various infrastructure redundancy and
reliability concepts that are loosely based on the Uptime Institute's Tier
Standard.
4. ASHRAE. The ASHRAE guidelines -- which are not specific to IT or data
centers -- relate to the design and implementation of heating,

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Uptime Institute Tier Standard
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✔Uptime Institute created the data center Tier classification levels
over 25 years ago, and today, they remain the international
standard for data center performance.
✔Our data center Tier definitions explain the infrastructure required
for data center operations. There are different Tiers according to
the system availability needed.
✔These classifications are objective and reliable methods for
comparing the performance of one site infrastructure against
another and aligning infrastructure investments to business goals.
✔Because Uptime Institute is the founder and trusted source for data
center Tier Certification they are the only licensed firm that can
provide these certifications and ranking.

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Data Center Tier Levels
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Vindya Imbulpitiya
Tier I
A Tier I data center is the basic capacity level with
infrastructure to support information technology for
an office setting and beyond. The requirements for a
Tier I facility include:
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) for power
sags, outages, and spikes.
An area for IT systems.
Dedicated cooling equipment that runs outside
office hours.
An engine generator for power outages.
Tier I protects against disruptions from human error,
but not unexpected failure or outage. Redundant
equipment includes chillers, pumps, UPS modules,
and engine generators. The facility will have to shut
down completely for preventive maintenance and
repairs, and failure to do so increases the risk of
unplanned disruptions and severe consequences
from system failure.

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Vindya Imbulpitiya
Tier II
Tier II facilities cover redundant capacity components for
power and cooling that provide better maintenance
opportunities and safety against disruptions. These
components include:
Engine generators.
Energy storage.
Chillers.
Cooling units.
UPS modules.
Pumps.
Heat rejection equipment.
Fuel tanks.
Fuel cells.
The distribution path of Tier II serves a critical
environment, and the components can be removed
without shutting it down. Like a Tier I facility, unexpected
shutdown of a Tier II data center will affect the system.

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Vindya Imbulpitiya
Tier III
A Tier III data center is concurrently
maintainable with redundant components
as a key differentiator, with redundant
distribution paths to serve the critical
environment. Unlike Tier I and Tier II,
these facilities require no shutdowns
when equipment needs maintenance or
replacement. The components of Tier III
are added to Tier II components so that
any part can be shut down without
impacting IT operation.

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Vindya Imbulpitiya
Tier IV
A Tier IV data center has several independent and
physically isolated systems that act as redundant
capacity components and distribution paths. The
separation is necessary to prevent an event from
compromising both systems. The environment will not
be affected by a disruption from planned and
unplanned events. However, if the redundant
components or distribution paths are shut down for
maintenance, the environment may experience a
higher risk of disruption if a failure occurs.
Tier IV facilities add fault tolerance to the Tier III
topology. When a piece of equipment fails, or there is
an interruption in the distribution path, IT operations
will not be affected. All of the IT equipment must have
a fault-tolerant power design to be compatible. Tier IV
data centers also require continuous cooling to make
the environment stable

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Vindya Imbulpitiya

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Types of Data Centers
⮚ Colocation
A colocation center — also known as a “carrier hotel” — is a type of data center
where you can rent equipment, space, and bandwidth from the data center’s
owner.
For example, instead of renting a virtual machine from a public cloud provider,
you can just straight-up rent a certain amount of their hardware from specified
data centers.
⮚ Enterprise
An enterprise data center is a fully company-owned data center used to process
internal data and host mission-critical applications.
⮚ Cloud
By using third-party cloud services, you can set up a virtual data center in the
cloud. This is a similar concept to colocation, but you may take advantage of

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Types of Data Centers
⮚ Edge Data Center
An edge data center is a smaller data center that is as close to the end
user as possible. Instead of having one massive data center, you
instead have multiple smaller ones to minimize latency and lag.
When IoT devices and low-latency data demands are high,
organizations are deploying Edge computing facilities.
⮚ Micro Data Center
A micro data center is essentially an edge data center pushed to the
extreme. It can be as small as a small office room, just handling the
data processed in a specific region.

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KPI(KEY performance Indicator)
https://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/TSUSC.2017.2701883
Indicators
⮚Energy Efficiency,
⮚Cooling, Greenness,
⮚Performance,
⮚Thermal and Air management,
⮚Network, Storage
⮚ Security
⮚Financial Impact.

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Division in categories for data centers.

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Energy Efficiency Metrics
The energy efficiency of a system is defined as the ratio of useful work done by a system to the total
energy delivered to the system
Relationships between energy efficiency
metrics.

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Energy Efficiency Metrics Overview

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Cooling matrix

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Green Matrix

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Performance Metrics

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Thermal and Air Management Metrics

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Network Metrics

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Storage Metrics

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Security Metrics

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Financial Impact Metrics

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Service Level Agreements
A good SLA helps the IDC promise what is possible to deliver and deliver what
is promised
An SLA sets the expectations between the consumer and provider. It helps
define the relationship between the two parties. It is the cornerstone of how
the service provider sets and maintains commitments to the service consumer.
Agood SLA addresses five key aspects:
○ 1.What the provider is promising.
○ 2.How the provider will deliver on those promises.
○ 3. Who will measure delivery, and how.
○ 4. What happens if the provider fails to deliver as promised.
○ 5. How the SLA will change over time

A data center is a facility for housing IT infrastructure.

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A data center is a facility for housing IT infrastructure.