Desde o referendo sobre o Brexit e a eleição de Trump, o mundo tem assistido à rápida dissolução da ordem global edificada após a Segunda Guerra Mundial e fortalecida depois do colapso da União Soviética. A expressão máxima dos "novos tempos" é a confrontação crescente entre Estados Unidos e China. A crise da democracia, o nacionalismo xenófobo, o protecionismo são parte desse processo. Neste seminário, dois renomados acadêmicos alemães, membros do cluster de pesquisa "Contestations of the Liberal Script" (SCRIPTS), discutirão qual o papel das alianças e acordos regionais e, em particular, da União Europeia e do Mercosul em meio à disrupção da ordem liberal no mundo. Serão capazes de mitigar os piores efeitos desse processo? PALESTRANTES TANJA A. BÖRZEL Cientista política, é professora do Otto-Suhr-Institut da Freie Universität Berlin, onde detém a Cátedra de Integração Europeia e dirige o cluster de pesquisa Contestations of the Liberal Script (SCRIPTS). Entre suas publicações recentes, estão The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism (Oxford University Press 2016, co-editado por Thomas Risse) e European Integration Theory (Oxford University Press 2019, co-editado por Antje Wiener e Thomas Risse, 3ª edição). THOMAS RISSE Professor e pesquisador, é diretor do Center for Transnational Relations, Foreign and Security Policy da Freie Universität Berlin. Suas pesquisas englobam política externa e de segurança, integração europeia, relações transnacionais e direitos humanos. É autor de diversos livros, entre eles The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism (Oxford University Press 2016), e Governance Under Anarchy – Effective and Legitimate in Areas of Limited Statehood (a ser publicado), em parceria com Tanja A. Börzel.

1. Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, Freie Universität Berlin
Challenges to the Liberal International Order:
What Role for Regionalism?
FHC, Sept. 20, 2019

2. Cluster of Exellence, Freie Universität Berlin (and others)
1. Funding Period: 2019-2025
Coordinators: Tanja A. Börzel and Michael Zürn
CONTESTATIONS OF THE

3. 3Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
Outline
1. The Liberal International Order (LIO) and Its Origins
2. Regionalism: Problem or Solution?

4. 4Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
1. The Liberal International Order and Its Origins
Liberal core: individual self-determination
Three components:
Political liberalism: human rights, rule of law, democracy (vs.
autocracy)
• UN Charter 1945 and Universal Declaration of Human Right 1948
• Global as well as regional human rights regime consisting of rather
intrusive agreements (e.g. court jurisdiction – OAS and Europe)
• All states are treaty partners in at least 2-4 agreements
• Liberal core: „Western Democracies“ (North America, Europe, Japan etc.)

5. 5Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
1. The Liberal International Order and Its Origins
Economic liberalism: market economy, open and rule-based
trade system (vs. economic nationalism, mercantilism)
• Bretton Woods 1944: IMF, World Bank, GATT (ITO)
• From GATT to WTO (1995)
• Regional Free Trade Agreements (EU, ASEAN,
NAFTA USMCA etc.)
• Globalization of trade, investments, capital markets,
and the emergence of global value chains

6. 6Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
1. The Liberal International Order and Its Origins
Liberal Internationalism: principled multilateralism to solve
global governance issues and peaceful resolution of conflicts
• UN Charter 1944; UN Security Council 1945
• International security, e.g. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime (NPT 1968)
• International agreements and organizations covering almost every issue-area
(e.g. biodiversity, climate change, global health etc.)
• Regional Multi-Purpose Organizations: EU, Mercosur, ASEAN, AU etc.
 Deep intrusions into national sovereignty through pooling and delegation of
authority

7. 7Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
1. The Liberal International Order and Its Origins
Current Challenges: Internal, External, Global
• Internal challenges: the rise of illiberal and (mostly right-wing) populism:
Trump, Bolsonaro, Orban, Johnson, Duterte etc. and their transnational
linkages
• External challenges I: China as rising power and its ambivalent position re LIO
• External challenges II: Russia as declining power and its role as disruptor
• Global challenges: climate change, migration pressures, digitalization

8. 8Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
2. Regionalism: Problem or Solution?

9. 9Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
2. Regionalism: Problem or Solution?
Political liberalism
• Democratic backsliding within liberal regional
organizations: EU, CoE, OAS, NAFTA Mercosur, ASEAN
• Decline of post-neoliberal regional organizations:
UNASUR, ALBA
• Rise of autocratic regional organizations: Eurasian
Economic Union (EAEU), Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO)

10. 10Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
2. Regionalism: Problem or Solution?
Economic liberalism
• The Rise of economic nationalism in the U.S. (Trump plus
left-wing democrats): NAFTA and the fate of USMCA; trade
war with China and its global repercussions
• But: right-wing populism in Europe = economic liberalism
(Brexiteers: neoliberal agenda!)
• But: TPP-1 and other FTA/PTAs in Asia
• Inter-regional FTAs (EU-Japan; EU-Vietnam, EU-Korea…);
• EU-Mercosur = largest global FTA (but what about Brazil?)
• Ambivalent role of China: yes to free trade, reluctant re
(intellectual) property rights and foreign-owned
investments

11. 11Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
2. Regionalism: Problem or Solution?
Liberal internationalism
• Europe: Brexit and right-wing populism as revolt
against intrusive regionalism
But: post-Brexit EU alive and kicking
EP elections: the rise of liberal „green“
cosmopolitanism
• Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa: backlash
against intrusive regionalism
• Southeast Asia: incremental encroachment on
national sovereignty (including ASEAN +3)

12. 12Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
2. Regionalism: Problem or Solution?
Final Score Card
• political liberalism and ROs: challenges from within
(democratic backsliding) and external (China, Russia)
• economic liberalism: alive and kicking despite Trump!
• liberal internationalism: ambivalent result
- politicization against intrusive institutions („popular
sovereignty“)
- no serious damage so far to ROs in Asia and Europe

13. 13Tanja A. Börzel/Thomas Risse, FHC, Sept. 20, 2019
And Latin America?

14. Cluster of Exellence, Freie Universität Berlin (and others)
1. Funding Period: 2019-2025
Coordinators: Tanja Börzel and Michael Zürn
CONTESTATIONS OF THE