A Analytical and forensic toxicology.pptx

ANALYTICAL AND
FORENSIC
TOXICOLOGY
MA. OLIVA DIANA D. CASTRO
MS CHEM ED

 APPLICATION OF TOOLS OF
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TO THE
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
ESTIMATIO OF CHEMICALS THAT MAY
EXERT ADVERSE EFFECTS ON LIVING
ORGANISMS

 USE OF TOXICOLOGY FOR THE
PURPOSES OF LAW
 IDENTIFY ANY CHEMICAL THAT MAY
SERVE AS A CAUSATIVE AGENT IN
INFLICTING DEATH OR INJURY IN
HUMANS OR IN CAUSATING DAMAGE
TO PROPERTY

TOXICOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATION OF A POISON
DEATH INVOLVES:
 OBTAINING THE CASE HISTORY IN AS
MUCH DETAIL AS POSSIBLE AND
GATHERING SUITABLE SPECIMENS
 CONDUCTING SUITABLE
TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSES BASED ON
THE AVAILABLE SPECIMENS AND;
 INTERPRETATION OF THE ANYLICAL
FINDINGS

SYSTEMATIC/STANDARD
APPROACH
(Chapuis-1873)
 GASES-MEASURED BY GAS
CHROMATOGRAPHY (GC)
 VOLATILE SUBSTANCE- VAPORIZE AT
AMBIANT TEMPERATURE GC IS SIMPLEST
APPROACH FOR SEPARATION AND
QUANTIFICATION
 CORROSIVE AGENTS- MINERAL ACIDS AND
BASES, CONSIST OF IONS THAT ARE
TISSUE CONSTITUENTS, CHEMICAL
TECNIQUES IS APPLIED

 ME TALS-ENCOUNTERED FREQUENTLY AS
OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
HAZARDS, SEPARATION INVOLVES
DESCTRUCTION OF THE ORGANIC MATRIX BY
CHEMICAL AND THERMAL OXIDATION.
 ANIONS AND NONMETALS- ANALYTICAL
CHALENGE SINCE RARELY ENCOUNTERED.
 NONVOLATILE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES-
LARGEST GROUP (PESTCIDES, NATURAL
PRODUCTS, POLLUTANTS, AND INDUSTRIAL
COMPOUNDS.

SEPARATION OF POISONS
FROM TISSUES

ROLE IN GENERAL
AND FORENSIC
TOXICOLOGY

 CHEMICAL UNDER STUDY MUST BE PURE
OR NATURE OF ANY CONTAMINANT WELL-
CHARACTERIZED TO ENABLE
INTERPRETATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS WITH VALIDITY.
 CHEMICALS MAY DEGRADE WHEN IN
CONTACT WITH AIR, BY EXPOSURE TO
ULTRAVIOLET OR OTHER RADIATION, BY
INTERACTION WITH CONSTITUENTS OF
DOSING SOLUTINS AND OTHER MEANS.

 DEVELOPIN ANAYTICAL PROCEDURE BY
WHICH THESE CHANGES CAN BE
RECOGNIZED AND CORRECTED IS
ESSNTIAL IN ACHIEVING CONSISTENT
AND RELIABLE RESULTS OVER THE
COURSE OF STUDY.
 ANALYTICAL METHODS ARE NECESSARY
TO DETERMINE THE BIOAVAILABILITY
OF COMPOUND THAT IS UNDER STUDY.

ROLE IN FORENSIC
TOXICOLOGY
 INCLUDES QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITAVE ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OR
POISONS IN BIOLOGICAL SPECIMENS
COLLECTED AT AUTOPSY AND
ANALYTICAL FINDINGS WITH RESPECT
TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF THE
DETECTED CHEMICALS ON THE
DECEASED AT THE TIME OR INJURY
AND/OR DEATH.

 RESULTS OF POSTMODERN TOXICOLOGICAL
TESTING PROVIDE VALAUABLE
EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND STATISTIC DATA.
 CHEMICAL IDENTITY AND TOXICITY OF
NOVEL ANALOGS OF PSYCHOACTIVE AGENTS
THAT ARE SUBJECT TO ABUSE, INCLUDING
“DESIGNER DRUGS” SUCH AS “CHINA WHITE”
(METHYLFENTANYL), “ECSTASY”
(METHYLDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE), AND
GHB (GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID).

TOXICOLOGICAL
INVESTIGATION OF A POISON
DEATH
three steps:
 (1) obtaining the case history and
suitable specimens,
 (2) the toxicologic analyses, and
 (3) the interpretation of the analytic
 findings

CASE HISTORY OF SPECIMENS
 Today, thousands of compounds are
readily available that are lethal if
ingested, injected, or inhaled.
 Usually, a limited amount of specimen
is available on which to perform
analyses; therefore it is imperative that,
before the analyses are initiated, as
much information as possible
concerning the facts of the case be
collected

TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
 Before the analysis begins, several
factors must be considered, the amount
of specimen available, the nature of the
poison sought, and the possible
biotransformation of the poison.
 In cases involving oral administration of
the poison, the gastrointestinal (GI)
contents are analyzed first because
large amounts of residual unabsorbed
poison may be present.

 URINE ANALYSIS FOR CONTROLLED OR
ILLICIT DRUGS
 ROUTINELY IN MILITARY SERVICES,
REGULATED TRANSPORTATION AND
NUCLEAR INDUSTRIES, MANY FEDERAL
AND STATE AGENCIES, PUBLIC
UTILITIES, FEDERAL AND STATE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEMS, AND
NUMEROUS PRIVATE BUSINESS AND
INDUSTRIES.

 SIGNIFICANT AND ETHICAL
RAMIFICATIONS
 POSITIVE RSULT- MAY NOT BE
EMPLOYED, DISMISSED FROM JOB, BE
COURT-MARTIALED, SUFFER DAMAGED
REPUTATION.

 INGESTION OF DIURETICS
 ADULTERATE SPECIMEN USING BLEACH,
VINEGAR AND OTHERS THAT INTERFERE
INITIAL IMMUNOASSAY TESTS
 TESTS ARE ROUTINELY TESTED (pH,
CREATINE, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, COLOR
AND SMELL

 PRESENCE OF ETHANOL AND OTHER
DRUGS AND CHEMICALS IN BLOOD,
BREATH, OR OTHER SPECIMENS AND
EVALUATION OF THEIR ROLE IN
MODIFYING HUMAN PERFORMANCE
AND BEHAVIOR.
 DETERMINE IMPAIRMENT WHILE
DRIVING UNDER INFLUENCE OF
ETHANOL AND DRUGS

 STUDIES TEND TO REPORT HIGHEST
DRUG-USE ACCIDENT RATES ARE
ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF SUCH
ILLICIT OR CONTROLLED DRUGS AS
COCAINE, BENZODIAZEPINES,
MARIJUANA, AND PHENCYCLIDINE.

 FORENSIC TOXICOLOGIST OFTEN IS
CALLED UPON TO TESTIFY IN LEGAL
PROCEEDINGS AS AN “EXPERT
WITNESS”
 OBJECTIVE TESTIMONY- DESCRIPTION
OF ANALYTICAL METHODS AND
FINDINGS
 “OPINION”- OFFERED AS FORENSIC
TOXICOLOGIST TESTIFIES AS TO THE
INTERPRETATION OF ANALYTICAL

 AS AN AID IN DIAGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT OF TOXIC INCIDENTS, AS
WELL IN MONITORING THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT
REGIMENS
 USEFUL TO IDENTIFY THE NATURE OF
TOXIC EXPOSURE AND MEASURE THE
AMOUNT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCE THAT
HAS BEEN ABSORBED.

 THIS MAY PERMIT A CLINICAL
JUDGMENT AS TO WETHER TREATMENT
IS VIGOROUS AND AGGRESSIVE OR
WETHER SIMPLE OBSERVATION AND
SYMPTOTIC TREATMENT OF THE
PATIENT IS SUFFICIENT.

ROLE IN THERAPEUTIC
MONITORING

 ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS FOR
LONG TERM THERAPY WAS BASED
LARGELY ON EXPERIENCE
 DOSAGE AMOUNT WAS SELECTED AND
ADMINISTERED AT APPROPRIATE
INTERVALS BASED ON WHAT THE
CLINICIAN HAD LEARNED WAS
GENERALLY BY MOST PATIENTS.

 IF THE DRUG IS INEFFECTIVE DOSE
WILL INCREASED.
 IF TOXICITY IS DEVELOPED DOSE IS
DECREASED OR THE FREQUENCY OF
DOSING IS ALTERED.
 DIFFERENT DOSAGE FORM MIGHT BE
SUBSTITUTED
 ESTABLISHING DOSAGE REGIMEN IS
DIFFICULT IN CHILDREN AND ELDERLY.

 FACTORS RESPOSIBLE FOR VARIABILITY IN
RESPONSES TO DRUG THERAPY INCLUDES:
 RATE AND EXTEND OF DRUG ABSORPTION.
 DISTRIBUTION, AND BINDING IN TISSUES
AND FLUIDS,
 RATE OF METABAOLISM AND EXCRETION
 PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS
 AND INTERACTION WITH OTHER DRUGS.

 MONI TORING OF PLASMA OR SERUM
CONCENTRATION A REGULAR
INTERVALS WILL DETECT DEVIATIONS
FROM THE AVERAGE SERUM
CONCENTRATION WHICH IN TURN, MAY
SUGGEST THAT ONE OR MORE OF
THESE VARIABLES NEED TO BE
IDENTIFIED AND CORRECTED.

A Analytical and forensic toxicology.pptx

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