This document discusses carbon sequestration through plantstones, which are silicified structures formed in many plants. Plantstones contain organic carbon that is stored for thousands of years. The document examines over 500 plant samples and finds that some plants can sequester over 6% of their weight in carbon within plantstones. It proposes that agricultural soils, degraded lands, and wetlands could be used to sequester carbon through the cultivation of plant species found to produce high levels of carbon-containing plantstones, providing a long-term solution for carbon storage.
Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil NitrateDairyNforProfit
Presentation given by Dr. Michael Russelle to the PICCC Strategic Science Think Tank - Nitrogen efficiency. Thursday 16 August 2012, 10 am – 7 pm, at the University of Melbourne
http://www.piccc.org.au/news/2012/aug/29/piccc-strategic-science-think-tank-nitrogen-efficiency
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Herman Warsaw developed a corn production system that got the attention of other farmers and agribusiness when he set a new world corn yield record in 1975 of 338 bu/A. Through diligent observation and experimentation, he identified and removed yield-limiting factors like inadequate soil nutrients and plant populations. By 1975, he had increased his farm's average yield to 274 bu/A. He challenged others to further improve corn yields while stewarding soil and water resources.
The document summarizes a study on micronutrient deficiencies affecting corn yields on Lonewood soil in Russell County, Kentucky. Over several years of replicated studies, zinc, boron, copper, and sulfur were found to limit corn yields under different environmental conditions, with zinc and boron having the largest impacts. A protocol was developed to predict boron deficiencies in corn by testing soybean tissue the previous season. Liming recommendations were modified to control soil pH and reduce copper and zinc deficiencies on this fragile, low CEC soil series.
This document provides guidance on soil and leaf analysis, nutrient deficiencies and excesses, and fertilizer recommendations for avocado trees. It discusses the importance of soil and leaf analysis to determine fertilization needs. Nutrient deficiencies and excesses are described based on visual symptoms. Fertilizer recommendations are provided based on nutrient extraction rates for different yield levels. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium requirements and application timings are specified. Maintaining proper nutrient balances and following analysis results is important for optimal avocado growth and production.
This document discusses potential agricultural mitigation practices in Vietnam. It outlines measures like soil erosion control through techniques such as using hedgerows, intercropping, and conservation tillage. These practices can reduce soil and carbon loss, increase crop yields, and sequester carbon through increased biomass and photosynthesis. The document also provides examples of these mitigation techniques used in various regions of Vietnam and their effects, such as reducing soil loss, increasing crop yields, and building soil organic carbon.
The document discusses the benefits of using gypsum, also known as calcium sulfate dihydrate, in crop production and soil management. Specifically, it notes that gypsum provides calcium and sulfur which are essential nutrients for plants. It also helps reduce sodium and magnesium in soils, improves soil structure and prevents crusting, improves water infiltration and airflow in soils, and can increase crop yields when used effectively as part of an overall soil management plan.
Improving N Efficiency through Managing Soil NitrateDairyNforProfit
Presentation given by Dr. Michael Russelle to the PICCC Strategic Science Think Tank - Nitrogen efficiency. Thursday 16 August 2012, 10 am – 7 pm, at the University of Melbourne
http://www.piccc.org.au/news/2012/aug/29/piccc-strategic-science-think-tank-nitrogen-efficiency
The document discusses strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency on dairy farms. It suggests capturing more nitrogen through increasing soil organic matter and vegetation. Some key strategies mentioned include intensifying forage productivity through species with large root mass and nitrogen uptake, diversifying crops to explore more nutrient resources, and improving nitrogen management practices to reduce excess available nitrogen and improve water use efficiency. The document examines ways to trim nitrogen inputs, tap into existing nitrogen flows, and plug nitrogen losses to achieve high and stable farm profitability while minimizing environmental footprint.
Herman Warsaw developed a corn production system that got the attention of other farmers and agribusiness when he set a new world corn yield record in 1975 of 338 bu/A. Through diligent observation and experimentation, he identified and removed yield-limiting factors like inadequate soil nutrients and plant populations. By 1975, he had increased his farm's average yield to 274 bu/A. He challenged others to further improve corn yields while stewarding soil and water resources.
The document summarizes a study on micronutrient deficiencies affecting corn yields on Lonewood soil in Russell County, Kentucky. Over several years of replicated studies, zinc, boron, copper, and sulfur were found to limit corn yields under different environmental conditions, with zinc and boron having the largest impacts. A protocol was developed to predict boron deficiencies in corn by testing soybean tissue the previous season. Liming recommendations were modified to control soil pH and reduce copper and zinc deficiencies on this fragile, low CEC soil series.
This document provides guidance on soil and leaf analysis, nutrient deficiencies and excesses, and fertilizer recommendations for avocado trees. It discusses the importance of soil and leaf analysis to determine fertilization needs. Nutrient deficiencies and excesses are described based on visual symptoms. Fertilizer recommendations are provided based on nutrient extraction rates for different yield levels. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium requirements and application timings are specified. Maintaining proper nutrient balances and following analysis results is important for optimal avocado growth and production.
This document discusses potential agricultural mitigation practices in Vietnam. It outlines measures like soil erosion control through techniques such as using hedgerows, intercropping, and conservation tillage. These practices can reduce soil and carbon loss, increase crop yields, and sequester carbon through increased biomass and photosynthesis. The document also provides examples of these mitigation techniques used in various regions of Vietnam and their effects, such as reducing soil loss, increasing crop yields, and building soil organic carbon.
The document discusses the benefits of using gypsum, also known as calcium sulfate dihydrate, in crop production and soil management. Specifically, it notes that gypsum provides calcium and sulfur which are essential nutrients for plants. It also helps reduce sodium and magnesium in soils, improves soil structure and prevents crusting, improves water infiltration and airflow in soils, and can increase crop yields when used effectively as part of an overall soil management plan.
Harnessing the Power of Virtual Worlds for LearningTandem Learning
This document discusses using virtual worlds for learning and addresses common questions about the topic. It defines virtual worlds as immersive 3D environments with avatars, locations to interact in, and often gaming components. Benefits highlighted include allowing learning through experience, practice in context, and facilitating social learning. Examples given of using virtual worlds include role plays, scenarios, virtual hands-on experiences and meetings.
Miss Gates comment at the courthouse referred to African Americans gaining independence taking away some freedoms from white people. Scout continues to be curious about the mysterious Boo Radley, as he remains an enigma even after all these years. Atticus refused the idea of getting a gun for protection because he believes no one will harm him and he is ready to die if his time comes. Scout asking Jem if it's right to persecute someone shows she is starting to understand that it is wrong to judge people merely because they are different.
The document contains questions about the characters and events in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. It asks why Miss Gates said it was time to teach someone a lesson at the courthouse, if Scout is still curious about Boo Radley after all these years, and why Atticus refused to get a gun to protect himself despite the threats against him. It also asks about the significance of a moment where Scout asks Jem if it is right to persecute someone.
The document contains questions about the characters and events in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. It asks why Miss Gates said it was time to teach someone a lesson at the courthouse, if Scout is still curious about Boo Radley after all these years, and why Atticus refused to get a gun to protect himself despite threats. It also asks about the significance of a moment where Scout asks Jem if it is right to persecute someone.
This document discusses alternate reality games (ARGs) and their potential use for corporate learning. It provides examples of ARGs used for entertainment purposes and serious purposes. It then presents a case study of an ARG called "DevLearn 2009 Zombie Apocalypse" that was created for a corporate learning conference to introduce social media technologies and encourage networking. Another case study describes an ARG created for Constellation Wines to reinforce product knowledge and selling skills. The document argues that ARGs can be effective for new hire training, coaching, leadership development, and collecting feedback due to their ability to apply adult learning principles such as practicing skills and reflecting on learning.
The Russian Revolution occurred in 1917 and led to the establishment of the Soviet Union. There were two revolutions in March and October 1917. The March Revolution overthrew Czar Nicholas II but left power with a provisional government. The October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, overthrew the provisional government and established the world's first socialist state. Lenin and the Bolsheviks believed in a revolutionary vanguard party that would lead the proletariat in revolution and establish a communist dictatorship.
The document describes an Integrated Resource Platform (IRP) that aims to solve supply chain inefficiencies by providing a shared system for planning, execution, and record-keeping between network trading partners. The IRP allows participants to initiate processes anywhere in the network and integrates individual corporate strategies with collaborative end-to-end network processes and automation. It is estimated that the IRP could unlock billions in savings annually by streamlining communication and coordination across complex business networks.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing as an emerging technology. It defines cloud computing, explains the key components and models, identifies major players, and discusses the evolution and potential of the technology. Some of the main points covered include:
- Cloud computing delivers IT capabilities and services over the internet on a flexible, on-demand basis.
- Major players include Amazon, Google, Microsoft, IBM and startups.
- While limitations around security, control and reliability exist, cloud computing offers benefits like reduced costs, faster deployment, and scalability.
- The technology has evolved from earlier distributed computing concepts and is poised to further transform how businesses access technology resources.
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plants that is required in large amounts. It makes up 0.2-2.0% of a plant's dry mass. Most of the potassium in soil exists in unavailable forms within minerals or clay layers. Only 0.1-2% exists as exchangeable or soluble potassium available for plant uptake. Proper potassium nutrition is important for plant growth, photosynthesis, enzyme activation, water regulation, and disease resistance. Deficiency causes chlorosis, stunted growth, and poor crop quality. Factors like soil moisture, pH, temperature affect potassium availability. Common fertilizer sources include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium nitrate.
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It is involved in many important plant processes like photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and water regulation. While total potassium content in soils is usually high, most of it is unavailable to plants. Only a small portion in the forms of exchangeable and water soluble potassium is readily available. Maintaining adequate available potassium levels through fertilization is important for optimal plant growth, yield, quality and stress resistance. Deficiency can cause various symptoms like chlorosis and stunted growth. Proper soil testing and balanced fertilizer management practices are required to supply potassium needs of crops and minimize losses and environmental impacts.
Calcium and magnesium are important plant nutrients that are taken up from the soil. Calcium plays key roles in plant cell structure and is important for fruit and vegetable quality. While calcium deficiencies can occur, soils often contain adequate levels. Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll molecule and is also involved in enzyme activation. Both nutrients can be supplemented through soil or foliar applications when tissue tests indicate a need. However, over-application should be avoided as it can negatively impact nutrient availability and balance.
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It is absorbed by plants as a potassium ion (K+). Most soil potassium exists in unavailable forms within minerals or clay layers, but a small amount is readily available to plants. Potassium is critical for photosynthesis, enzyme activation, water regulation and protein synthesis in plants. Deficiencies can cause chlorosis, stunted growth, disease susceptibility and poor crop quality. Proper potassium management through fertilization can improve crop yields and quality while reducing environmental impacts.
Effect of calcium carbide waste on the growth and biomass of Okra(Abelmoschus...iosrjce
This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of spent calcium carbide waste on the growth of okra plants. Soil was contaminated with 0g, 100g, 200g, and 300g of spent carbide and okra seeds were planted. The results showed that okra plants grown in soil with 100g of spent carbide performed better in terms of plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area compared to other treatments and the control, though growth decreased with concentrations above 100g. Specifically, at 8 weeks after planting the 100g treatment had the highest mean plant height and number of leaves, though dry weights did not differ significantly. This indicates that okra can tolerate low concentrations of spent carbide waste but growth is
Glenside and Bioscience - Nander Robertson (Glenside)Farming Futures
This document discusses Bioscience Technologies and their approach to soil management called Bioscence. Bioscence aims to deliver agronomic systems that increase yields and margins, make better use of resources, and improve nitrogen efficiency while lowering carbon footprints. It emphasizes the importance of soil health and biology, using the Albrecht soil analysis method to understand soil characteristics and nutrient needs. Adopting the Bioscence approach is argued to optimize natural soil productivity, use resources more sustainably, and improve farm profitability through better resource management.
This document discusses the use of seaweeds as fertilizers and soil conditioners. It describes how coastal communities have historically collected seaweeds washed ashore to fertilize nearby fields. It also discusses how dried and milled seaweeds are now used as soil additives and fertilizers due to their nutrient content and ability to improve soil structure and moisture retention. The document examines different types of seaweed products used as fertilizers, including seaweed meal, extracts, and composted seaweeds, and their various effects on plant growth.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of different liming rates on maize and bean yields in strongly acidic tea-growing soils in Kenya. The soils had pH values below 5, indicating aluminum toxicity and deficiencies in important nutrients. Liming raised the soil pH and increased both maize and bean yields significantly compared to the unlimed control. The maximum yields for both crops were achieved at a liming rate of 6 t/ha, which raised the soil pH to around 5.5. Higher liming rates did not further increase yields and started to decrease them, possibly due to nutrient imbalances. The results show that liming is an effective and inexpensive way to reclaim strongly acidic tea soils and improve food crop production.
This document discusses renewable carbon materials research. It outlines plans to develop sustainable production methods for carbon fibers and carbon-based materials using eco-friendly or biobased hydrocarbons and raw materials. The document examines current carbon fiber and composite material markets, production processes, costs, and machinery needed. It proposes building an algae farm to produce biomass for generating hydrocarbons and carbon as renewable raw materials.
THE ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK COTTON SOIL TREATED WITH CORN STRAW ASHEditorIJAERD
Black cotton soils (BCS) are found in extensive quantities in the North – East region of Nigeria specifically in
the northern parts of Adamawa State and southern parts of Borno State. This soil expands while it gets wet and shrinks as the
water dries out. On account of this high volumetric changes they are not directly suitable for construction. The excessive
swelling and shrinkage are sequel to the presence of fine particles of clay. Swelling and shrinkage of soil often results in
differential settlement of the structure. Black cotton soils must therefore be treated by using suitable admixtures to stabilize it
for use in civil engineering works. In this research work, stabilization of black cotton soil is done by using Corn Straw Ash
(CSA) as an admixture. The CSA reacts with clay particles from the black cotton soil to form a material of higher strength.
The physical and chemical properties of the soil were obtained. Other tests such Atterberg’s limits, California Bearing
Ratio(CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS) were carried out at different percentage contents of CSA: at 0%, 4%,
6%, 8% and 10%. From the test results, it is observed that optimum value of CBR and UCS are at 8% of the ash. At this
percentage of the additive the following improvement occurred in the black cotton soil; CBR improved from 4.5% to 11.3%,
UCS 107.5KN/m2
to 140.5KN/m2
and plasticity index decreased from 24% to 11.2%. It is concluded that CSA has a great
potential in the improvement of the mechanical properties of black cotton soil.
Environmental impact and potential use of coal fly ash andsub economical quar...LcNguyn140
This document summarizes a study that evaluated mixing sub-economical coal fly ash with quarry fines to form an aggregate that could be used as a partial substitute for sand in concrete. Coal fly ash and quarry fines are both industrial byproducts that are currently stockpiled due to high disposal costs. The study found that coal fly ash was effective at reducing leaching of potentially harmful trace elements from the quarry fines. Concrete containing the aggregate mixture displayed better mechanical properties compared to standard concrete. The results suggest that this method could provide an economically viable use for the coal fly ash and quarry fines byproducts from two major industries.
The document discusses basalt rock fibre, including its properties, manufacturing process, and applications. Basalt fibre is made from extremely fine fibres of basalt rock, which is composed of minerals like plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. It has properties like high thermal and mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and is environmentally friendly. The manufacturing process involves melting basalt rock, extruding it through spinnerets to produce continuous filaments, applying a sizing, and winding onto spools. Basalt fibre has applications in construction, automotive, aerospace, and other industries due to its low cost and high performance properties.
1. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in coal-fired power plants. It is collected but must be disposed of or recycled.
2. There are two classes of fly ash defined by ASTM based on their composition. Class F fly ash generally performs better in concrete than Class C fly ash.
3. Over half of the 131 million tons of fly ash produced annually in the US is recycled, most often in concrete, which provides environmental and mechanical benefits over traditional concrete.
Harnessing the Power of Virtual Worlds for LearningTandem Learning
This document discusses using virtual worlds for learning and addresses common questions about the topic. It defines virtual worlds as immersive 3D environments with avatars, locations to interact in, and often gaming components. Benefits highlighted include allowing learning through experience, practice in context, and facilitating social learning. Examples given of using virtual worlds include role plays, scenarios, virtual hands-on experiences and meetings.
Miss Gates comment at the courthouse referred to African Americans gaining independence taking away some freedoms from white people. Scout continues to be curious about the mysterious Boo Radley, as he remains an enigma even after all these years. Atticus refused the idea of getting a gun for protection because he believes no one will harm him and he is ready to die if his time comes. Scout asking Jem if it's right to persecute someone shows she is starting to understand that it is wrong to judge people merely because they are different.
The document contains questions about the characters and events in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. It asks why Miss Gates said it was time to teach someone a lesson at the courthouse, if Scout is still curious about Boo Radley after all these years, and why Atticus refused to get a gun to protect himself despite the threats against him. It also asks about the significance of a moment where Scout asks Jem if it is right to persecute someone.
The document contains questions about the characters and events in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. It asks why Miss Gates said it was time to teach someone a lesson at the courthouse, if Scout is still curious about Boo Radley after all these years, and why Atticus refused to get a gun to protect himself despite threats. It also asks about the significance of a moment where Scout asks Jem if it is right to persecute someone.
This document discusses alternate reality games (ARGs) and their potential use for corporate learning. It provides examples of ARGs used for entertainment purposes and serious purposes. It then presents a case study of an ARG called "DevLearn 2009 Zombie Apocalypse" that was created for a corporate learning conference to introduce social media technologies and encourage networking. Another case study describes an ARG created for Constellation Wines to reinforce product knowledge and selling skills. The document argues that ARGs can be effective for new hire training, coaching, leadership development, and collecting feedback due to their ability to apply adult learning principles such as practicing skills and reflecting on learning.
The Russian Revolution occurred in 1917 and led to the establishment of the Soviet Union. There were two revolutions in March and October 1917. The March Revolution overthrew Czar Nicholas II but left power with a provisional government. The October Revolution, led by Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks, overthrew the provisional government and established the world's first socialist state. Lenin and the Bolsheviks believed in a revolutionary vanguard party that would lead the proletariat in revolution and establish a communist dictatorship.
The document describes an Integrated Resource Platform (IRP) that aims to solve supply chain inefficiencies by providing a shared system for planning, execution, and record-keeping between network trading partners. The IRP allows participants to initiate processes anywhere in the network and integrates individual corporate strategies with collaborative end-to-end network processes and automation. It is estimated that the IRP could unlock billions in savings annually by streamlining communication and coordination across complex business networks.
This document provides an overview of cloud computing as an emerging technology. It defines cloud computing, explains the key components and models, identifies major players, and discusses the evolution and potential of the technology. Some of the main points covered include:
- Cloud computing delivers IT capabilities and services over the internet on a flexible, on-demand basis.
- Major players include Amazon, Google, Microsoft, IBM and startups.
- While limitations around security, control and reliability exist, cloud computing offers benefits like reduced costs, faster deployment, and scalability.
- The technology has evolved from earlier distributed computing concepts and is poised to further transform how businesses access technology resources.
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plants that is required in large amounts. It makes up 0.2-2.0% of a plant's dry mass. Most of the potassium in soil exists in unavailable forms within minerals or clay layers. Only 0.1-2% exists as exchangeable or soluble potassium available for plant uptake. Proper potassium nutrition is important for plant growth, photosynthesis, enzyme activation, water regulation, and disease resistance. Deficiency causes chlorosis, stunted growth, and poor crop quality. Factors like soil moisture, pH, temperature affect potassium availability. Common fertilizer sources include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium nitrate.
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It is involved in many important plant processes like photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and water regulation. While total potassium content in soils is usually high, most of it is unavailable to plants. Only a small portion in the forms of exchangeable and water soluble potassium is readily available. Maintaining adequate available potassium levels through fertilization is important for optimal plant growth, yield, quality and stress resistance. Deficiency can cause various symptoms like chlorosis and stunted growth. Proper soil testing and balanced fertilizer management practices are required to supply potassium needs of crops and minimize losses and environmental impacts.
Calcium and magnesium are important plant nutrients that are taken up from the soil. Calcium plays key roles in plant cell structure and is important for fruit and vegetable quality. While calcium deficiencies can occur, soils often contain adequate levels. Magnesium is part of the chlorophyll molecule and is also involved in enzyme activation. Both nutrients can be supplemented through soil or foliar applications when tissue tests indicate a need. However, over-application should be avoided as it can negatively impact nutrient availability and balance.
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth. It is absorbed by plants as a potassium ion (K+). Most soil potassium exists in unavailable forms within minerals or clay layers, but a small amount is readily available to plants. Potassium is critical for photosynthesis, enzyme activation, water regulation and protein synthesis in plants. Deficiencies can cause chlorosis, stunted growth, disease susceptibility and poor crop quality. Proper potassium management through fertilization can improve crop yields and quality while reducing environmental impacts.
Effect of calcium carbide waste on the growth and biomass of Okra(Abelmoschus...iosrjce
This study investigated the effects of different concentrations of spent calcium carbide waste on the growth of okra plants. Soil was contaminated with 0g, 100g, 200g, and 300g of spent carbide and okra seeds were planted. The results showed that okra plants grown in soil with 100g of spent carbide performed better in terms of plant height, number of leaves, and leaf area compared to other treatments and the control, though growth decreased with concentrations above 100g. Specifically, at 8 weeks after planting the 100g treatment had the highest mean plant height and number of leaves, though dry weights did not differ significantly. This indicates that okra can tolerate low concentrations of spent carbide waste but growth is
Glenside and Bioscience - Nander Robertson (Glenside)Farming Futures
This document discusses Bioscience Technologies and their approach to soil management called Bioscence. Bioscence aims to deliver agronomic systems that increase yields and margins, make better use of resources, and improve nitrogen efficiency while lowering carbon footprints. It emphasizes the importance of soil health and biology, using the Albrecht soil analysis method to understand soil characteristics and nutrient needs. Adopting the Bioscence approach is argued to optimize natural soil productivity, use resources more sustainably, and improve farm profitability through better resource management.
This document discusses the use of seaweeds as fertilizers and soil conditioners. It describes how coastal communities have historically collected seaweeds washed ashore to fertilize nearby fields. It also discusses how dried and milled seaweeds are now used as soil additives and fertilizers due to their nutrient content and ability to improve soil structure and moisture retention. The document examines different types of seaweed products used as fertilizers, including seaweed meal, extracts, and composted seaweeds, and their various effects on plant growth.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
This study investigated the effects of different liming rates on maize and bean yields in strongly acidic tea-growing soils in Kenya. The soils had pH values below 5, indicating aluminum toxicity and deficiencies in important nutrients. Liming raised the soil pH and increased both maize and bean yields significantly compared to the unlimed control. The maximum yields for both crops were achieved at a liming rate of 6 t/ha, which raised the soil pH to around 5.5. Higher liming rates did not further increase yields and started to decrease them, possibly due to nutrient imbalances. The results show that liming is an effective and inexpensive way to reclaim strongly acidic tea soils and improve food crop production.
This document discusses renewable carbon materials research. It outlines plans to develop sustainable production methods for carbon fibers and carbon-based materials using eco-friendly or biobased hydrocarbons and raw materials. The document examines current carbon fiber and composite material markets, production processes, costs, and machinery needed. It proposes building an algae farm to produce biomass for generating hydrocarbons and carbon as renewable raw materials.
THE ENGINEERING CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK COTTON SOIL TREATED WITH CORN STRAW ASHEditorIJAERD
Black cotton soils (BCS) are found in extensive quantities in the North – East region of Nigeria specifically in
the northern parts of Adamawa State and southern parts of Borno State. This soil expands while it gets wet and shrinks as the
water dries out. On account of this high volumetric changes they are not directly suitable for construction. The excessive
swelling and shrinkage are sequel to the presence of fine particles of clay. Swelling and shrinkage of soil often results in
differential settlement of the structure. Black cotton soils must therefore be treated by using suitable admixtures to stabilize it
for use in civil engineering works. In this research work, stabilization of black cotton soil is done by using Corn Straw Ash
(CSA) as an admixture. The CSA reacts with clay particles from the black cotton soil to form a material of higher strength.
The physical and chemical properties of the soil were obtained. Other tests such Atterberg’s limits, California Bearing
Ratio(CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS) were carried out at different percentage contents of CSA: at 0%, 4%,
6%, 8% and 10%. From the test results, it is observed that optimum value of CBR and UCS are at 8% of the ash. At this
percentage of the additive the following improvement occurred in the black cotton soil; CBR improved from 4.5% to 11.3%,
UCS 107.5KN/m2
to 140.5KN/m2
and plasticity index decreased from 24% to 11.2%. It is concluded that CSA has a great
potential in the improvement of the mechanical properties of black cotton soil.
Environmental impact and potential use of coal fly ash andsub economical quar...LcNguyn140
This document summarizes a study that evaluated mixing sub-economical coal fly ash with quarry fines to form an aggregate that could be used as a partial substitute for sand in concrete. Coal fly ash and quarry fines are both industrial byproducts that are currently stockpiled due to high disposal costs. The study found that coal fly ash was effective at reducing leaching of potentially harmful trace elements from the quarry fines. Concrete containing the aggregate mixture displayed better mechanical properties compared to standard concrete. The results suggest that this method could provide an economically viable use for the coal fly ash and quarry fines byproducts from two major industries.
The document discusses basalt rock fibre, including its properties, manufacturing process, and applications. Basalt fibre is made from extremely fine fibres of basalt rock, which is composed of minerals like plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. It has properties like high thermal and mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and is environmentally friendly. The manufacturing process involves melting basalt rock, extruding it through spinnerets to produce continuous filaments, applying a sizing, and winding onto spools. Basalt fibre has applications in construction, automotive, aerospace, and other industries due to its low cost and high performance properties.
1. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in coal-fired power plants. It is collected but must be disposed of or recycled.
2. There are two classes of fly ash defined by ASTM based on their composition. Class F fly ash generally performs better in concrete than Class C fly ash.
3. Over half of the 131 million tons of fly ash produced annually in the US is recycled, most often in concrete, which provides environmental and mechanical benefits over traditional concrete.
IRJET- Improving the Geotechnical Property of Expansive Soil through Marb...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on improving the geotechnical properties of expansive soil through the addition of marble dust and lime. Expansive soils cause damage to structures through shrinking and swelling as moisture levels change. The study identified expansive soils in Ethiopia through field testing. Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples mixed with varying percentages of marble dust (0-30%) and small amounts of lime (1-3%). The results showed that adding marble dust and lime significantly improved the geotechnical properties of the expansive soils by reducing plasticity, swelling, and optimum moisture content while increasing maximum dry density and California Bearing Ratio values. Therefore, using lime and marble dust can effectively stabilize expansive soils and improve their suit
Clay minerals have many important uses beyond being the soils that grow plants. The main groups of clay minerals are kaolinite, illite, and smectites like montmorillonite. Kaolinite is used in ceramics while illite is common in marine clays and shales. Montmorillonite is highly absorbent and swelling, making it useful for drilling muds, cat litter, and sealing landfills. Bentonite deposits in Wyoming supply most of the world's sodium bentonite. Clay minerals are essential for applications like oil drilling, wastewater treatment, pharmaceuticals, and cat litter.
One of the most environmentally friendly products for application in soil supporting turfgrass has been
successfully tested on a soccer pitch to be used during the 2010 World Cup. The product, called Greenmaker, is a natural mineral that acts as a water and nutrient retainer. Testing at Orlando Stadium showed dramatic improvement in drainage and turf health after Greenmaker was applied. Greenmaker also absorbs large amounts of water and nutrients and slowly releases them to support root growth. It has numerous benefits for turfgrass including improved structure, water and nutrient management, and reduced maintenance needs.
Eadha Enterprises is exploring the potential of using native aspen trees for phytoremediation and biomass energy production. They have collected 280 clones of aspen from across Scotland to use in research. Aspen is well-suited for phytoremediation as it can absorb, accumulate, and break down various contaminants like heavy metals, and stabilize contaminated soils. Eadha is seeking partners to pilot aspen phytoremediation projects on contaminated land. They are also conducting growth trials on aspen for short-rotation forestry as aspen may outperform willow and its ability to sucker promotes high yields over successive rotations.
Basalt fiber is a material made from extremely fine fibers of basalt, which is composed of the minerals plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine. It is similar to fiberglass , having better physicomechanical properties than fiberglass, but being significantly cheaper than carbon fiber.
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Remineralize the Earth promotes the regeneration of soils and forests worldwide with finely ground rock dust as an economically and ecologically sustainable alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides, creating fertile soils much as the earth does.
Eadha Enterprises is researching the use of native aspen clones for productive biomass systems in Scotland. They have established a collection of 180 Scottish aspen clones and are conducting trials to evaluate clones' growth characteristics under different environmental conditions. Aspen is well-suited to marginal lands and reclamation projects due to its hardiness and ability to tolerate poor soils. Eadha is developing short rotation forestry models using aspen and exploring yields of 70 dry tonnes per hectare over 10-year rotations with potential for even higher yields from coppicing. Their trials assess aspen's potential to provide renewable biomass while enhancing biodiversity and remediating contaminated lands.
1. Carbon Sequestration in Plantstones
The next generation of carbon sequestration solutions
Jeff Parr and Leigh Sullivan
Southern Cross University
& Plantstone Pty Ltd
9/18/2005 1
2. Tradable carbon sequestered in Australia is currently
restricted to the carbon that is accumulated in woody
plants.
Eucalypt Plantations Pine Plantations
Mallee tree strips between grain crops
CO2 Australia
9/18/2005 2
3. A slight problem …
•Forests are very important carbon sinks, however, the land area
covered by old growth forest and available for farm-forestry,
plantation timber and strip plots is limited due to our needs for land
to produce food.
Forests cover 7% of People use 25% of
world land mass world land mass
•The introduction of new methods of emission free energy production
is also going to play a major role in CO2 reduction but, this will be a
slow and long-term process to implement.
•CO2 needs to be reduced ASAP by a range of processes.
•All deserving equal attention.
9/18/2005 3
4. Agricultural Approach …
•One solution to the shortage of landscape for sequestering carbon
is to increase this process in agricultural soils.
•Agricultural grain crops cover an area of 20 million hectares
annually in Australia alone. We cannot afford to aside this land for
woody plant production because we need to eat as well as
sequester more carbon.
•We can introduce no-till direct drill agriculture to lock up carbon.
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5. The Plantstone Approach …
•Our contribution/solution to the shortage of landscape for sequestering
carbon is to increase this process in:
•Agricultural soils
•Degraded lands (acid sulfate or salinity affected) and,
•Wetland areas (natural or constructed).
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6. Agricultural soils, (1)
Can be important
areas of herbaceous
plant production.
Acid sulfate soils, (2)
All herbaceous plants
particularly grasses
produce Plantstones.
Saline soils and,
(3)
Plantstones of many
grasses and other
Wetland areas herbaceous plants
efficiently sequester
carbon.
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7. So what are Plantstones?
Plantstones are also referred to as phytoliths or plant opal.
They are silicified cell structures formed within many plants
as a result of silicic acid Si(OH4) uptake from soil.
Si(OH)4 uptake into vegetation
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8. This hydrated silica moves throughout the plant impregnating
cell walls forming thick coatings of silica opal that encapsulates
the organic carbon content.
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9. The organelles of a plant cell are composed of
organic material - carbon.
This organic carbon is encased within the plant
cell by silica forming a plantstone.
This organic carbon occluded in plantstones we
call PhytOC
Phyto = plant
OC = organic carbon
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10. Scanning electron micrograph of
a solid bilobate type plantstone.
The microprobe analysis for
Carbon and Silica.
The green line represents the
silica content.
The red line represents the
carbon content.
Scanning electron micrograph of
epidermal long cell plantstones.
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11. Proof of concept ?
Done
Proven in the natural laboratory
Proven in Field trials
Proven by extensive laboratory
analysis
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12. Our research to date
Radiocarbon dated the carbon in the
Plantstones themselves.
Plantstones - resistant to decomposition
in a range of soils to at least 35,000 yrs.
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13. We have examined over 500 samples to
date from modern soils and paleosols.
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14. West New Britain PNG
Volcanic sediments
Generalised
Topsoil
W-H5
W-H4 FABK VII FABK XI FAAH FAAY V FABD I FABD t2 FABD t3
W-H
W-K4
Pumice
W-K3
3590+/- 40
W-K2
W-K1S
W-K1T 5820+/-90
Soil
Tephra
5o cm
Pumice
Clay
9/18/2005 14
Cobbles
15. Byron Bay NSW
Acid sulphate soils
Samples
PNG and
Byron Bay
5cm intervals
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16. Data for these modern soils and
paleosols revealed that up to
82% of total carbon occurring
after 2000 years is PhytOC.
‘Plantstone organic carbon’
Plantstone concentrations ranged
from 15% to 44.88% of soil weight
under a range of vegetative
conditions.
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17. We have screened the abundance of Plantstones in
over 230 plant species native to PNG and eastern
Australia
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18. Abundance of Plantstones in over 230 plant species
native to PNG and eastern Australia. e.g.(Parr and Sullivan 2005)
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19. Observations on plants……
•Plantstones occur in many plants particularly grasses.
•There is a huge variation in the amount of carbon
occluded in the plantstones of different plant species.
Ongoing research……
•We are currently screening economic plant species and
varieties to establish those that are the most prolific
producers of Plantstones and PhytOC.
“The best at sequestering carbon for the long-term.”
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23. With the exception of two varieties of one species
the mean organic carbon locked up in Plantstones
(PhytOC) ranged from 0.5% to 6% of Plantstone
weight.
One variety of one cereal crop had PhytOC levels
5 times higher than other varieties of this crop.
No apparent loss in grain or biomass yield.
Tall Wheatgrass and Salt
Bush
PhytOC content for Tall
Wheatgrass was 6% of
Plantstone wt.
Change in vegetation &
land-use + significant
increases in long-term
sequestered Plantstone
carbon.
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Picture supplied by George Truman Catchment Management Authority & Lachlan Rowling NSW Ag.
24. Summary
• Many plants contain Plantstones i.e.
phytoliths or plant opal
• Many Plantstones contain carbon
• Carbon in Plantstones is stored for
thousands of years
• With no apparent loss in grain or
biomass yield.
• Carbon stored in Plantstones can be used
for the long term secure sequestration
of carbon in agriculture and
environmental remediation.
•Carbon sequestration in Plantstones can be
optimized by selection of plant types
or crop variety.
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25. Agricultural soils,
Acid sulfate soils,
The next generation of
Saline soils and, Carbon Sequestration
Solutions.
Wetland areas
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