Eksplorasi geokimia membahas konsep geokimia tambang, unsur dan isotop, asosiasi mineral, asosiasi unsur, definisi dan konsep geokimia, mineral bijih, konsentrasi unsur, unsur penunjuk, istilah-istilah dalam analisis geokimia seperti background geokimia, anomali geokimia, threshold, lingkungan geokimia primer dan sekunder, dispersi geokimia, dan mobilitas unsur.
Analisa potensi emas menggunakan metode geolistrik induksi polarisasi di Padang Sibusuk. Metode ini digunakan untuk mendeteksi distribusi emas di bawah permukaan dengan mengukur polarisasi listrik mineral logam. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan sebaran emas di area tersebut.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode geolistrik resistivitas konfigurasi Wenner-Schlumberger untuk menentukan sebaran dan kualitas batuan fosfat di Sumenep, Madura. Hasil pengukuran di lapangan dan laboratorium menunjukkan nilai resistivitas batuan fosfat antara 96-353 ohm meter dan kadar P2O5 12,3-15%, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pupuk.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode geolistrik resistivitas konfigurasi Wenner-Schlumberger untuk menentukan sebaran dan kualitas batuan fosfat di Sumenep, Madura. Hasil pengukuran di laboratorium menunjukkan nilai resistivitas batuan fosfat antara 96-353 ohm meter dan kadar P2O5 12,30-15%. Batuan fosfat di daerah penelitian dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pupuk.
Eksplorasi geokimia membahas konsep geokimia tambang, unsur dan isotop, asosiasi mineral, asosiasi unsur, definisi dan konsep geokimia, mineral bijih, konsentrasi unsur, unsur penunjuk, istilah-istilah dalam analisis geokimia seperti background geokimia, anomali geokimia, threshold, lingkungan geokimia primer dan sekunder, dispersi geokimia, dan mobilitas unsur.
Analisa potensi emas menggunakan metode geolistrik induksi polarisasi di Padang Sibusuk. Metode ini digunakan untuk mendeteksi distribusi emas di bawah permukaan dengan mengukur polarisasi listrik mineral logam. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan sebaran emas di area tersebut.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode geolistrik resistivitas konfigurasi Wenner-Schlumberger untuk menentukan sebaran dan kualitas batuan fosfat di Sumenep, Madura. Hasil pengukuran di lapangan dan laboratorium menunjukkan nilai resistivitas batuan fosfat antara 96-353 ohm meter dan kadar P2O5 12,3-15%, sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pupuk.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode geolistrik resistivitas konfigurasi Wenner-Schlumberger untuk menentukan sebaran dan kualitas batuan fosfat di Sumenep, Madura. Hasil pengukuran di laboratorium menunjukkan nilai resistivitas batuan fosfat antara 96-353 ohm meter dan kadar P2O5 12,30-15%. Batuan fosfat di daerah penelitian dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pupuk.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
925-3232-5-PB (1).pdf
1. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara Volume 15, Nomor 2, Mei 2019 : 97 - 108
Naskah masuk : 29 Maret 2018, revisi pertama : 01 November 2018, revisi kedua : 14 Desember 2018, revisi terakhir : 16 Mei 2019. 97
DOI: 10.30556/jtmb.Vol15.No2.2019.925
Ini adalah artikel akses terbuka di bawah lisensi CC BY-NC (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)
PENGARUH PELAPUKAN TERHADAP KADAR
PLATINA DAN PALADIUM NIKEL LATERIT
KONAWE UTARA
Effect of Weathering on Platinum and Palladium Compositions in
Two Ni-laterites of North Konawe
RONALDO IRZON1,2
, KURNIA1
, PURNAMA SENDJAJA1
, DIAN HARISAPUTRA1
, dan
BAHARUDDIN1
1
Pusat Survei Geologi
Jl. Diponegoro 57 Bandung
e-mail : ronaldoirzon18@gmail.com
2
Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran
Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor
e-mail: ronaldo17003@mail.unpad.ac.id
ABSTRAK
Platinum Group Element (PGE) merupakan logam transisi dengan kelimpahan sangat rendah yang terdiri dari
platina (Pt), paladium (Pd), rodium (Rh), osmium (Os), dan rutenium (Ru). Selain terkait dengan sulfida, kelompok
logam ini bersifat siderofil (mudah larut dalam besi) dan kalkofil (mudah bercampur dengan belerang). Proses
pelapukan batuan menghasilkan beberapa lapisan sejajar permukaan tanah namun dengan kenampakan
megaskopis berbeda dan disebut sebagai horizon. Studi mengenai PGE cukup banyak dilaksanakan pada wilayah
batuan ultramafik dan lapukannya. Tingkat pelapukan dapat dihitung menggunakan beberapa formula
berdasarkan komposisi geokimianya. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perubahan kadar Pt dan Pd pada
pelapukan batuan ultramafik Andowia dan Asera yang merupakan bagian dari Kabupaten Konawe Utara.
Chemical index of alteration (CIA) dan chemical index of alteration without potash (CIA-K) adalah dua jenis
indeks pelapukan berbasis geokimia yang dikalkulasi untuk mengetahui korelasinya terhadap komposisi PGE
masing-masing horizon. Pengukuran Pt dan Pd dilaksanakan menggunakan perangkat ICP-MS setelah tahap
prakonsentrasi dengan teknik uji kadar logam (fire assay). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa Pt dan Pd tertinggi
terdapat pada horizon yang berada tepat di bawah lapisan tanah bagian atas (top soil) yang diduga terkait dengan
komposisi Fe dan S pada setiap horizon di kedua profil studi. Indeks CIA dan CIA-K di sini sangat mirip akibat
kandungan oksida kalium yang sangat rendah pada setiap percontoh. Indeks pelapukan berbanding lurus dengan
kelimpahan Pt dan Pd pada setiap profil dengan korelasi sangat kuat. Perubahan CIA dan CIA-K yang drastis
pada salah satu horizon di Asera menunjukkan bahwa pelapukan di sini ini telah terganggu oleh endapan
lepas dari tempat lain. Pada sisi lain, pelapukan berjalan normal di Andowia berdasarkan pada kenaikan
teratur CIA dan CIA-K dari horizon paling bawah menuju ke atas.
Kata kunci: indeks pelapukan, platina-paladium, pelapukan, ultramafik
ABSTRACT
Platinum Group Element is a transition metal with a very low abundance that consists of platinum, palladium,
rhodium, osmium, and ruthenium. The siderophile and chalcophile metals are also associated with sulfides. The
weathering process produces several layers that are parallel to the soil surface but with different megascopic
appearance called the horizon. Many studies on PGE were conducted in areas with ultramafic rocks and the
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98
results of weathering. The weathering levels can be calculated using several formulas based on geochemical
composition. This study aims to understand the Pt and Pd composition change in the two weathered
ultramafic profiles in Andowia and Asera which is a part of the North Konawe Regency. The CIA and CIA-K
are calculated to determine their correlations to the PGE composition on each horizon. The Pt and Pd
measurements were performed using ICP-MS device after preconcentration stage with fire assay technique.
The analysis results show that the highest Pt and Pd are available on the horizon just below the topsoil
horizon. The highest contents are related to Fe and S composition on each horizon in both study profiles. The
CIA and CIA-K indexes are very similar due to the very low potassium oxide content. The weathering index
directly proportional to the abundance of Pt and Pd on each profile with a very strong correlation. The input
inclusion of different places in the Asera’s profile is described by the drastic changes of CIA and CIA-K on one
horizon. On the other hand, weathering runs normally in Andowia based on a regular increase of CIA and
CIA-K from the lowest horizon to the upper one.
Keywords: weathering indexes, platinum-palladium, weathering, ultramafic
PENDAHULUAN
Platinum Group Elements (PGE) berada dalam
Grup VIII, Periode V dan VI logam transisi
tabel kimia. Kelompok ini terdiri dari enam
unsur logam, yakni: platina (Pt), paladium (Pd),
rodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), osmium (Os) dan
rutenium (Ru). Bersama emas dan perak, logam
PGE merupakan material mahal dengan
kelimpahan kecil pada kerak bumi (Ako dkk.,
2017). PGE cenderung hadir bersama akibat
kemiripan sifat kimia dan fisikanya. Penelitian
terhadap kelimpahan PGE banyak dilakukan
pada area batuan mafik dan ultramafik
(Okrugin, 2011; Liu dkk., 2012; Balaram dkk.,
2013; Jackson-Brown dkk., 2014; Xing dkk.,
2015; O’Driscoll dan González-Jiménez, 2016;
Ako dkk., 2017). PGE bersifat siderofil karena
memiliki afinitas yang tinggi terhadap besi dan
bersifat kalkopil karena sering ditemukan
bersama dengan tembaga (Liu dkk., 2012;
O’Driscoll dan González-Jiménez, 2016).
Sulfida diduga sebagai pembawa utama PGE
dalam mantel bumi akibat tingkat kelarutannya
yang tinggi pada magma jenuh belerang
(Okrugin, 2011; Balaram dkk., 2013;
O’Driscoll dan González-Jiménez, 2016).
Eksplorasi PGE menjadi sangat menarik akibat
faktor geologi, geokimia, biologi, dan proses
tektonik yang memengaruhi keterdapatan
kelompok unsur ini (Kubrakova dkk., 2017).
Studi terkait PGE ini masih sedikit akibat
kelimpahan alamiahnya yang kecil dan
keterbatasan metode analisis yang akurat
(Kubrakova dkk., 2017). PGE terbagi menjadi
Iridium-Platinum Group Elements (IPGE; terdiri
dari Ir, Os, dan Ru) yang bersifat sepadan dan
Palladium-Platinum Group Elements (PPGE;
terdiri dari Pd, Pt, dan Rh) yang cenderung
tidak sepadan (Suárez dkk., 2010; Okrugin,
2011; Wang dkk., 2011; Abeng dkk., 2012; Liu
dkk., 2012; Balaram dkk., 2013; Xing dkk.,
2015; Le Vaillant, Fiorentini dan Barnes, 2016;
O’Driscoll dan González-Jiménez, 2016; Ako
dkk., 2017). Oleh sebab itu, IPGE lebih mudah
masuk dalam proses kristalisasi mineral selama
evolusi magma sedangkan PPGE justru
terkonsentrasi tinggi pada magma sisa. IPGE
dapat bertahan pada mantel peridotit ketika
pelelehan parsial karena bersifat sangat tahan
panas. Pada sisi lain, PPGE lebih banyak
terdapat pada lelehan sulfida logam yang
terpisahkan dari lava induk. Berdasarkan proses
pembentukannya mineral pembawa PGE dapat
diklasifikasikan menjadi beberapa kelompok
mineral, yaitu: (i) berasosiasi dengan logam
sulfida, (ii) jenis terbentuk pada tahap awal
oksidasi, (iii) oksida PGE, (iv) terikat dengan
oksida Fe (±Ni-Cu), dan (vi) ikutan pada
hematit-gutit (Suárez dkk., 2010). Oleh karena
itu, daerah dengan horizon pelapukan Ni yang
tebal sering dijadikan lokasi eksplorasi PGE,
seperti: Varshavsky – Urals Selatan (Ankushev
dkk., 2016), dan Aguablanca – Spanyol (Suárez
dkk., 2010).
Pelapukan merupakan fenomena perubahan
batuan yang dipengaruhi oleh beragam faktor,
seperti: topografi, jenis batuan induk, iklim
setempat, dan aktifitas biologi (Calagari,
Farahani dan Abedini, 2015). Kondisi tropis
dengan temperatur dan curah hujan tinggi
secara teoritis akan meningkatkan kecepatan
pelapukan batuan. Meski demikian, bila
horizon pelapukan sangat tebal, maka proses
pelapukan akan jauh melambat akibat
pembentukan mineral sekunder yang
mengalami pengurangan kation terlarutnya
(Ca2+
, Mg2+
, Na+
, K+
) dan bersifat tahan
pelapukan (Edwards dkk., 2017). Batuan mafik
merupakan jenis batuan yang sangat rentan
3. Pengaruh Pelapukan Terhadap Kadar Platina dan Paladium Nikel Laterit Konawe Utara, Ronaldo Irzon dkk.
99
terhadap pelapukan sehingga 35% dari horizon
lapuk di wilayah kontinen merupakan hasil
dari batuan ini (Edwards dkk., 2017). Terdapat
beberapa perhitungan kuantitatif dalam
penentuan indeks pelapukan berdasarkan
komposisi geokimia, seperti Ruxton Ratio,
Weathering Index of Parker, Weathering
Potential Index dan Chemical Index of
Alteration (CIA). Weathering Potential Index
dan Chemical Index of Alteration yang telah
diperbarui menjadi Modified Weathering
Potential Index dan Chemical Index of
Alteration without Potash secara berurutan.
Konawe Utara merupakan kabupaten di
wilayah Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara yang
keterdapatan batuan ultramafiknya cukup luas
dengan kandungan bahan galian nikel cukup
tinggi (Irzon dan Abdullah, 2016). Batuan
ultramafik diketahui sebagai batuan yang
rentan terhadap pelapukan (Pattnaik dan
Equeenuddin, 2016). Keberadaannya dalam
lingkungan tropis semakin memudahkan
pembentukan horizon laterit nikel di daerah
ini. Penelitian terdahulu telah menjabarkan
mengenai mobilisasi logam ekonomis (Ni, Fe,
Mn, dan Co) pada beberapa horizon laterit
nikel di wilayah Sulawesi Tenggara tersebut
(Chaerul dkk., 2015; Irzon, 2017). Peta
pengembangan kawasan andalan
pertambangan nikel di Kabupaten Konawe
Utara ditunjukkan pada Gambar 1.
Studi mengenai keterdapatan PGE pada
horizon laterit nikel di Konawe Utara pada
dasarnya belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian
ini bertujuan menjabarkan kandungan dua
jenis PPGE yakni platina dan paladium pada
dua profil laterit nikel di Konawe Utara. Profil
yang dipelajari adalah yang tersingkap di
Andowia dan Asera. Indeks pelapukan
berdasarkan komposisi kimia dikalkulasi
untuk mengetahui korelasinya dengan
keadaan megaskopis di lapangan maupun
dengan komposisi PGE pada masing-masing
horizon. Studi ini bermanfaat untuk
memfokuskan eksplorasi PGE pada horizon
tertentu dalam profil hasil pelapukan batuan
ultramafik.
Sumber: Nursahan, Isnaniawardhani dan Sulaksana (2013)
Gambar 1. Peta pengembangan kawasan andalan pertambangan nikel di Kabupaten Konawe Utara.
4. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara Volume 15, Nomor 2, Mei 2019 : 97 - 108
100
Geologi Regional
Konawe Utara merupakan bagian dari Peta
Geologi Lembar Lasusua – Kendari (Rusmana
dkk., 1993). Formasi Tolaka dan Formasi
Meluhu merupakan dua unit batuan tertua
yang terdapat di sini. Kedua satuan batuan
terdiri dari batuan metasedimen berumur Trias
dan berada di Selatan Kabupaten Konawe
Utara. Kompleks Ultramafik dengan kisaran
peridotit, harsburgit, dunit, gabro, dan
serpentinit berada di utara kabupaten ini.
Formasi Pandua tersedimentasi pada waktu
Miosen Akhir – Pliosen Awal dan tersusun oleh
konglomerat, batu pasir dan lempung. Batuan
termuda di lembar peta ini ialah Aluvium
(berumur Kuarter) yang terdiri dari endapan
sungai, rawa dan pantai. Penelitian terdahulu
telah membagi Kompleks Ultramafik ini
berdasarkan interpretasi petrologi dan
komposisi geokimianya (Irzon dan Abdullah,
2016).
Kedua profil nikel laterit yang dipelajari
berada di Kabupaten Konawe Utara dan
berlokasi tidak jauh dari jalan raya sehingga
mudah untuk dicapai. Batuan induk tidak
tersingkap pada kedua profil untuk dapat
mempelajari proses mobilisasi PGE secara
lebih komprehensif. Namun demikian,
berdasarkan peta geologi dan kenampakan
horizon pelapukan secara megaskopis, kedua
profil ini merupakan hasil pelapukan batuan
ultramafik. Kedua lokasi profil pengamatan
berikut keadaan geologi lokal wilayah
Konawe Utara dapat dilihat pada Gambar 2.
METODE
Penelitian dimulai dengan pengambilan
percontoh pada dua lokasi di Konawe Utara.
Palu geologi, kompas, lup, dan meter ukur
diperlukan untuk mendeskripsikan setiap
horizon penelitian dan memisahkan percontoh
yang akan diteliti. Setelah sampai di
laboratorium, percontoh terpilih dipreparasi,
kemudian dianalisis menggunakan inductively
coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).
Sumber: Rusmana dkk. (1993)
Gambar 2. Geologi lokal Kabupaten Konawe Utara berikut lokasi profil penelitian di Andowia dan di Asera
5. Pengaruh Pelapukan Terhadap Kadar Platina dan Paladium Nikel Laterit Konawe Utara, Ronaldo Irzon dkk.
101
Megaskopis Dua Profil Penelitian
Profil pertama berada di sekitar Andowia berupa
hasil pelapukan batuan ultramafik dengan
ketebalan total mencapai 3 m (KUR 57). Pada
profil ini dapat diamati empat horizon yang
berbeda. Pertama, horizon saprolit dengan
tipikal batuan yang sudah lapuk namun masih
cukup keras dengan ketebalan 1 m tersingkap
paling bawah. Pada horizon kedua dapat
diamati saprolit yang relatif lebih lapuk (KUR 57
C) daripada KUR 57 D memiliki ketebalan 0,5
m dan berbatasan dengan horizon ketiga
(laterit). Laterit pada profil di Andowia (KUR 57
B) memiliki ketebalan 0,5 m dengan warna
gelap yang diduga akibat pelapukan besi.
Mineral lempungan juga dapat dijumpai pada
horizon KUR 57 B ini. Top soil secara
megaskopis masih berwarna merah gelap meski
tanpa mineral lempungan dan masih dijumpai
akar-akar tanaman. Tebal horizon paling atas ini
sekitar satu meter (KUR 57-A). Studi sebelumnya
telah menjabarkan perbandingan komposisi
logam-logam berat, kecuali PGE, pada empat
horizon pada profil di Andowia (Irzon, 2017).
Sumber: Irzon (2017)
Gambar 3. Kenampakan megaskopis profil penelitian: a) Profil di Andowia; b) Batas horizon saprolit dan laterit
di Andowia; c) Profil pelapukan di Asera yang dapat dibagi menjadi tujuh horizon; dan d) Saprolit berwarna
terang dari horizon UMK 53-7 di Asera
a b
c d
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Profil berikutnya berada di wilayah Asera
(UMK 53) dengan ketebalan total 3,1 m. Meski
pada dasarnya profil ini terdiri dari tiga bagian,
yaitu: saprolit, laterit/limonit, maupun tanah
penutup, profil ini dapat dibedakan lebih jauh
menjadi tujuh horizon. Saprolit dengan warna
terang (UMK 53-7) dan ketebalan 60 cm
berada paling bawah sebagai lapisan yang
paling sedikit mengalami pelapukan bila
dibandingkan dengan yang lain. Saprolit
berwarna kekuningan (UMK 53-6) menindih di
atas saprolit berwarna terang memiliki
ketebalan setengah meter. Meskipun telah
berwarna kemerahan, lapisan di atas UMK 53-
6 masih digolongkan sebagai saprolit karena
masih terdapat sisa batuan induk. Horizon
yang berbatasan dengan laterit ini (UMK 53-5)
memiliki ketebalan 30 cm. Laterit terbagi
dalam dua horizon dengan kenampakan warna
yang berbeda dari bawah ke atas, yakni:
berwarna kemerahan (UMK 53-4) dan merah
kehitaman (UMK 53-3) dengan tebal lapisan
masing-masing 40 cm. Berbeda dengan profil
di Andowia, profil di Asera ini bukan
dihasilkan oleh pelapukan secara keseluruhan
karena didapati fragmen batuan pada lapisan
koluvium (UMK 53-2) sebagai lepasan dari
tempat lain (tebal horizon ≈ 60 cm). Akar-akar
tanaman masih dapat diamati pada lapisan
teratas sebagai horizon tanah penutup yang
berwarna merah gelap dengan ketebalan 30
cm (UMK 53-1). Keadaan lapangan profil
lapukan batuan ultramafik yang dipelajari
dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3. Ringkasan kedua
profil dapat diamati pada Gambar 4.
Pengukuran Kadar Pt dan Pd
Platina dan paladium pada seluruh percontoh
telah diukur di Laboratorium Geologi – Pusat
Survei Geologi. Seperti telah dipaparkan
sebelumnya, PGE terdapat di alam dalam
kelimpahan yang kecil sehingga dibutuhkan
metode dengan ketelitian pengukuran yang
tinggi. Oleh karena itu, perangkat utama yang
digunakan adalah ICP-MS sebagai perangkat
yang robust dan sensitif sehingga mampu
mendeteksi kadar unsur dan/atau isotop
hingga part per billion (ppb) (Liu dkk., 2012;
Xing dkk., 2015; Ako dkk., 2017; Irzon, 2017;
Gilmartin dan Gingrich, 2018). Selain itu,
seluruh percontoh telah melalui proses
prakonsentrasi dengan skema uji kadar logam
agar jumlah PGE pada percontoh dapat lebih
mudah dibaca oleh spektrometer massa dalam
ICP-MS. Skema uji kadar logam yang telah
dijabarkan pada penelitian sebelumnya juga
diterapkan pada studi mengenai pelapukan
batuan ultramafik (Irzon dan Kurnia, 2013,
2014). Proses preparasi percontoh konsentrat
hasil uji kadar logam hingga analisis dengan
ICP-MS mengikuti alur kerja studi sebelumnya
(Irzon, 2017). Berdasarkan lima tingkat larutan
standar kalibrasi yang digunakan maka limit
deteksi Pd dan Pt pada studi ini adalah 2 dan
1 ppb secara berurutan.
Gambar 4. Deskripsi setiap horizon pada dua profil penelitian: a) Andowia dan b) Asera
7. Pengaruh Pelapukan Terhadap Kadar Platina dan Paladium Nikel Laterit Konawe Utara, Ronaldo Irzon dkk.
103
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Hasil Analisis
Mobilisasi oksida utama, beberapa unsur jejak,
dan unsur tanah jarang pada profil di Andowia
telah dibahas pada studi sebelumnya (Irzon,
2017). Namun demikian kedua penelitian
tersebut belum membahas mengenai
kelimpahan PGE maupun indeks pelapukan
berbasis geokimia pada kedua profil. Dikenal
sebagai logam bernilai ekonomis tinggi,
kandungan PGM secara alami memang sangat
rendah yang biasanya pada level ppb. Secara
rata-rata, paladium pada percontoh lebih tinggi
dibandingkan dengan kelimpahannya pada
mantel, meski Pt terdeteksi lebih rendah. Kadar
Pd pada profil di Andowia memilki rentang
yang lebih lebar dari pada Asera, yaitu: 4
hingga 8 ppb (rataan 5,75 ppb) dan 4 hingga 7
ppb (rataan 5,57 ppb) secara berurutan.
Sebaliknya, profil di Asera terdeteksi dengan
rentang Pt yang lebih luas (3 – 6 ppb, rerata
4,14 ppb) dari pada Andowia (2 – 4 ppb, rerata
2,75 ppb).
Dua jenis indeks pelapukan berbasis geokimia
diterapkan pada penelitian ini, yaitu chemical
index of alteration (CIA) dan chemical
index of alteration without potash (CIA-K).
CIA dihitung dengan persamaan berturut-turut
(1) dan (2) berikut:
Al2O3
Al2O3 CaO a2O K2O
x 100.......................... (1)
Al2O3
Al2O3 CaO a2O
x 100 ................................. (2)
CIA-K adalah hasil penyempurnaan CIA
dengan tidak memasukkan kadar oksida
kalium dalam perhitungannya. Perbedaan
cukup signifikan terindikasi pada indeks
pelapukan berbasis kandungan geokimia.
Rentang CIA dan CIA-K yang sempit
ditunjukkan oleh profil di Andowia, yakni
masing-masing berkisar antara 68,1 – 95,6
dan 68,2 – 95,8. Pada sisi lain, indeks
pelapukan yang lebih lebar ditunjukkan oleh
profil di Asera dengan CIA pada 47,24 hingga
92,63 dan CIA-K pada 47,46 hingga 92,84.
Hasil pengukuran kelimpahan Pt dan Pd
berikut indeks pelapukan pada percontoh
dalam studi ini terlampir dalam Tabel 1. Hasil
kalkulasi perhitungan CIA dan CIA-K
berdasarkan persamaan (1) dan (2) sangat
mirip akibat sangat rendahnya kadar K2O
pada setiap percontoh sebagai hasil
pelapukan batuan ultramafik.
Perubahan Kadar Pt dan Pd
Platina berkadar paling rendah ditunjukkan
oleh dua horizon saprolit di Andowia (KUR
57 C dan KUR 57 D) sebesar 2 ppb.
Kelimpahan platina jauh meningkat menjadi 4
ppb pada horizon laterit berwarna merah
gelap (KUR 57 B). Meski jumlah platina
sedikit turun menjadi 3 ppb pada horizon
tanah, jumlah ini meningkat 75% bila
dibandingkan dengan kadar dalam horizon
saprolit. Kecenderungan mobilisasi paladium
relatif serupa dengan platina pada profil ini.
Paladium pada laterit naik drastis hingga
mencapai dua kali lipat pada horizon laterit (8
ppb) relatif terhadap horizon saprolit bagian
bawah maupun horizon saprolit bagian atas (4
ppb) (Gambar 5a).
Walaupun saprolit dapat dibedakan menjadi
tiga horizon (UMK 53-5, UMK 53-6, dan UMK
53-7) berbeda pada profil di Asera, kandungan
Pt dan Pd tidak berubah dan merupakan yang
paling rendah, yakni 3 dan 4 ppb secara
berurutan. Jumlah Pd meninggi pada horizon
laterit bawah (UMK 53-4) dan makin naik
menuju horizon laterit atas (UMK 53-3)
menjadi masing-masing 6 dan 7 ppb. Tidak
terdapat perubahan kadar paladium pada
lapisan koluvium (UMK 53-2) dan tanah
penutup (UMK 53-1) secara komparatif
terhadap horizon laterit bagian atas. Sedikit
perbedaan dapat diperhatikan pada pola
mobilisasi platina. Komposisi platina tampak
stabil pada tiga lapisan saprolit (3 ppb) dan
terus meningkat pada tiga lapisan ke atas
berikutnya, yaitu: 4, 5, dan 6 ppb dalam
lapisan laterit bawah, laterit atas, dan koluvium
secara berurutan. Kandungan logam mulia
dengan nomor atom 78 ini sedikit menurun
menjadi 5 ppb pada lapisan tanah (Gambar
5b). Lepasan batuan dari tempat lain menjadi
faktor pembeda pada profil di Andowia
terhadap profil dari Asera sehingga lapisan
tanah penutup di tempat yang terakhir
memiliki jumlah Pd dan Pt yang sama dengan
lapisan laterit teratas. Berdasarkan pola
mobilisasi kedua profil yang diteliti dapat
disimpulkan bahwa secara normal Pd dan Pt
tertinggi terdapat pada horizon yang tepat
berada di bawah horizon tanah penutup.
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104
Tabel 1. Komposisi Pt dan Pd pada seluruh percontoh dan hasil perhitungan
indeks pelapukan berbasis geokimia
Konsentrasi PGE (ppb) Indeks Pelapukan
Pt Pd CIA CIA-K
Profil di Andowia
KUR 57 A 3 7 95.6 95.8
KUR 57 B 4 8 95.1 95.3
KUR 57 C 2 4 68.99 69
KUR 57 D 2 4 68.1 68.2
Profil di Asera
UMK 53-1 5 7 92.63 92.84
UMK 53-2 6 7 47.97 48.01
UMK 53-3 5 7 88.59 88.69
UMK 53-4 4 6 87.23 87.28
UMK 53-5 3 4 51.64 51.71
UMK 53-6 3 4 49.74 49.81
UMK 53-7 3 4 47.24 47.46
Gambar 5. Perubahan kadar PGE ( = Pt dan = Pd) pada setiap horizon di kedua profil penelitian: a) di
Andowia; dan b) di Asera
Kadar oksida besi berkorelasi sangat kuat
terhadap Pd di Andowia dan Pt maupun Pd di
Asera yang sesuai dengan kesimpulan
sebelumnya bahwa Platinum Group Element
bersifat siderofil (Liu dkk., 2012; O’Driscoll
dan González-Jiménez, 2016). Meski tidak
sekuat korelasi sebelumnya Pt terhadap Fe2O3T
masih berkorelasi kuat pada profil di Andowia
dengan koefisien korelasi 0,79 (Tabel 2).
Kecenderungan yang sama dapat diamati pada
korelasi kedua logam PGE di dua profil yang
dipelajari, yakni: korelasi sangat kuat Pt-SO3 di
Andowia dan Pt-SO3 dan Pd-SO3 di Asera
sebagai penegas bahwa PPGE terkonsentrasi
pada material sulfida (Le Vaillant, Fiorentini
dan Barnes, 2016). Namun demikian, kenaikan
komposisi nikel berbanding terbalik dengan
kelimpahan Pd dan Pt di kedua titik penelitian.
Ni lebih terkonsentrasi pada batas antara
horizon saprolit dan laterit (Irzon, 2017)
sedangkan kadar PGE tertinggi justru berada
pada horizon sebelum tanah. Partikel logam
9. Pengaruh Pelapukan Terhadap Kadar Platina dan Paladium Nikel Laterit Konawe Utara, Ronaldo Irzon dkk.
105
ukuran nanometer dapat terbentuk selama
proses pelapukan. Penelitian sebelumnya
menyebutkan bahwa selain Fe oksihidroksi,
bahan organik disimpulkan dapat membantu
migrasi PGE (Kubrakova dkk., 2017). Pt dan Pd
pada lokasi studi sangat mungkin telah
termobilisasi menuju horizon paling atas
dengan bantuan penyerapan tumbuhan yang
terdapat pada horizon ini sehingga dapat
menjelaskan kandungannya yang lebih tinggi
daripada horizon saprolit.
Indeks Pelapukan Berbasis Geokimia
Penelitian sebelumnya telah menyimpulkan
bahwa tingkat pelapukan di Andowia
meningkat dari horizon paling bawah menuju
ke atas (Irzon, 2017). Sedikit perbedaan pada
profil di Asera adalah keterdapatan horizon
koluvium. Indeks pelapukan CIA dan CIA-K
dimanfaatkan untuk menganalisis tingkat
pelapukan secara berbasis komposisi geokimia
pada dua profil yang dipelajari. Perbedaan
horizon saprolit dan laterit tampak jelas pada
indeks pelapukan di Andowia (Gambar 6a).
CIA maupun CIA-K pada dua horizon saprolit
tidak jauh berbeda, yaitu 68,1 dan 68,2 pada
KUR 57 D; dan 68,99 dan 69 pada KUR 57 C.
Indeks ini menaik pada horizon laterit (CIA =
95,1 dan CIA-K = 95,3) yang bermakna bahwa
pelapukan kuat telah terjadi. Meski sedikit
menaik, dua jenis indeks pelapukan tidak jauh
berbeda antara lapisan laterit dan tanah
penutup.
Batas antara horizon saprolit maupun laterit
pada profil di Asera dipertegas oleh indeks CIA
dan CIA-K. Dua indeks tersebut perlahan
meningkat dari horizon saprolit paling bawah
(UMK 53-7) hingga saprolit paling atas (UMK
53-5) (Gambar 6b). Sedikit kenaikan CIA dan
CIA-K dapat diperhatikan pada horizon laterit
UMK 53-4 menuju UMK 53-3. Perlu
ditekankan bahwa kedua indeks pelapukan ini
jauh meningkat dari horizon saprolit yang
berkisar antara 47 hingga 52 menuju laterit
dengan indeks 87-89. Profil pelapukan semakin
jelas telah terganggu oleh input dari luar
dengan penurunan signifikan CIA dan CIA-K
pada UMK 53-3 terhadap UMK 53-2. Input
dari lokasi lain dapat dikategorikan sebagai
batuan yang relatif dengan tingkat pelapukan
setara dengan saprolit pada profil ini dengan
mengacu pada dua jenis indeks pelapukan.
CIA dan CIA-K kembali meningkat hingga
mencapai nilai paling tinggi pada horizon
teratas dari profil di Asera.
Tingkat pelapukan menaik berbanding lurus
dengan peningkatan nilai CIA. Batuan
dianggap masih cukup segar dengan CIA ≤50,
sedangkan batas optimum batuan yang telah
lapuk adalah CIA = 100 (Taboada dkk., 2016;
Singh dan Khan, 2017). Lebih lanjut,
sistematika proses pelapukan dikatakan berada
pada tingkat sedang dengan CIA 60-80,
sedangkan CIA >80 adalah indikasi tingkat
pelapukan berat (Engon dkk., 2017).
Berdasarkan pada klasifikasi tersebut dua
horizon laterit di Andowia dikategorikan lapuk
sedang, sedangkan horizon laterit dan top soil
telah lapuk berat. Kecenderungan yang serupa
juga ditunjukkan pada profil di Asera. Tiga
horizon saprolit (UMK 53-7 hingga UMK 53-5)
di Asera terbukti baru saja mulai lapuk. UMK
53-4 dan UMK 53-3 terbukti telah pengalami
pelapukan tingkat tinggi. Penurunan drastis CIA
pada UMK 53-2 dipengaruhi oleh koluvium
pada horizon ini.
Korelasi Kadar PGM terhadap Indeks
Pelapukan
Perubahan komposisi PGM terhadap indeks
pelapukan perlu dikaji untuk mengetahui
kecenderungannya. Hubungan kedua variabel
tersebut dipelajari dengan perhitungan koefisien
korelasi (r). Semakin kuat korelasi antara dua
variabel maka koefisien korelasinya akan
semakin mendekati 1 atau -1. Paladium tampak
berkorelasi lebih kuat terhadap indeks
pelapukan pada dua profil pelapukan batuan
ultramafik yang diteliti. Variabel kelimpahan
paladium dan platina berkorelasi positif sangat
kuat terhadap kedua indeks pelapukan berbasis
geokimia di Andowia, yaitu 0,98 dan 0,90
secara berurutan (Tabel 2). Kecenderungan
serupa juga dapat diamati pada profil di Asera
bila kedua variabel yang dikorelasikan adalah
data pada horizon UMK 53-3 ke bawah hingga
UMK 53-7. Pada sisi lain, tidak ada korelasi
yang berderajat cukup kuat jika seluruh data
pada profil di Asera digunakan dalam
perhitungan, yaitu koefisien korelasi 0,39 (Pt)
dan 0,67 (Pd). Hal ini semakin mempertegas
hasil penelitian sebelumnya (Irzon, 2017)
bahwa horizon UMK 53-2 (collovium) bukanlah
hasil pelapukan menerus dari batuan induk yang
sama dengan horizon-horizon di bawahnya.
10. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara Volume 15, Nomor 2, Mei 2019 : 97 - 108
106
Gambar 6. Indeks pelapukan pada dua profil yang diteliti: a) di Andowia; dan b) di Asera.
Keterangan: = CIA-K dan = CIA. Perbedaan kedua indeks pelapukan ini tidak tampak jelas pada profil
di Asera akibat nilai yang sangat mirip.
Tabel 2. Koefisien korelasi (r) antara komposisi Pt dan Pd pada profil penelitian terhadap kadar
oksida besi, oksida sulfur, dan dua jenis indeks pelapukan.
Profil Fe2O3T SO3 CIA CIA-K
Andowia
Pt 0,79 0,77 0,90 0,90
Pd 0,91 0,89 0,98 0,98
Asera tanpa dua horizon teratas
Pt 0,96 0,90 0,92 0,93
Pd 0,99 0,95 0,97 0,97
Asera keseluruhan
Pt 0,55 0,63 0,39 0,39
Pd 0,77 0,81 0,67 0,67
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
Komposisi platina pada profil di Andowia
berada dalam rentang yang sedikit lebih
rendah daripada di Asera. Sebaliknya, kadar
paladium pada tujuh horizon laterit nikel di
Asera relatif sedikit lebih rendah dibanding di
Andowia. Berdasarkan data pada kedua lokasi
studi Pt dan Pd tertinggi berada pada horizon
yang berada tepat di bawah horizon top soil
yang diduga terkait komposisi Fe dan S pada
setiap horizon. Indeks CIA dan CIA-K telah
dihitung dan disimpulkan bahwa kedua
variabel tersebut sangat mirip akibat
kandungan oksida potasium yang sangat
rendah pada setiap percontoh. Indeks
pelapukan berbanding lurus dengan
kelimpahan Pt dan Pd pada setiap profil
dengan korelasi sangat kuat. Keterdapatan
input dari tempat berbeda pada profil di Asera
juga dipertegas dengan perubahan nilai
indeks pelapukan berbasis geokimia.
Hasil yang diperoleh pada studi ini dapat
mempermudah eksplorasi PGE pada berbagai
lokasi lain. Pengaruh tetumbuhan pada
penyerapan nanopartikel PGE yang kemudian
memengaruhi migrasi logam ini perlu
dipertegas melalui studi-studi lainnya.
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH
Penulis mengucapkan terimakasih sebesar-
besarnya kepada Kepala Pusat Survei Geologi
atas izin penggunaan data dalam tulisan ini.
11. Pengaruh Pelapukan Terhadap Kadar Platina dan Paladium Nikel Laterit Konawe Utara, Ronaldo Irzon dkk.
107
Tulisan ini merupakan bagian dari proyek
penelitian batuan ultramafik di Konawe Utara
yang telah dimulai sejak 2014. Terimakasih
kami ucapkan kepada Prof. Ildrem Syafri dan
Bapak Johannes Hutabarat yang telah
memberi pengarahan mengenai penggunaan
data geokimia. Kami ucapkan banyak
terimakasih juga kepada Ibu Erna, Ibu Indah,
dan Ibu Citra atas pendampingannya dalam
rangkaian uji laboratorium.
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