9. fluvio glacial 2
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This document discusses fluvio-glacial environments and processes, including how glacial sediment and meltwater impact these environments. It references homework on glaciers, differences between glacial and glaciofluvial deposits, and how fluvio-glacial processes can create unique landscapes. Graphs are shown related to jokulhlaups and their relevance to these environments.
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8. fluvioglacial 1
Glaciers produce meltwater that flows within and from the glacier in complex systems. Meltwater enters the glacial system through moulins and flows within it, carving tunnels and passages before exiting as glacial streams. The flow and sediment load of these streams varies throughout the year in predictable patterns shown on hydrographs, with peaks in summer when melting is highest and lower flow in winter when melting stops.
Waterfalls Of The Rivers Twiss + Doe
The document describes waterfalls located along the River Twiss and River Doe near Ingleton, North Yorkshire. It includes photos and questions about the geology and features of the waterfalls, such as the vegetation, relief, and erosion patterns visible. Differential erosion has created circular plunge pools below harder limestone bands. Over time, waterfalls will move upstream, leaving steep gorges as the erosion process continues.
10. fluvioglacial landforms
The document describes glacial and glaciofluvial deposits found in Alberta, Canada, including till, varves, eskers, and kame deltas. Varves are annual layers deposited in glacial lakes, with finer layers in winter and coarser in summer. Varves in the image were deposited in Glacial Lake Leduc and allow dating the lake. As the lake deepened over time, the varves became thinner and better defined as the sediment source moved farther. Glaciofluvial features like eskers and outwash plains can impact human activities by providing resources or affecting drainage.
What are fluvioglacial processes?
Here is a 4 mark labelled sketch of an esker:
[SKETCH OF AN ESKER]:
- Sinuous ridge
- Coarse gravel and sand
- Stratified layers
- 5-20m high
Eskers form through the process of subglacial deposition:
Meltwater flows through tunnels beneath the glacier. As it flows, it deposits material in the tunnel. Coarser material is deposited first, creating layers. As the glacier melts away, it leaves behind the sinuous ridge of stratified sand and gravel - the esker. The tunnel walls confined the meltwater flow and pressure, allowing transport and deposition of material.
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This document discusses commercialization of agriculture and its impact on smallholder producers. It raises questions about what options smallholder producers have to commercially engage, what innovations could help them participate in supply chains, and how labor markets and institutions influence agricultural growth and poverty. It also questions how coordination issues in financing, inputs and outputs can be addressed, and how agri-business can be developed and regulated.
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The document discusses intermediate technology solutions for improving food supply problems, including land rights and small-scale enterprises. It provides the example of Kukri Mukri in Bangladesh, where Action Aid helped rice farmers by providing literacy classes, introducing duck breeding and new crops, and installing intermediate technology pumps to access fresh groundwater. The pumps are simple, robust, and can be maintained locally with cheap spare parts.
7. green revolution
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6. common agricultural policy
- The document discusses the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and Environmental Stewardship schemes in the UK.
- CAP aimed to support farmers, ensure food security, and stabilize markets. It faced criticism and was reformed due to subsidies distorting trade.
- Environmental Stewardship provides funding to farmers who manage land in environmentally friendly ways. It has three levels: Entry Level Stewardship, Organic Entry Level Stewardship, and Higher Level Stewardship for more complex projects.
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8. fluvioglacial 1
Glaciers produce meltwater that flows within and from the glacier in complex systems. Meltwater enters the glacial system through moulins and flows within it, carving tunnels and passages before exiting as glacial streams. The flow and sediment load of these streams varies throughout the year in predictable patterns shown on hydrographs, with peaks in summer when melting is highest and lower flow in winter when melting stops.
Waterfalls Of The Rivers Twiss + Doe
The document describes waterfalls located along the River Twiss and River Doe near Ingleton, North Yorkshire. It includes photos and questions about the geology and features of the waterfalls, such as the vegetation, relief, and erosion patterns visible. Differential erosion has created circular plunge pools below harder limestone bands. Over time, waterfalls will move upstream, leaving steep gorges as the erosion process continues.
10. fluvioglacial landforms
The document describes glacial and glaciofluvial deposits found in Alberta, Canada, including till, varves, eskers, and kame deltas. Varves are annual layers deposited in glacial lakes, with finer layers in winter and coarser in summer. Varves in the image were deposited in Glacial Lake Leduc and allow dating the lake. As the lake deepened over time, the varves became thinner and better defined as the sediment source moved farther. Glaciofluvial features like eskers and outwash plains can impact human activities by providing resources or affecting drainage.
What are fluvioglacial processes?
Here is a 4 mark labelled sketch of an esker:
[SKETCH OF AN ESKER]:
- Sinuous ridge
- Coarse gravel and sand
- Stratified layers
- 5-20m high
Eskers form through the process of subglacial deposition:
Meltwater flows through tunnels beneath the glacier. As it flows, it deposits material in the tunnel. Coarser material is deposited first, creating layers. As the glacier melts away, it leaves behind the sinuous ridge of stratified sand and gravel - the esker. The tunnel walls confined the meltwater flow and pressure, allowing transport and deposition of material.
10. commercialisation of agriculture plantations
This document discusses commercialization of agriculture and its impact on smallholder producers. It raises questions about what options smallholder producers have to commercially engage, what innovations could help them participate in supply chains, and how labor markets and institutions influence agricultural growth and poverty. It also questions how coordination issues in financing, inputs and outputs can be addressed, and how agri-business can be developed and regulated.
9. intermedeate tech
The document discusses intermediate technology solutions for improving food supply problems, including land rights and small-scale enterprises. It provides the example of Kukri Mukri in Bangladesh, where Action Aid helped rice farmers by providing literacy classes, introducing duck breeding and new crops, and installing intermediate technology pumps to access fresh groundwater. The pumps are simple, robust, and can be maintained locally with cheap spare parts.
7. green revolution
The green revolution significantly increased agricultural production in developing countries between the 1940s-1960s through programs introducing high-yielding crop varieties, irrigation infrastructure, and use of fertilizers. This transformation was initiated by organizations like the Rockefeller Foundation and led to widespread adoption of new crops like rice varieties in countries in Asia and Latin America. While food production increased dramatically, the green revolution also had environmental and social impacts, and its benefits were not evenly distributed. Overall, the green revolution is both praised for preventing famine and criticized for its unintended consequences.
6. common agricultural policy
- The document discusses the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and Environmental Stewardship schemes in the UK.
- CAP aimed to support farmers, ensure food security, and stabilize markets. It faced criticism and was reformed due to subsidies distorting trade.
- Environmental Stewardship provides funding to farmers who manage land in environmentally friendly ways. It has three levels: Entry Level Stewardship, Organic Entry Level Stewardship, and Higher Level Stewardship for more complex projects.
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This document discusses different types of farming systems around the world and provides guidance for presenting on several case studies:
- It introduces several major types of farming systems to research and present on, including tropical plantation agriculture in Malaysia, extensive pastoralism in the Pampas, irrigation agriculture in the Nile Valley, intensive subsistence farming in the Ganges Valley, and intensive commercial mixed agriculture in the Netherlands.
- For each case study, the presentation should cover where it is located, how the farming system functions, and the key human and physical factors that influence the system and affect food production.
- The presentations will be short, around 3 slides and 3 minutes each, and should include a handout for the group
3. farming systems
This document discusses the factors affecting different farming systems and how they are distributed spatially. It asks the reader to annotate diagrams showing agriculture systems, identify human and physical factors influencing farming, and consider how these factors are reflected on maps showing world farming patterns. It also reviews the distribution of global farming types and the main factors influencing these differences, limitations of agriculture maps, and other potential influences not evident from map evidence alone.
2. global patterns of food supply
The document discusses global patterns of food supply and consumption. It aims to help the reader understand food imbalances, interpret mapping resources on this topic, and assess the impacts on governments and individuals. Maps show patterns of food imports, exports, consumption and undernourishment in different regions like Europe, North America, Africa. Graphs compare diet and calorie intake in different geographic areas. The reader is asked to analyze these resources and evaluate how changing food supply and demand may affect populations.
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The document provides guidance for marking an essay about how and why glaciers move. It should explain the basic description and reasons for how glaciers move, addressing both cold-based and warm-based glaciers. Specifically, it mentions that cold-based glaciers move through internal deformation, laminar flow, and creep, while warm-based glaciers additionally move through basal sliding caused by regelation or creep. The essay should also explain the reasons for glacier movement, including mass, slope, mass balance, water at the base for warm-based glaciers, and gravity.
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This document provides guidance for creating an educational presentation on a specific glacial landform. The presentation should describe the landform's appearance and key features, explain how ice creates the landform and the processes involved, include a real-world example, and incorporate visual and interactive elements like diagrams, photos or a quiz. Some common glacial landforms that could be covered are cirques, aretes, pyramidal peaks, rock steps, truncated spurs, hanging valleys, roche moutonnées, rock drumlins, crag and tails, striations, tills, moraines, erratics or till drumlins.
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The document discusses the movement and processes of glaciers. It lists 5 tasks: 1) describe temperature profiles and compare two diagrams of summer and winter temperatures in glaciers, 2) compare velocity profiles of polar and temperate glaciers, 3) describe glacier velocity cross sections and differences between extending and compressing flow, 4) produce a mind map of glacial processes like frost shatter, weathering, deposition, and erosion, and 5) create a flow chart dividing polar and temperate glacier movement using information from page 328 describing most glaciers as polythermal.
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This document discusses factors that influence glacial cycles and how glaciers operate as systems. It asks the reader to rank five factors that influence glaciation and interglacial periods from most to least responsible. It also discusses glaciers as systems with inputs, outputs, transfers, and stores. Diagrams are provided to label different zones of a glacier and explain patterns on a graph showing the glacial budget over time and how it may vary by location.
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This document discusses different types of farming systems around the world and provides guidance for presenting on several case studies:
- It introduces several major types of farming systems to research and present on, including tropical plantation agriculture in Malaysia, extensive pastoralism in the Pampas, irrigation agriculture in the Nile Valley, intensive subsistence farming in the Ganges Valley, and intensive commercial mixed agriculture in the Netherlands.
- For each case study, the presentation should cover where it is located, how the farming system functions, and the key human and physical factors that influence the system and affect food production.
- The presentations will be short, around 3 slides and 3 minutes each, and should include a handout for the group
3. farming systems
This document discusses the factors affecting different farming systems and how they are distributed spatially. It asks the reader to annotate diagrams showing agriculture systems, identify human and physical factors influencing farming, and consider how these factors are reflected on maps showing world farming patterns. It also reviews the distribution of global farming types and the main factors influencing these differences, limitations of agriculture maps, and other potential influences not evident from map evidence alone.
2. global patterns of food supply
The document discusses global patterns of food supply and consumption. It aims to help the reader understand food imbalances, interpret mapping resources on this topic, and assess the impacts on governments and individuals. Maps show patterns of food imports, exports, consumption and undernourishment in different regions like Europe, North America, Africa. Graphs compare diet and calorie intake in different geographic areas. The reader is asked to analyze these resources and evaluate how changing food supply and demand may affect populations.
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The document provides guidance for marking an essay about how and why glaciers move. It should explain the basic description and reasons for how glaciers move, addressing both cold-based and warm-based glaciers. Specifically, it mentions that cold-based glaciers move through internal deformation, laminar flow, and creep, while warm-based glaciers additionally move through basal sliding caused by regelation or creep. The essay should also explain the reasons for glacier movement, including mass, slope, mass balance, water at the base for warm-based glaciers, and gravity.
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Transnational corporations, or TNCs, play a large role in the global economy. Some key points:
1) The 300 largest TNCs own over a quarter of the world's productive assets, worth around $5 trillion.
2) Many TNC annual sales exceed the GDP of entire countries. For example, Itochu Corporation's sales are more than Austria's GDP.
3) Several major TNCs, like Unilever, Nestle, and Cargill, are involved in global agricultural production and trade.
13. landforms
The document discusses various periglacial landforms including tors, blockfields, pingos, ice wedges, patterned ground, talus, and solifluction lobes. It provides details on the key features, formation processes, and examples of open system and closed system pingos. Open system pingos form in valley bottoms where water collects and freezes into ice lenses, swelling the ground surface. Closed system pingos form when lake sediment insulates the ground and causes ice to build up from trapped water, pushing the sediment into dome shapes.
11. periglaciation areas
The document discusses periglacial processes and landforms. Periglacial areas were originally defined as areas near glaciers, but now refer to regions with permafrost, seasonal temperature variations above freezing, and landforms shaped by freeze-thaw cycles. Such areas make up 25% of the world's land. Examples described include frost-shattered granite, stone circles formed by frost churning, and ice-wedge polygons. Pingos are also discussed, which are mound-like hills formed by ice lenses. Key terms defined include continuous permafrost, discontinuous permafrost, sporadic permafrost, active layer, and talik.
7. glacial landforms
This document provides guidance for creating an educational presentation on a specific glacial landform. The presentation should describe the landform's appearance and key features, explain how ice creates the landform and the processes involved, include a real-world example, and incorporate visual and interactive elements like diagrams, photos or a quiz. Some common glacial landforms that could be covered are cirques, aretes, pyramidal peaks, rock steps, truncated spurs, hanging valleys, roche moutonnées, rock drumlins, crag and tails, striations, tills, moraines, erratics or till drumlins.
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2. the global distribution of cold environments
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9. fluvio glacial 2
- 3. Fluvioglacialprocesses How will all of this impact upon Fluvioglacial processes and Glacial sediment? Glacial sediment
- 4. How will this graph be relevant to fluvio glacial environments?
- 5. Glaciers and meltwater - homework Have a go at AS Glaciers question sheet 5
- 6. How would Glacial and Glaciofluvial deposits differ? Glacial Till
- 10. What do the graphs on Jokulhlaup’s show?
- 11. How might these processes help to create a unique landscape for fluvio-glacial areas?