The document discusses the concept of meaning in life and purposes. It argues that while an overarching life purpose may not be necessary, people need to feel that their small daily purposes are significant. Purposes should be evaluated on a scale of values to determine if they are suitable to dedicate one's life to. Meaning is created individually as there is no universal meaning, through important goals or a coherent narrative. Education and life are also connected, as education helps realize one's life purpose and imbue life with meaning.
O que é e como funciona uma Startup de Tecnologia? O que é necessário pensar quando se quer ter uma Startup? Nessa apresentação conto um pouco minha experiência com projetos e Startups e também um sobre minha período na SambaTech.
O que é e como funciona uma Startup de Tecnologia? O que é necessário pensar quando se quer ter uma Startup? Nessa apresentação conto um pouco minha experiência com projetos e Startups e também um sobre minha período na SambaTech.
12/04/17
1
Introduc0on to Philosophy
Theory of Value 1
Theory of Value
• Theory of Value is about things which are good or bad, right or wrong,
concerning issues related to how one ought to behave and to what
makes life valuable
• Broadly, there are two types of issues we are going to discuss:
1. Are statements of value, like ‘You ought to do this’, because ‘it is good
to do this’ and ‘This person is a good person’ and ‘Pleasure is good’,
true/false, or are they not the kind of things which can be true/false?
If no, you are subjec,vist.
If yes, there is a next ques0on: How are such statements true/false?
If because of reality, then you are a realist
If because someone determined it so, then you are a
conven,onalist
> God: Divine Command Theory
> Society: Ethical Rela,vism
> Individual: cf. Existen,alism
Theory of Value II
2. What makes valuable/good ac0ons good?
Ø We are going to discuss three views:
a. U,litarianism: an ac0on is good if and only if it
maximizes the amount of pleasure/absence of
pain or distress in society.
b. Kan,anism: an ac0on is good if you could turn it
into a ra0onal law
c. Aristotelianism: an ac0on is good if it
contributes to or flows from your well-
func0oning as a human being
Subjec0vism
• Statements of value are neither true nor false
• Perhaps they are more like expressions of liking/disliking?
(emo0vism)
• Some ini,al arguments for subjec0vism:
Ø There is a lot of disagreement on value - therefore value is
subjec0ve
Ø What is true or false describes what is the case; but a value
statement does not describe what is the case, but what ought to be
the case – therefore value is subjec0ve
Only works if one assumes that only what is the case can be true/false
– can be a fact
Ø What is true or false describes natural proper0es; but according to
the meaning of value statements, they do not describe natural
proper0es – therefore value is subjec0ve
Only works if one assumes that only natural (observable) proper0es
can be described in true/false statements – only they appear in facts.
12/04/17
2
Some ‘Stronger’ Arguments for
Subjec0vism
1. There is no reasoning in ethics, while there is in science, because
there is nothing really to reason about
Ø But there is a lot of reasoning in ethics, at least to check consistency
2. There are no observa0ons in ethics, while there are in science,
because there is nothing really there to observe
Ø But we do make ethical observa0ons, at least of par0cular cases
3. Disagreement in ethics cannot really be solved, for there is no path
towards agreement one can agree about, while in science there are
ways of ul0mately finding out (and if not, it does not ma_er)
Ø Sober’s cri0cism: one can fail to see the truth in ethics because of,
say, self-interest or self-decep0on > so there might be truth, even if
there is no path to agreement
Ø But in ethics, failure ...
Ethical Theory PaperElijah KimWhat is the meaning of being a hBetseyCalderon89
Ethical Theory Paper
Elijah Kim
What is the meaning of being a human? What is the meaning of being a good person? What is good? And why do we have to be good? The word ethic carries many implications and foundations. In Christianity, God creates this universe, earth, and man/woman in "his" image. However, the Human is not God and made many ethical mistakes that ask God for forgiveness. "Therefore you are inexcusable, O man, whoever you are who judge, for in whatever you judge another you condemn yourself; for you who judge practice the same things." (Romans 2:1). No human being is innocent in front of God and not allow to judge each other. The ethical theory sets the foundation for a "right human being" and has numerous ways to break down.
Ethical theory "is the systematic effort to understand moral concepts and justify moral principles and theories" (Fieser 2017), which means the study of Right Action. This "Right Action" can be divide into three different divisions. Metaethics can be defined as a God's view. For many religious believers and religious cultures, the Metaethics can be easily found. However, people who do not believe in a higher power or bird view have a problem with divine command metaethics (Morriston 2009). In the Metaethics view, moral obligations are taught and fixed by religious belief. For the non-religious believers there Metaethics can be set by the Karma they heard of or the own belief system. Just because of believing in religious belief and Karma, Metaethics do not take the basics from realism or antirealism. Instead, it contains the focused theories (Davis 2021).
Moral Realism in Metaethics asses the meaning of the moral. Moral realism is the position of right and wrong in a variety of situations. Religions like Christianity made committed to moral realism for three different reasons. First, "constructivists tend to attribute moral facts to agents as their origin" (Jung 2015). In Christianity bible has the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20. These Ten Commandments are the fundamental moral value of Christian belief and set the standard. Commandments like "Thou shalt not commit adultery" and "Thou shalt not kill" are the well-known rule as a "basic human being." Like the last sentence, the bible has a clear example of do's and don'ts, right/ wrong.
The bible also advised what evil (bad) can affect the person "Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners" (1 Corinthians 15:33). Many religious people believe in God's purpose. An example of Christianity, Genesis advised, Human were made to glorify God and his creation. Adam and Eve were also created to manage God's creation. "So, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God" (1 Corinthians 10:31). "And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose" (Romans 8:28). The explicit purpose gave men and women a clear vision of life and motivated them to stay in God's ...
Law and Justice Essay Sample. Access to justice essay - Introduction “Justice” is defined as .... 007 Justicelawandpunishment Phpapp01 Thumbnail What Is Justice Essay .... Complete Justice for Women Essay | Legal Studies - Year 11 HSC | Thinkswap. Social Justice essay - Grade: A - This assignment is my own work. It .... ️ Short essay on importance of justice. What is the importance of .... Criminal Justice Essay | LAWS 2004 - Criminal Law - WSU | Thinkswap. ≫ Justice and Injustice Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. Importance of social justice essay. ⚡ Is the justice system fair essay. Criminal Justice System Is Not Fair .... Social Justice Essay – Telegraph. Access to Justice Essay | LAWS1202 - Lawyers, Justice and Ethics - ANU .... Criminal Justice Essay Sample - 548 Words - NerdySeal. Why Do You Want To Study Criminal Justice Essay Example. How to Write a Justice Essay: Example and Tips | EssayWriters.us. Justice: Restoring Justice in the Society Essay Example | Topics and .... EXAMPLE ESSAY PLAN JUSTICE. Fascinating Justice Essay ~ Thatsnotus.
TRnotrtoN nNo INca,RNATIoNin understanding of what is hand.docxwillcoxjanay
TRnotrtoN nNo INca,RNATIoN
in understanding of what is handed on, both the words and the
realities they signify. This comes about through contempla-
tion and study by believers, who "ponder these things in their
hearts" (see Lk 2,19 and 51); through the intimate understand-
ing of spiritual things which they experience; and through the
preaching of whose who, on succeeding to the office of bish-
op, receive the sure charisma of truth. Thus, as the centuries
advance, the church constantly holds its course towards the
fullness of God's truth, until the day when the words of God
reach their fulfillment in the church.
Vatican Il, Dogmatic Constitution
on Divine Revelation (1965)
ChaPter l
The Great Questions
THE RETIGIOUS DIMENSION
Ourworldisfullofreligions.Mostculturesexhibitwhatwe
can intelligently recognize asreligious behavior'
Putting aside un-
iii'Ct"p,"i III the task of defining the term religion, we can note
;;^;t";""er we find human beings we usually find a god or
i"ar, ."1igious behavior, and religious faith' Critics
of religion
toth'anci"ent and modern have clismissed it as a mere human
creation, a fire around which people who can't bear to imagine a
cold and indifferent universs huddle' Religious people believe
thatthegodsarequiterealandhavemanifestedthemselves.Crit-
ics cannJt deny that the religions of the world, along with their
share of charlatans and hypoirites, have also inspired many self-
less and truly holy people *ho- we can't help but admire' In.spite
of recurring prophecies that humanity will soon outgrow tnem'
religious faith and practice remain.
whether we agree with religious pcople or their critics or
simply don't know, the near-universal appeal' the persistence,
and the transforming power of religions are intriguing. What is
there about human U"ingr that opens them to religions and their
claims about things unseen? Where do religious experience and
religious language fit into human experience in general'? This
chapter will address these questions by trying to lay open what we
might call the depth-climension of human experience, that inner-
most part of us, best represented by some combination of the
traditional symbols of heart and head. It is at this lcvel that we can
best hear the words of the philosophers, poets, and gods. We will
oegtn by distinguishing between ordinary and extraordinary hu-
man experience.
10 TR,qnrrroN a,No INcnnNArroN
ORDINARY HUMAN EXPERIENCE
what is meant here by "ordinary" human experience takes
place at the level of what is often called common sense. It is
routine. we don't have to think about it. Getting out of bec1,
taking a shower, brushing your teeth, putting on your shoes. start-
ing your car, driving to school or work are all the kinds of stuff of
which the ordinary is made. For our purposes, its distinguishing
feature is that we don't have to think about it. The ordinary. day-
to-day routine doesn't usually give rise to reflection. we teno io
take it for granted.
Bu ...
The social environment, social context, sociocultural context, or milieu
refers to the immediate physical and social setting in which people live or something happens/develops.
It includes the culture which educates the individual or where the individual lives and the people and institutions with whom they interact.
The interaction may be in person or through communication media, even anonymous or one-way, and may not imply equality of social status.
The social environment is a broader concept than social class or social circle.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
1. (Students can send their articles to editortal@dcmediacorP'cam)
in life, theorists uniformiy regard
meaning as crucial.
Meaningful living has been
directlY equated with authentic
living (Kenyon, 2000), and in
eudemonic theories of well-being'
This seems to be a truth about
meaning of anY kind.
To have meaning of anY kind,
a thing must be brought under
the governance of some kind of
purposive intention, whether an
intention to refer, to express'
to convey, or to operate in the
production of some acknowledged
value. thls is true of all meaning'
But, whY should there be an
overarching purpose for one's life?
Why shouldn't one iust have a lot
of small Purposes' for examPle,
to wdte this articie, to Pass an
examination, to get one's girlfriend
a nice
birthday Present? It seems
if we all do have small PurPoses
in life, for this is no more than the
as
claim that we act intentionall).'
frurp*s*
If we never did anY action on
purpose, we should not surwive
very long, for, it is not only the
(at
case that most PeoPIe work
Ieast PartlY) in order to get money
in order to get food and drink but
also that we do such mundane
actions as going to the refrigerator
and cupboard to get food and
drink. I don't think there needs
to be an overarching Purpose to
one's life, but I think we need an
assurance that the small PurPoses
are significant. If mY PurPose in
my actions was just to continue to
exist for as long as possible, I think
most People would want to class
such a life as meaningless, for,
unless I held the view that simPle
existence was a good thing, there
wouldn't seem to be any Point in
prolonging an existence that I was
not using for anY other PurPose'
There seem, then, to be
some purposes that are right or
approPriate for humans and others
that are not. The PurPoses have
to be worthwhile or important to
some degree, and theY also have
to be morallY good. It seems that
a life devoted to advancing human
suffering and causing Pain would
ontl-be meaningful in a Perverse
sense. But, it seems to me that
there ma1' also be more than
moralitl' at stalie here; it seems
plausible to sa)'that painting The
tona Lisa or $riting Hamlet is a
rtortlrrrhile end even though it may
not be moralll- good.
-.
.-,-
--
:.
.lll'
It seems then that Prrlposes
or ends shouldbe weighed on a
general r.a-lue scaLe to see whether
they are suitabLe for dedicating
one's existence to. This general
value scale wiII be a function from
particular values such as moral
value, aesthetic value, etc'' to an
overall medt or value. I think that
these value facts are brute facts,
that is, ones with no exPlanation;
there are some Purposes that are
good or valuable, and one cannot
say why they are so, nor can one
or-need one give anY additional
reason for the Pursuit of one of
these PurPoses.
In this context, Life and
Education are integrally connected
in a meaningful waY' Therefore,
Dewey d.efines as "life itself'" Man
comes to the Earth, grows and lives
for an aim, which we call 'PurPose''
Education is a process of realisilg
this purPose so that there will be
meaning to life. Likewise, there is
diversity in perspectives regarding
how to achieve meaning in life,
because there is no universal
meaning that can fit everYone's
life (Frankl, 1965). Each Person
must create meaning in his or
her own life whether through the
pursuit of imPortant goals or the
-develoPment
of a coherent Iife
narrative.
I
(I B Viswanatha Sarma is a Ph D
'student
at Department of Education in
A ch atY an
agari un a lJniv er s itY)
2. $tudents can send their articles to editorial@dcmediacorp'com)
in life, theorists uniformiy regard
meaning as crucial.
Meaningful living has been
directlY equated with authentic
living (Kenyon, 2000), and in
eudemonic theories of well-being'
This seems to be a truth about
meaning of anY kind.
To have meaning of anY kind,
a thing must be brought under
the governance of some kind of
purposive intention, whether an
intention to refer, to express'
to convey, or to operate in the
production of some acknowledged
value. thls is true of all meaning'
But, whY should there be an
overarching purpose for one's life?
Why shouldn't one iust have a lot
of small Purposes' for examPle,
to wdte this article, to Pass an
examination, to get one's gulfriend
a nice
birthday Present? It seems
if we all do have small PurPoses
in life, for this is no more than the
as
claim that we act intentionall)-'
ff*rp*s*
If we never did anY action on
purpose, we should not survive
very long, for, it is not onIY the
(at
case that most PeoPIe work
Ieast PartlY) in order to get money
in order to get food and drink but
also that we do such mundane
actions as going to the refrigerator
and cupboard to get food and
drink. I don't think there needs
to be an overarching Purpose to
one's life, but I think we need an
assurance that the small PurPoses
are significant. If mY PurPose in
my actions was just to continue to
exist for as long as possible, I think
most PeoPIe would want to class
such a life as meaningless, for,
unless I held the view that simPle
existence was a good thing, there
wouldn't seem to be any Point in
prolonging an existence that I was
not using for anY other PurPose'
There seem, then, to be
some purposes that are right or
approPriate for humans and others
tfrit are not. The PurPoses have
to be worthwhile or important to
some degree, and theY also have
to be morallY good. It seems that
a life devoted to advancing human
suffering and causing Pain would
ontl-be meaningful in a Perverse
sense. But, it seems to me that
there ma1' also be more than
moralitl'at
sta]<e here;
it
seems
plausible to sa)-that painting The
lona Lisa or lriting Hamlet is a
rtortlrrthile end even though it may
not be moralll-good'
.:j.
.L
: .'
'lt1'
It seems then that Purposes
or ends shouidbe weighed on a
general r'a-lue scale to see whether
they are suitable for dedicating
one's existence to. This general
value scale wiII be a function from
particular values such as moral
value, aesthetic value, etc'' to an
overall medt or value' I think that
these value facts are brute facts,
that is, ones with no exPlanation;
there are some Purposes that are
good or valuable, and one cannot
say why they are so, nor can one
or-need one give anY additional
reason for the Pursuit of one of
these PurPoses.
In this context, Life and
Education are integrally connected
in a meaningful waY' Therefore,
Dewey defines as "life itself'" Man
comes to the Earth, grows and lives
for an aim, which we call 'PurPose''
Education is a process of realisilg
this purPose so that there will be
meaning to life. Likewise, there is
diversity in perspectives regarding
how to achieve meaning in life,
because there is no universal
meaning that can fit everYone's
life (Frankl, 1965). Each Person
must create meaning in his or
her own life whether through the
pursuit of important goals or the
-develoPment
of a coherent life
narrative.
I
(I B Viswanatha Sarma is a Ph D
'student
at Department of Education in
A ch ary an agarj un a Univ er s itY)