This document describes a study of 2,605 hospital admissions for musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms (MMN) over one year in Victoria, Australia. The study found that MMN hospitalization rates increased significantly with age and were higher for men than women. Rates also varied inversely with socioeconomic status, with disadvantaged communities having higher rates. Areas with high MMN admission rates also tended to have high rates of other health issues like heart failure, alcohol consumption, obesity, and receiving disability pensions.
The Burden of Disease: Data analysis, interpretation and linear regressionAmanDesai8
Decades of data about the global burden of disease (measured in disability-adjusted life years) were cleaned, interpreted and visualised. After this, a linear regression was done to create a model that can predict (up to an accuracy of 85.7%) the burden of disease in the future, adjustable to changes in demographics, health systems, diet, education, and so on.
This presentation was created as a group project during the Business Analytics course at London Business School.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The Texas Department of Insurance can lower the costs for chronic disease healthcare by partnering with local public health agency chronic disease programs
The Burden of Disease: Data analysis, interpretation and linear regressionAmanDesai8
Decades of data about the global burden of disease (measured in disability-adjusted life years) were cleaned, interpreted and visualised. After this, a linear regression was done to create a model that can predict (up to an accuracy of 85.7%) the burden of disease in the future, adjustable to changes in demographics, health systems, diet, education, and so on.
This presentation was created as a group project during the Business Analytics course at London Business School.
Utah’s Health: an Annual Review is a peer reviewed journal and statistical update focusing on the issues timely to the health of Utah’s population. Its purpose is to provide readers with current and pertinent information regarding health and health care in Utah as compared to the nation, as well as to generate interest in and to facilitate discussion of health-related topics.
The Burden of Disease: Data analysis, interpretation and linear regressionAmanDesai8
Decades of data about the global burden of disease (measured in disability-adjusted life years) were cleaned, interpreted and visualised. After this, a linear regression was done to create a model that can predict (up to an accuracy of 85.7%) the burden of disease in the future, adjustable to changes in demographics, health systems, diet, education, and so on.
This presentation was created as a group project during the Business Analytics course at London Business School.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The Texas Department of Insurance can lower the costs for chronic disease healthcare by partnering with local public health agency chronic disease programs
The Burden of Disease: Data analysis, interpretation and linear regressionAmanDesai8
Decades of data about the global burden of disease (measured in disability-adjusted life years) were cleaned, interpreted and visualised. After this, a linear regression was done to create a model that can predict (up to an accuracy of 85.7%) the burden of disease in the future, adjustable to changes in demographics, health systems, diet, education, and so on.
This presentation was created as a group project during the Business Analytics course at London Business School.
Utah’s Health: an Annual Review is a peer reviewed journal and statistical update focusing on the issues timely to the health of Utah’s population. Its purpose is to provide readers with current and pertinent information regarding health and health care in Utah as compared to the nation, as well as to generate interest in and to facilitate discussion of health-related topics.
Out of Health expenditure and household budget: Evidence from Egypt , Jordan ...Economic Research Forum
Reham Rizk - British university in Egypt
Hala Abou-Ali - Cairo University
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Catastrohpic out-of-pocket payment for health care and its impact on househol...Jeff Knezovich
Henry Lucas presents briefly on findings from a study on catastrophic out-of-pocket payments for health care in West Bengal, India at the 2011 iHEA conference in Toronto, Canada.
Out of Health expenditure and household budget: Evidence from Egypt , Jordan ...Economic Research Forum
Reham Rizk - British university in Egypt
Hala Abou-Ali - Cairo University
ERF Workshop on The Economics of Healthcare in the ERF Region
Cairo, Egypt - May 23, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Catastrohpic out-of-pocket payment for health care and its impact on househol...Jeff Knezovich
Henry Lucas presents briefly on findings from a study on catastrophic out-of-pocket payments for health care in West Bengal, India at the 2011 iHEA conference in Toronto, Canada.
Background; Social Class has shown relation with admissions at Emergency Departments. To assess whether there is a relationship between the level of triage and the social class of patients who attend the emergency department and whether there are other variables that can modulate this association. Methods Observational study with 1000 patients was carried out between May and July 2018 in the Emergency Department of the University Hospital Arnau de Vilanova in Lleida. Sociodemographic variables such as age, gender, country of origin and marital status were analyzed. The triage level and the main explanatory variable was social class. Social class was calculated based on the CSO-SEE 2012 scale. Results 49.4% were male and the average age was 51.7 years. Most of the patients (66.6%) attended the emergency department under their own volition and the most common triage levels were level III or Emergency (45%). There is a significant relationship between age and triage level. The younger patients had a lower triage level (p <0.001). The percentage of patients with lower social class who attended the emergency department for minor reasons was 42% higher compared to the rest of the patients (RR = 1.42; 1.21-1.67 95% CI, p <0.001). Conclusions; Patients with a lower socioeconomic class go to the Emergency Department for less serious pathologies.
Services and infrastructure such as health, education, water, security etc. provided by the
government and other independent providers are usually scarce and in great demand by the public. Pressure
due to over dependence on the limited resources by the ever growing population due to the influx of internally
displaced persons into Maiduguri has resulted in great dissatisfaction and sometimes wastages of the resources.
The ultimate goal of this paper is to model hospital admissions of in-patients at the State Specialist Hospital
Maiduguri, Borno State to understand the nature of dependencies of the categories of the factors on the
available facilities in terms of length of bed occupancy using socio-demographic factors. Hospital records of
1418 of in-patients who were diagnosed, admitted, treated and officially discharged from 2011-2015 were
studied and modeled using descriptive statistics and Generalized Poisson regression. The results obtained
shows clearly how the services are demanded and consumed by the different categories of the variables
considered. The results showed that gender differences, employment and age categories have significant impact
on the admission rate and the length of stay by patients on admission.
Abstract—Epidemiological study of Rivers State University of Science and Technology Port Harcourt, Nigeria was carried out to identify the morbidity pattern in the University community in order to establish the current health status and trends. This study utilized secondary morbidity data sourced from Health Services Department. Data on staff mortality were obtained from the Personnel/Establishment Division. Methods employed for data collection were health records survey and data collection sheets. Morbidity information required were date, sex, age, department, card number and diagnosis of each case. Information required for each mortality case was date, sex, age, department, salary level and the cause of death. Of all cases of morbidity, communicable diseases comprised 17.5%; non-communicable diseases 24.1%, generalized disease symptoms 55.2% and others 3.2%. The study revealed that the leading causes of morbidity in the University were fever/headache/cold (36.9%), hypertension (13.6%), generalized body pain (7.5%), abdominal pain/vomiting (6.7%) and diabetes (4.9%). Hypertension emerged the second major cause of morbidity among the staff and males had higher rate of morbidity compared to females. It was also concluded that although mortality was increasing with time but there was no sex wise significant difference in mortality trend. It was recommended among others that Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension being silent killers should be monitored regularly within the University community. Also the current practice of manual data entry should be replaced with computerized data system for better health records management.
Role of Public Health in Health and social Care
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.. 4
TASK-1. 5
1.1 Role of different agencies in identifying levels in health and disease in communities. 5
1.2 Statistics on the incidence and spread of infectious disease. Explain the epidemiology of one infectious and non-infectious disease and relevance of statistics in context to public health. 7
1.3 Evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches and strategies to control the incidence of disease in communities. 8
TASK-2 Be able to investigate the implications of illness and disease in communities for the provision of health and social care services. 9
2.1 Determine what are the current approaches to the provision of services for the people with disease or illness. 9
2.2 Explain the relationship between the prevalence of different diseases and the requirements of services to support individuals with the health and social care service
Levels of Utilization and Socio - Economic Factors Influencing Adherence to U...inventionjournals
The paper intends to assess the level of utilization and socio-economic factors influencing adherence to utilization of Anti Retroviral Therapy (ART) for People Living with HIV/AIDS in Dodoma Municipality and Kongwa District in Tanzania. Documentary review, interview and Focus Group Discussion were used in collecting data. A total of 140 respondents (99 PLWHIV/AIDS and 41 key informants) from four hospitals, two health centers and one dispensary were selected and interviewed as representatives for the purpose of this study. Quantitative data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16 software. The study revealed 100% of PLWHIV/AIDS used ART drugs in Dodoma General Hospital, Kongwa Hospital, Mkoka Health Center and Makole Health Center while 40% in St. Gemma Hospital. Also the study indicated there were high dropout from utilization of ART drugs among PLWHIV/AIDS, 60% in Mirembe hospital, (50%) in Mkoka health center and (44%) in St. Gemma hospital as compared to the rest health centers and hospitals. The drop out caused by ART drugs side effects such as vomiting (25.1%), frequently sickness (19.9%) and decrease in CD 4 (11.2%). Lastly the study revealed four main socio-economic factors influencing adherence to utilization of ART services among PLHIV/AIDS including lack of employment support (66.7 %,) lack of confidentiality (50 %,) patient’s preference to traditional medicines (30%) and cultural belief (29.3%). The study recommends all PLWHIV/AIDS with side effects should report their cases to health centers and hospitals because not all side effects require a change of drugs or discontinuation, PLWHIV/AIDS should be assisted by Government and Non-Government Organizations and family members to secure soft loans that will enable them to establish income generation activities, education on patients confidentiality should be provided to services providers in hospitals and health centers
Research poster - A quantitative analysis, the elderly and their interaction ...
7208-24423-1-PB.JER1
1. http://jer.sciedupress.com Journal of Epidemiological Research 2015, Vol. 1, No. 1
ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms hospitalisation
in Victoria
Timothy Ore∗
Innovation Hub and Health System Improvement, Department of Health and Human Services, Melbourne, Australia
Received: June 16, 2015 Accepted: July 23, 2015 Online Published: July 27, 2015
DOI: 10.5430/jer.v1n1p33 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jer.v1n1p33
ABSTRACT
The paper describes factors associated with 2,605 hospital admissions for musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms (MMN) over one
year. The rates per 10,000 population increased significantly (t=5.3, p<.01) with age, with men (4.5 per 10,000 population, 95%
CI 4.1-5.0) at greater risk than women (3.3 per 10,000 population, 95% CI 2.8-3.7). The 30-day readmission rate was 19%, the
third highest of all admission categories. The average length of stay was significantly (t=4.5, p<.01) shorter in the metropolitan
area (8.2 days) than in rural communities (10.8 days). The age-standardised rates varied inversely (r=-0.28) with socioeconomic
status. Communities with high MMN admission rates had high rates of heart failure admissions (r=0.35), alcohol consumption
(r=0.34) and receiving Disability Support Pension (r=0.32). There was a significant (t=13.8, p<.001) monthly variability in
MMN hospitalisation rates. As a leading cause of hospital readmission and disability, the condition requires closer analysis.
Key Words: Malignant neoplasms, Hospital readmission, Socioeconomic disadvantage, Musculoskeletal, Disability
1. INTRODUCTION
In developed countries, musculoskeletal conditions (MSC)
are one of the leading causes of work absence and disability,
representing 10%-20% of primary care consultations.[1,2]
MSC accounts for half of all sickness absences longer than
two weeks in Norway and is the most expensive disease in
Sweden[1]
and the United States.[3]
The direct cost of health
service utilisation from MSC, as a percentage of gross na-
tional product, was 0.7% in the Netherlands, 1.0% in Canada
and 1.2% in the United States.[1]
The purpose of this investigation is to explore the relation-
ship between hospitalisation for musculoskeletal malignant
neoplasms (MMN) and community socioeconomic status
(SES). It is hypothesised that high SES communities have
significantly lower age-adjusted MMN hospitalisation rates.
Also identified are demographic risk factors for MMN.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 The setting
Victoria is Australia’s second largest state, accounting for a
quarter (5.8 million) of its population. The state of Victoria
comprises 79 Local Government Areas (LGA), of which 30
are in the metropolitan area (74.6% of the population) and
49 are non-metropolitan (25.4% of the population).
Data on hospital admissions (the numerator) was taken from
the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (VAED), from 1
July 2013 to 30 June 2014. The VAED, maintained by the De-
partment of Health and Human Services, contains morbidity
data on all admitted patients to Victorian public and private
acute hospitals, rehabilitation centres, extended care facilities
∗Correspondence: Timothy Ore; Email: Timothy.Ore@dhhs.vic.gov.au; Address: Innovation Hub and Health System Improvement, Department of
Health and Human Services, Level 20, 50 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
Published by Sciedu Press 33
2. http://jer.sciedupress.com Journal of Epidemiological Research 2015, Vol. 1, No. 1
and day procedure centres. Also taken from the VAED were
data on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal fail-
ure. The denominator data was from the Australian Bureau
of Statistics (ABS)’ Estimated Resident Population.
SES was measured using the ABS Index of Relative Socioe-
conomic Disadvantage (IRSED). The index is derived from
attributes including low income, low educational attainment,
high unemployment and jobs in relatively unskilled occupa-
tions. The higher an area’s IRSED, the less disadvantaged
that area is compared with others. A high IRSED indicates
that an area has few families of low income and few people
with little training and in unskilled occupations.
Other data, including prevalence of alcohol, arthritis, obe-
sity and cancer, were taken from the Victorian Population
Health Survey (VPHS) 2011-12 to examine associations
with MMN rates. Established in 1998, the VPHS is an an-
nual survey of Victorians aged 18 years and over on a range
of subjects, including health status, body mass index and
presence of chronic diseases. Information is collected, via
computer-assisted telephone interview, at state, regional and
LGA levels. Data on Disability Support Pension (DSP),
March 2014, was from the Commonwealth Department of
Human Services.
2.2 Statistical analysis
Rates were calculated as the number of MMN admissions per
10,000 population, age-standardised using the direct method
to the 2012 Victorian population. The data was analysed at
the LGA level. The hypothesis was tested by computing Pear-
son product-moment correlation coefficients, with two-tailed
significance tests. The coefficient is a measure of degree of
linear dependence between two variables, but does not indi-
cate causality. T-test was used to assess whether the means
of relevant demographic groups were statistically different
from each other. All statistical analyses were completed in
SPSS, version 20.
3. RESULTS
There were 2,605 MMN admissions, 27.8% to private hospi-
tals and 72.2% to public hospitals. A third of the admissions
had complications and comorbidities. MMN admissions per
10,000 population increased significantly (t=5.3, p<.01) with
age; men were at higher risk (4.5 per 10,000 population, 95%
CI 4.1-5.0) than women (3.3 per 10,000 population, 95% CI
2.8-3.7). The risk differentials were marked in the older age-
groups. The average length of stay was significantly shorter
(t=4.5, p<.01) in the metropolitan area (8.2 days) than in rural
communities (10.8 days). The 30-day readmission rate was
19%, the third highest of all admission categories. Twelve
percent of the patients (323) died in hospital.
The MMN age-adjusted rates per 10,000 population varied
inversely (r=-0.28) with SES (see Figure 1). This shows that,
in Victoria, people living in socioeconomically disadvan-
taged areas have significantly higher MMN hospitalisations.
Table 1 presents the inter-correlation coefficients for sev-
eral variables. Communities with high MMN hospitalisation
rates had high rates of multiple conditions, including age-
adjusted heart failure admissions (r=0.35), alcohol consump-
tion (r=0.34), overweight and obesity (r=0.23) and receiving
DSP (r=0.32).
Figure 1. Association between musculoskeletal malignant
neoplasms hospitalisation rates and socioeconomic status by
Local Government Area
There was a statistically significant (t=13.8, p<.001) monthly
variability in MMN hospitalisation rates. The highest rate
occurred in the month of January and the lowest in June.
4. DISCUSSION
This analysis shows a significant negative correlation be-
tween community socioeconomic status and hospitalisation
for musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms. The findings are
broadly consistent with other studies. In what was proba-
bly the earliest investigation of the potential role of SES in
osteoarthritis, Hannan et al.[4]
found that low educational at-
tainment correlated with reporting more knee pain and arthri-
tis. More recently, the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project
studies have strengthened this link. The Johnston County
Project is an ongoing, longitudinal, population-based study
of knee and hip osteoarthritis that includes both rural and ur-
ban communities in North Carolina.[5]
Callahan et al.[6]
have
shown that both low levels of education and living in a com-
munity with a household poverty rate greater than 25% are
independently associated with the risk for radiographic and
symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Cleveland et al.[5]
found
34 ISSN 2377-9306 E-ISSN 2377-9330
3. http://jer.sciedupress.com Journal of Epidemiological Research 2015, Vol. 1, No. 1
that individuals with knee osteoarthritis who are at the high-
est risk of developing disability and pain have lower SES.
Persons working in non-managerial occupations are more
likely to have worse pain scores on the Western Ontario and
McMaster Universities Index of Osteoarthritis compared to
individuals in managerial positions.[5]
Among adults with
knee and/or hip osteoarthritis, individual SES characteristics,
including education level,[7]
occupation type[8]
and social
class[9]
are related to physical function and disability.
A combination of factors may explain the interaction be-
tween lower SES and elevated risk for MMN hospitalisation.
As noted by Martin et al.,[10]
communities with high poverty
rates often have limited resources, including fewer clinics,
public transportation options, community centres and safe
places to exercise, all of which can improve health outcomes
in individuals with osteoarthritis.
Occupations requiring strenuous physical movement, such
as kneeling or heavy lifting, are associated with increased
risk for knee or hip osteoarthritis.[11,12]
As Table 1 shows,
the proportion of the population undertaking mostly heavy
labour or physically demanding activity correlated signifi-
cantly (r=0.51), at the 1 per cent level, with MMN hospitali-
sation rates. Obesity is a risk factor for osteoarthritis of the
hand, knee and hip, and Table 1 also indicates its influence
on MMN (r=0.23).
Table 1. Inter-correlation coefficients for age-standardised musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms hospitalisation rates and
key variables
SES MUS HFR ALC COD FRV SUG OCA HYP OBE REN CAN DSP ART OST
SES 1.00
MUS -0.28* 1.00
HFR -0.36** 0.35** 1.00
ALC -0.07 0.34** 0.18 1.00
COD -0.54** 0.56** 0.57** 0.39** 1.00
FRV -0.44** 0.24* 0.04 0.07 .26* 1.00
SUG -0.57** 0.33** 0.30** 0.14 0.55** 0.50** 1.00
OCA -0.51** 0.51** 0.36** 0.41** 0.62** 0.33** 0.54** 1.00
HYP -0.54** 0.25* 0.21 0.04 0.45* 0.36** 0.64** 0.47** 1.00
OBE -0.62** 0.23* 0.20 0.01 0.44** 0.59** 0.72** 0.50** 0.69** 1.00
REN -0.39** 0.33** 0.54** 0.20 0.51** 0.08 0.17 0.23* 0.21 0.18 1.00
CAN 0.02 0.27* 0.12 0.24* 0.28* -0.03 0.13 0.21 0.17 0.05 0.21 1.00
DSP -0.89** 0.32** 0.38** 0.20 0.55** 0.52** 0.57** 0.52** 0.504** 0.60** 0.32** 0.07 1.00
ART -0.44** 0.239* 0.19 0.24* 0.37** 0.37** 0.49** 0.54** 0.45** 0.62** 0.12 0.18 0.54** 1.00
OST -0.30** -0.10 0.08 0.25* 0.11 -0.04 0.01 -0.07 0.18 0.21 0.14 -0.06 0.21 0.21 1.00
Note. **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed); *correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). SES=socioeconomic status; MUS=age-adjusted musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms
admissions per 10,000 population; HRF=age-adjusted heart failure admissions per 10,000 population; ALCO=prevalence (%) of alcohol consumption at risky or high risk level based on National Health
and Medical Research Council guidelines; COD=age-adjusted chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admissions per 10,000 population; FRV= compliance (%) with neither fruit and vegetable
consumption guidelines; SUG=prevalence (%) of sugar-sweetened soft drinks; OCA=proportion of the population undertaking mostly heavy labour or physically demanding activity; HYP=prevalence (%)
of hypertension; OBE=prevalence (%) of overweight and obesity; REN=age-adjusted renal failure admissions per 10,000 population; CAN=prevalence (%) of cancer; DSP=proportion of the population on
Disability Support Pension; ART=prevalence (%) of arthritis; and OST=prevalence (%) of osteoporosis. Data for ALC, FRV, SUG, OCA, HYP, OBE, CAN, ART and OST was taken from Victorian
Population Health Survey 2011-12, Department of Health, Victoria. DSP data was taken from the Commonwealth Department of Human Services.
The findings regarding readmissions are consistent with other
investigations. In the United States, Weeks et al.[1]
found a
13.9% 30-day readmission rate for musculoskeletal system
among older veterans. Among 432 spinal cord injury patients
in a Sydney hospital, MSC were the fourth leading cause of
30-day readmission (8%).[2]
The direct correlation between MMN admissions and DSP
is unsurprising; arthritis is the leading cause of disability.[3]
Doctor-diagnosed arthritis prevalence is estimated[13]
to in-
crease by 40% to nearly 67 million persons by 2030 in the
United States. Three out of four Australians with arthritis
report at least one other chronic condition, including car-
diovascular diseases and obesity. In Australia, arthritis and
other musculoskeletal diseases’ healthcare expenditure was
$5.7 billion (in 2008-09), with half (54%) of this for hos-
pital admitted patient services. In the United States, MSC
accounts for more disability and costs more to the healthcare
system than any other condition.[14]
The United Nations’
Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 recognises the need to
address MSC.
The strengths of this study include the use of hospital ad-
missions data and the large number of cases (2,605). Most
investigations exploring the relationship between socioeco-
nomic status and musculoskeletal conditions are based on
self-reported surveys, which may not capture the full severity
of the disease in the population. Admissions data are useful
for identifying variations in access to healthcare, popula-
tions with higher-than-average admission rates and health
outcomes. The paper also shows significant associations
between MNN and several conditions (see Table 1). One lim-
Published by Sciedu Press 35
4. http://jer.sciedupress.com Journal of Epidemiological Research 2015, Vol. 1, No. 1
itation is that the data does not reflect the general population
as it excludes non-hospitalised cases. Hospital admissions
data measures the episodes of care, and not the frequency of
a given condition in the community. Another limitation is
that using data for one year may not be representative of the
pattern for longer time periods.
5. CONCLUSION
In summary, a strong association exits between community
socioeconomic status and hospitalisation for musculoskeletal
disorders. The healthcare costs of this condition are likely to
increase with population ageing. Further analysis is required
for effective intervention.
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36 ISSN 2377-9306 E-ISSN 2377-9330