7. Major surface and & 9 Quadrants of Abdomen- - Anatomy - by thirumurugan.pptx

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Major surface and bony landmarks in each body region&9 Quadrants of AbdomenBy,M. Thiru murugan Abdominal: Front part below the diaphragm Acromial: Shoulder Antebrachial: Forearm Antecubital: Depressed area in front of elbow Axillary: Armpit Brachial: Arm Buccal: Buccal, or buccal cavity, an oral body cavity (mouth), particularly the cheek cavity Calcaneal: Heel of foot Carpal: Wrist Cephalic: Head Cervical: Neck Coxal: Hip Cranial: skull Facial: Face Femoral: Thigh Gluteal: Buttock Frontal: Forehead Hallux: Great toe Inguinal: Groin Nasal: Nose Navel: Umbilicus Occipital: Back of lower part of skull Oral: Mouth Orbital or ophthalmic: Eyes Otic: Ear Palmar: Palm of hand Popliteal: Area behind the knee Patellar: Front of knee Pollex: Thumb Tarsal: Ankle Temporal: Side of skull Thoracic: Chest Zygomatic: Cheek 9 Quadrants / 9 regions of Abdomen Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric (e.g., suprapubic) Left hypochondriac Right hypochondriac Left lumbar Right lumbar Left iliac (e.g., inguinal) Right iliac (e.g., inguinal)

Health & Medicine

Major surface and bony landmarks in
each body region
&
9 Quadrants of Abdomen
By,
M. Thiru murugan

Major surface and bony landmarks in each body
region
Abdominal: Front part
below the diaphragm
Acromial: Shoulder

Antebrachial:
Forearm
Antecubital:
Depressed area in
front of elbow

Axillary: Armpit Brachial: Arm

Buccal:
Buccal, or buccal cavity, an oral body cavity (mouth),
particularly the cheek cavity

Calcaneal: Heel of foot Carpal: Wrist
Cephalic: Head
Cervical: Neck

Coxal: Hip Cranial: skull
Facial: Face

Femoral: Thigh Gluteal: Buttock

Frontal: Forehead Hallux: Great toe

Inguinal: Groin
Occipital: Back of lower part
of skull
Nasal: Nose
Navel: Umbilicus

Oral: Mouth Orbital or ophthalmic: Eyes
Otic: Ear Palmar: Palm of hand

Patellar: Front of knee
Popliteal: Area behind
the knee
Pollex: Thumb

Tarsal: Ankle
Zygomatic: Cheek
Thoracic: Chest
Temporal: Side of skull

9 Quadrants / 9 regions of Abdomen

1. Right hypochondriac region
2. Epigastric region
3. Left hypochondriac region
4. Right lumbar region
5. Umblical region
6. Left lumbar region
7. Right inguinal/iliac region
8. Hypogastric region
9. Left inguinal/iliac region
9 - Quadrants and regions of body

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1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx

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1 GNM anatomy Unit -13 - Skeletal system.pptx

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1 GNM anatomy Unit - 12 - sense organs.pptx

1 GNM anatomy Unit - 12 - sense organs.pptx

1 GNM anatomy Unit - 12 - sense organs.pptx

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1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx

1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx

1 GNM anatomy Unit -11 Central Nervous System CNS.pptx

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – 10: Structure and functions of the female reproductive system Process of menstrual cycle, reproduction and menopause Structure and functions of breasts Structure and functions of the male reproductive system Reproductive health Reproductive system: The organs involved in producing offspring (a person's child or children). In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis. The female reproductive system The female reproductive system plays many vital functions that ensure the continuation of the human race Located in the pelvic cavity Parts: It consist of External genitalia Internal genitalia External genitalia: Labia minora Labia majora Clitoris Vaginal orifice Internal genitalia: Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vagina: A muscular tube, that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body. During intercourse, the vagina receives the male’s penis and semen. Birth canal that the baby passes through in a normal delivery. Ovaries: Small almond-shaped glands that produce ova and the female sex hormones located on both sides of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. In charge of ovulation and producing the female sex hormones. The hormones are responsible for getting the lining of the uterus prepared for a fertilized ovum Uterus: Hollow organ (also called womb) Fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows. Contractions to the walls propels the baby during delivery through the birth canal in a normal delivery Parts: fundus, body & cervix The fundus is the broad curved upper area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus; The body, the main part of the uterus, The cervix, extends downward and opens into the vagina. Uterus has 3 layers: The endometrium is the inner layer The myometrium is the middle layer The perimetrium is the outer layer Function of uterus: The uterus receives a fertilized egg and protects the fetus (baby) while it grows and develops. The uterus contracts to push the baby out of the body during birth. Every month, except when a woman is pregnant, the lining of the uterus grows and thickens in preparation for pregnancy. If the woman doesn’t get pregnant, the lining is shed through the cervix into the vagina and out of the body. This is called menstruation. The function of the female reproductive System: The female reproductive system produces ova (the female reproductive cell) Provides a location for fertilization Growth of a fetus Secretes female sex hormones The breast produce milk to nourish the newborn. Menstruation: Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle. Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus sheds its lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus. It passes out of the body through the vagina. Menstrual cycle: Con

1 GNM anatomy Unit - 10 Repro System.pptx

1 GNM anatomy Unit - 10 Repro System.pptx

1 GNM anatomy Unit - 10 Repro System.pptx

The Endocrine system: The structure and functions of: The pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal glands Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) Ovaries and testes Endocrine system: The endocrine system is a number of glands that secrete hormones that the body uses for many functions. They are not having any ducts, so called “ductless glands” They supply their secretions directly to blood General functions: Respiration Metabolism Reproduction Sensory perception Movement Sexual development Growth The pituitary gland: Pituitary (hypophysis) is a pea-sized endocrine gland at the base of brain and below the hypothalamus The pituitary is often referred to as the “master gland” because it not only secretes its own hormones, it tells other glands to produce hormones Parts: Front lobe (anterior lobe or adenohypophysis) Middle lobe (intermediate lobe) Back lobe (posterior lobe or neurohypophysis) Hormones secreted by pituitary: The anterior pituitary gland: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Growth hormone (GH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Prolactin (PRL) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Functions of pituitary: ACTH - stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol, “stress hormone” that maintains BP and blood sugar levels. GH - regulates growth, metabolism and body composition LH & FSH - stimulate sex hormone production, and egg and sperm maturity Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk production TSH - stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones. ADH (also called vasopressin) - controls water balance and BP Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during labour and milk secretion during breastfeeding. Melanocyte - stimulating hormone, which acts on cells in the skin to stimulate the production of melanin. Pineal gland: also called the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri, is a very small gland in brain It’s a part of endocrine system and secretes the hormone melatonin. pineal gland’s main job is to help control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin. Hormone: Melatonin is a hormone that’s mainly produced by pineal gland. Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark. Pineal gland releases the highest levels of melatonin when there’s darkness and decreases melatonin production when exposed to light. In other words, low levels of melatonin in blood during the daylight hours and high levels of melatonin during the nighttime. Because of this, melatonin has often been referred to as a “sleep hormone.” While melatonin is not essential for sleeping, but sleep better when the highest levels of melatonin in body. Melatonin also interacts with biologically female hormones that helps in regulating menstrual cycles. Melatonin can also protect against neurodegeneration, which is the progressive loss of function of neurons Function: The main function of pine

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 9 Endocrine system.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 9 Endocrine system.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 9 Endocrine system.pptx

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – 8: Structure and functions of the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra Formation and composition of urine. Fluid and electrolyte balance Structure and functions of the skin. Regulation of the body temperature. Excretory system: The excretory system is performs the function of excretion It is the process of removing the wastes There are several parts of the body that are involved in this process such as sweat glands, the liver, the lungs and the kidney system Kidney: The kidneys are a bean-shaped organs - found abdominal cavity, just below the rib cage. The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the position of the liver. Every human has two kidneys. Diagram of Renal System Structure of kidney: Kidney consist of 3 basic parts Renal cortex (outer layer ) Renal medulla (inner layer ) Renal pelvis. Renal cortex: The renal cortex is the outer layer of the kidney, it is covered with capsule Erythropoietin a hormone is produced in the renal cortex (Erythropoiesis) Renal medulla: Renal medulla is the inner layer of the kidney. The medulla consists of multiple pyramidal tissue masses, called the renal pyramids, which are triangle structures that contain a network of nephrons Renal pelvis: The renal pelvis contains the hilum. The hilum is the concave part of the bean-shape where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney It is also the point of exit for the ureters carry urine away from the kidney Both of the ureters supply the urine into urinary bladder, From there, urine is expelled through the urethra and out of the body. The blood arrives at the kidney via the renal artery, renal veins collect deoxygenated blood Nephron: The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. Parts of Nephron: Renal corpuscle (glomerulus within bowman's capsule) Proximal convoluted tubule Intermediate tubule (loop of Henle) Distal convoluted tubule Collecting ducts 1. The Glomerulus: The glomerulus is receives blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation. Here, fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood and into the space made by Bowman’s capsule. A group of specialized cells known as juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) are located around the afferent arteriole where it enters the renal corpuscle. The JGA secretes an enzyme called renin, it is involved in the process of blood volume homeostasis (Bp). 2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule: The proximal tubule is the first site of water reabsorption into the bloodstream, and the site where the majority of water and salt reabsorption takes place. 3. The Loop of Henle: The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that consists of a descending limb and ascending limb. It transfers fluid from the proximal to the distal tubule 4. Distal Convoluted Tubule: The distal convoluted tubule is the final site of reabsorption in the nephron. 5. Collecting Duct: The collecting duct

1 GNM Anatomy - Unit - 8 Excretory system.pptx

1 GNM Anatomy - Unit - 8 Excretory system.pptx

1 GNM Anatomy - Unit - 8 Excretory system.pptx

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit - 7 Structure and functions of the alimentary tract & is accessory organs. The process of digestion, absorption & metabolism of food constituents Digestive system Also known as gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal. Consist of alimentary tract and Accessory organs It involve in Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption & Excretion It is started from mouth and ended at anal canal Parts of Digestive System Accessory organs: Teeth Tongue Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Diagram Functions of Digestive System Ingestion: taking of food into the GIT. i.e. eating & drinking. Propulsion: mixes & moves the contents along the GIT Digestion: breakdown of food Absorption: this is the process by which digested food substances pass into the blood for circulation. Elimination: undigested food substances removed from the GIT as feces by the process of defecation. Mouth: First part of GIT The mouth is an oval-shaped cavity inside the skull. Parts: Lips (Labia), vestibule, mouth cavity, gums, teeth, hard & soft palate, tongue and salivary glands. The mouth is also known as the oral cavity or the buccal cavity. Function of mouth: Mastication (chewing) of food Mixing masticated food with saliva Initiation of swallowing by the tongue Allowing for the sense of taste Tongue or Lingua: The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth. Small parts called papillae give the tongue its rough structure. Many taste buds present on the surfaces of the papillae Taste buds are sensory organs that are found on your tongue and allow you to experience tastes that are sweet, salty, sour, and bitter Function of tongue: Mastication Deglutition Speech Taste Oral cleaning Teeth: The teeth are the hardest white in oral cavity. There are 20 temporary or deciduous teeth(10 in each Jaw 4 incisors, 2 canines & 4 molars) The permanent or secondary teeth 32 teeth(16 in each jaw - 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars & 6 molars ) Function of teeth: Chewing food Cutting and grinding food speech Structure of tooth: Crown: part protrude from gums or gingiva Neck: in between crown & root Root: bottom part of the tooth; may be single, double, or triple root embedded in bone Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth. Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the pulp of the teeth. Cementum: A layer that attach the roots of the teeth to the gums and jawbone. Periodontal ligament: Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly in jaw. Salivary glands: It secreting saliva There are 3 types Parotid - each side of the face Submandibular - below the mandibular Sublingual – below the tongue All have ducts to supply saliva in mouth Functions: chewing and swallowing, Lubricating effect, dissolves food, taste food, Cleaning mouth, fight against pathogenic microorganisms Pharynx: Muscular tube situated behind th

1 GNM Anatomy Unit - 7 GIT by thirumurugan.pptx

1 GNM Anatomy Unit - 7 GIT by thirumurugan.pptx

1 GNM Anatomy Unit - 7 GIT by thirumurugan.pptx

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – 6: The structure and functions of respiratory organs The physiology of respiration Characteristics of normal respiration and deviation Respiratory system The respiratory system is the one of vital organs that involve in respiration Play important role in the intake and exchange of O2 and CO2 . The respiratory system performs two major tasks: Exchanging air between the body and the outside environment known as external respiration. Bringing O2 to the cells and removing CO2 from them referred to as internal respiration. Parts of respiratory system Upper respiratory tract: (outside thorax) Nose Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Nose: Also called external nares. Divided into two halves by the nasal septum. Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is warmed. Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering out foreign bodies. Pharynx: Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems. Commonly called the throat. Start from the nasal and oral cavities and extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus. There are 3 types: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Larynx: Voice box is a short, cylindrical airway - ends in the trachea. Prevents swallowed materials entering into the lower respiratory tract. It Passes air into the lower respiratory tract. Produces sounds. Supported by cartilage help to held in place by ligaments and muscles. Voice is produced by vibration of the vocal folds or vocal cords. The vocal folds are a pair of pliable shelves of tissue that stretch across the top of the trachea (windpipe). They are enclosed within the thyroid cartilage. The vocal folds, together with the muscles and cartilages that support them, are known as the larynx. Biologically, the larynx evolved as a valve to protect the airway and lungs. Thus, it is positioned where the airway and the esophagus separate. The vocal folds open to allow breathing and close during swallowing to prevent food from entering into the lungs and during voicing. Trachea: A flexible tube also called windpipe. Extends through the mediastinum and lies anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx. Cartilage rings help the trachea to remains open at all times. Bronchus: The two large tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs. Left and right main bronchus in each lung. Each bronchus divided into bronchioles Lung: Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide, concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm. Its superior part called the apex Both lungs are supported anteriorly by thoracic wall, laterally, and posteriorly by the rib cage. Mediastinum Left lung: divided into 2 lobes by, smaller than the right lung & cardiac notch accommodates the heart Right lung: divided into 3 lobes by, located more superiorly in the body due to liver on right side Pleura: The outer surface of each lung covered by a layer called pleura. The outer - parietal pleura & the internal - visceral pleura.

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 6 Respiratory System.pptx

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – 5: Structure and function of lymph vessels Lymph nodes and lymph circulation lymphatic tissue - spleen and thymus Lymphatic system: The lymphatic system, or lymphoid system, is part of the circulatory system and the immune system. It is made up of a large network of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs, and lymphoid tissues. It also maintains fluid balance and plays a role in absorbing fats and fat-soluble nutrients. Functions: Return tissue fluid to the bloodstream. It absorbs and transports fat and fat soluble vitamins from the intestine. Kill the micro-organism. LYMPH VESSELS: A thin tube that carries lymph (lymphatic fluid) and white blood cells through the lymphatic system. Also called lymphatic vessel. Similar to blood vessels The lymphatic vessels transport lymph fluid around the body. There are two main systems of lymph vessels: Superficial vessels: found superficially and accompany venous flow. They supply into deep vessels. Deep vessels: collect from the deeper structures of the body, such as the internal organs. They tend to accompany deep arteries. Structure of lymph vessels: The endothelium the inner layer, middle is smooth muscles and adventitia is the outermost layer One of the main structure of lymph vessels is their valves, which are semilunar structures, valves is to prevent backflow of fluid Function: Carry the lymph fluid in one direction toward the heart. Providing sites for certain immune system Facilitating plasma circulation in the CVS Lymph node: It is a part of the body’s immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (WBC) that help the body fight infection and disease. There are hundreds of lymph nodes found throughout the body. They are connected to lymph vessels. Lymph nodes are found in the neck, axilla, chest, abdomen, and groin. Structure: Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped glands Lymph nodes are classified as "secondary" lymphoid organs, with the primary lymph organs being the thymus gland, tonsils, spleen, and bone marrow. The lymphatic vessels are the highways the immune police cells travel to survey the body, and the lymph nodes are like police stations Lymph nodes are divided into lobules, each of which contains an outer cortex, para cortex, inner medulla. B lymphocytes (b cells) are found in the cortex, with T lymphocytes (t cells) and para cortex. Plasma cells and macrophages are present in the medulla. The entire lymph node is enclosed by a tough fibrous capsule. Lymph circulation: Lymph. After blood travels through capillary and is moved to the venous system, some of fluid is left behind in the tissues it called lymph. Lymph is a clear, colorless liquid, it contains oxygen, proteins, glucose and WBC. Fluid that is forced out of the bloodstream during normal circulation is filtered through lymph nodes to remove bacteria, abnormal cells and other matter. This fluid is then t

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 5 - Lymphatic system.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 5 - Lymphatic system.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 5 - Lymphatic system.pptx

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – IV: Heart : Structure, functions including conduction system & cardiac cycle Blood vessels : Types, Structure and position Circulation of blood Blood pressure and pulse Heart The circulatory system: It consisting of blood, blood vessels, and heart. This supplies oxygen and other nutrients, Transports hormones Removes unnecessary waste products. Heart and its Structure The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, located in mediastinum just behind and slightly left of the breastbone (sternum). The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels (arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system). Structure of heart: Layers of the heart (3) Chambers of the heart (4) Valves of the heart (4) Blood vessels of the heart (5) 3 layers of the heart: Epicardium/pericardium: outer protective layer of the heart. Visceral and parietal (pericardial fluid). Protection for the heart and big vessels and prevent collapse of heart, Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart. Responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body. Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart. Regulate blood flow through the chambers of the heart and pass the electrical impulses Chambers of the heart: The atria: These are the 2 upper chambers, which receive blood. RA / LA The ventricles: These are the 2 lower chambers, which discharge blood. RV/ LV A wall of tissue called the septum separates the left and right atria called atrial septum and the left and right ventricle called ventricular septum. Valves in the heart: There are four valves Two-atrio ventricular valves: The 2 types: bicuspid (mitral) - LA & LV, and tricuspid valves - RA & RV. Two-semilunar valves: The aortic valves and the pulmonary valve. Major blood vessels of the heart There are 5 major blood vessels Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins Aorta[artery] Inferior vena cava [IVC] veins Superior vena cava [SVC] veins Functions of heart: Pumping oxygenated blood to the body parts. Pumping nutrients and other vital substances Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the body Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation. Maintaining blood pressure. Conduction system The electrical conduction system that controls the heart rate. This system generates electrical impulses and conducts them throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood. The electrical pulses determine the order in which the chambers contract & the heart rate Conductive system consist of: SA Node AV Node Bundle of his or His Bundles – bundle of branches ( right and left) 4. Purkinje fibres Sinoatrial node (SA) : also known as the pace maker of the heart and Located in the upper wall of the right atrium Made up of both muscle and nervous tissue Here the electrical impulse begins Atrioventricular (AV) node: located between the atria and ventricles of the heart The electrical impulse is carried fr

1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 4 - CVS by thirumurugan.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 4 - CVS by thirumurugan.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 4 - CVS by thirumurugan.pptx

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – III: Composition and formation of blood Functions of blood Blood clotting, blood grouping and cross matching Blood products and their use Blood It is a connective tissue and circulating fluid including plasma and blood cells. Physical characteristics: More viscous than water. 100.4 degree F temperature. 8% of total body weight. Average blood volume in males is 5-6 liters and female 4-5 liters Composition of blood Blood is made up of two main components. Plasma (55%) Blood cells (45%) Plasma: Normally 55% of our blood is made up of plasma Composed of approximately 90% water. plasma is the liquid portion of the blood. Composition of blood Plasma can be divided into 6 components: Inorganic ions or Mineral ion. The plasma proteins Organic nutrients Nitrogenous waste products Hormones Gases Composition of blood Blood cells 3 types of blood cells are Red blood cells (erythrocytes) White blood cells (leucocytes) Platelets (thrombocytes) Red blood cells: Also called erythrocytes & Biconcave shape 95% of the RBC consist of haemoglobin(red pigment) Remaining 5% consist of enzymes, salts and other protein Formed in red bone marrow Average life span is 4 months (120 days) Composition of blood Function: To transport oxygen & carbon dioxide. Blood of male contains 5-5.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres. Blood of female contains 4-4.5 million RBC per cubic millimetres 2) White blood cells: Also called as leucocytes They are colourless & Much larger than red blood cells One cubic millimetres of blood contains 7000 to 8000 WBC Formed in bone marrow Their life span depends on the body need so they have life span of months or even years Composition of blood: Types of WBC: Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes. Main function: These are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. Composition of blood: 3) platelets: also called Thrombocytes. Normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000/ drop of blood Platelets have a life span of only 5 to 9 days Platelets are formed in Bone marrow Function: Involving in blood coagulation (blood clotting) Blood Formation Hemopoiesis ( haematopoiesis) or hemopoiesis, is the process that produces the formed elements of the blood. Hemopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow found in the epiphyses of long bones (for example, the humerus and femur), flat bones (ribs and cranial bones), vertebrae, and the pelvis. Within the bone marrow, hemopoietic stem cells ( hemocytoblasts) divide to produce various “blast” cells. Each of these cells matures and becomes a particular blood cells. The rate of blood cell formation depending on the individual But - average 200 billion RBC per day, 10 billion WBC per day, and 400 billion platelets per day Blood Formation Blood cells are made in the bone marrow & located inside some bones. It contains young p

1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 3 - blood by thirumurugan.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 3 - blood by thirumurugan.pptx

1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 3 - blood by thirumurugan.pptx

By:M. Thiru murugan Unit – II: The cell: Structure, reproduction and function Tissues including membranes and glands : types, structure and functions Body cavities and their contents Cell Cell is the basic Structural and functional unit Unicellular Organisms - made up of only one cell Multicellular Organisms - made up of more than one cell. Cells vary in shape & size Types of Cells: Based on cellular structure, there are two types of cells: Prokaryotes - Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus. Eukaryotes - characterized by a true nucleus. Structures of cell: It consist of 3 parts: Cell membrane outer boundary of cell Nucleus - control center Cytoplasm material between cell membrane & nucleus Cell (plasma) membrane: Cell structure that regulates passage of materials between cell & its environment; aid in protection & support of cell Cell wall – cell structure that surrounds cell membrane 2. Nucleus Nucleus - organelle that controls the cell’s activities & contains DNA Parts of nucleus: Nuclear envelope - 2 membranes that surround nucleus of a cell Nucleolus - cell structure that contains RNA & proteins; where ribosomes are made Chromosomes - threadlike structure in a cell that contains genetic information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next Chromatin – long, tangled strands of DNA 3. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm – (jelly-like) area between nucleus & cell membrane of a cell Surrounds organelles Organelle – tiny cell structure that performs a specialized function within the cell Cell Organelle and its Functions: Nucleolus: The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction Nuclear membrane: The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the nucleus and other cell organelles. Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transportation of substances throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins. Golgi Bodies: Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of materials within the cell Ribosome: Ribosomes are the protein synthesizers of the cell Mitochondria: The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it produces ATP – the cell’s energy Lysosomes: Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and helps in cell renewal. Therefore, it is known as the cell’s suicide bags Chloroplast: Chloroplasts are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment chlorophyll Vacuoles: Vacuoles stores food, water, and other waste materials in the cell Reproduction Cell division: Cells need to divide for a number of reasons, including the growth of an organism and to fill gaps left by dead and destroyed cells after an injury, for instance. There are two types of cell division: Mitosis Meiosis Mitosis: Mitosis

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1. Major surface and bony landmarks in each body region & 9 Quadrants of Abdomen By, M. Thiru murugan

2. Major surface and bony landmarks in each body region Abdominal: Front part below the diaphragm Acromial: Shoulder

3. Antebrachial: Forearm Antecubital: Depressed area in front of elbow

4. Axillary: Armpit Brachial: Arm

5. Buccal: Buccal, or buccal cavity, an oral body cavity (mouth), particularly the cheek cavity

6. Calcaneal: Heel of foot Carpal: Wrist Cephalic: Head Cervical: Neck

7. Coxal: Hip Cranial: skull Facial: Face

8. Femoral: Thigh Gluteal: Buttock

9. Frontal: Forehead Hallux: Great toe

10. Inguinal: Groin Occipital: Back of lower part of skull Nasal: Nose Navel: Umbilicus

11. Oral: Mouth Orbital or ophthalmic: Eyes Otic: Ear Palmar: Palm of hand

12. Patellar: Front of knee Popliteal: Area behind the knee Pollex: Thumb

13. Tarsal: Ankle Zygomatic: Cheek Thoracic: Chest Temporal: Side of skull

14. 9 Quadrants / 9 regions of Abdomen

15. 1. Right hypochondriac region 2. Epigastric region 3. Left hypochondriac region 4. Right lumbar region 5. Umblical region 6. Left lumbar region 7. Right inguinal/iliac region 8. Hypogastric region 9. Left inguinal/iliac region 9 - Quadrants and regions of body