Andrew Jackson was orphaned at a young age and had little formal education. He went on to have a military career and became a top commander in the US Army. As the 7th US President, Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams in a divisive election. As president, Jackson established the spoils system of replacing government officials with political allies and replaced the caucus system for nominating presidential candidates with national conventions. Jackson also faced the Nullification Crisis over high tariffs but was able to convince South Carolina to back down from secession through political maneuvering and shows of military force.