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Mao introduced several reforms between 1949-1957 to transform China's agriculture and industry:
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2. Agricultural collectivization began with the introduction of Mutual Aid Teams in 1951, followed by agricultural cooperatives in 1953, and larger collectives encompassing multiple villages by 1955-1956. This aimed to boost food production through pooled resources and mechanization.
3. Industrial reforms included nationalizing private businesses, stabilizing prices and currency, and launching the First Five Year Plan in 1953 to rapidly develop heavy
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El documento proporciona información sobre España durante el franquismo (1939-1975). Explica que el franquismo fue una dictadura militar con rasgos fascistas que se caracterizó por concentrar todo el poder en el dictador Franco. Se divide el período en tres etapas: la posguerra de miseria y autarquía, la época del desarrollismo económico en los años 1960 y la crisis final. También analiza aspectos como la política económica intervencionista y de autarquía en la posguerra, el Plan de Estabilización de 1959 que abri
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The document discusses the New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced by Lenin in 1921 in response to economic crisis and opposition in Russia. It provides background on War Communism, the Kronstadt rebellion, and reasons for the NEP. The NEP allowed private enterprise, markets, and a tax on peasant production. It aimed to restore the economy but faced criticism from communists and ideological concerns over private property and capitalism. Overall the sources discuss debates around the success and failure of the NEP in achieving economic recovery while maintaining communist principles.
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The document discusses how World War 1 changed Indian perceptions of Britain and contributed to the passing of the Government of India Act of 1919 in three key ways:
1) World War 1 opened Indian eyes to the failures of British leadership and weakened perceptions of European superiority.
2) It led to the development of the first truly national mass nationalist movements in India demanding greater self-government.
3) The war increased British insecurity in India and fear of rebellion, which contributed to repressive laws but also a willingness to consider political reforms like those in the 1919 Act.
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The document summarizes the rise of communism in China under Mao Zedong from the 1920s to modern day. Key events include Mao forming the People's Liberation Army in the 1920s to end inequality, his Long March in the 1930s after being driven from power, and declaring the People's Republic of China in 1949 after defeating the Nationalists. Under Mao, China adopted Soviet-style collectivization and 5-year plans, but the Great Leap Forward failed and caused a famine killing millions. The Cultural Revolution purged Chinese culture and society, until Mao's death led to Deng Xiaoping implementing economic reforms. Student protests in 1989 calling for democracy were crushed by the army in Tiananmen Square
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The document outlines the key features and consequences of Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution in China from 1966-1976. It describes how Mao mobilized students into Red Guard groups to purge Chinese society of "old ways of thinking" and target intellectuals, religious groups, and cultural artifacts. This led to widespread social chaos and violence across China, with the destruction of cultural heritage and severe economic and social consequences, though it did allow Mao to regain power over political rivals for a time.
Changes Under Mao - Agriculture & Industry
Mao introduced several reforms between 1949-1957 to transform China's agriculture and industry:
1. An Agrarian Reform Law was passed in 1950 that redistributed land from landlords to peasants. Peasants were also encouraged to put landlords on trial through "People's Courts" where some landlords were executed.
2. Agricultural collectivization began with the introduction of Mutual Aid Teams in 1951, followed by agricultural cooperatives in 1953, and larger collectives encompassing multiple villages by 1955-1956. This aimed to boost food production through pooled resources and mechanization.
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The document discusses changes made to India's constitution regarding the declaration of national emergencies. It notes that in 1975 the president could declare emergency on the advice of the prime minister alone, but this was amended in 1977 to require advice from the full council of ministers. The approval process in parliament was also strengthened, requiring a special majority rather than simple majority. Additionally, the 1977 amendments ensured certain fundamental rights could not be curtailed during internal emergencies and gave parliament a role in revoking emergencies passed by simple majority.
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The India Independence Act of 1947 established the independence of India and Pakistan from British rule. It created the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan, with India comprising most of British India except for certain provinces divided into Pakistan. The Act established that both dominions would be fully independent and have their own legislatures and governor-generals appointed by the King. It outlined that British rule over India would officially end on August 15, 1947 and transferred governing responsibilities to the new Indian and Pakistani governments.
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05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
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The document discusses the political and economic situation in Europe during the inter-war period of 1919-1939. It describes how the aftermath of World War 1 led to economic crisis across Europe. In the early 1920s, Germany in particular suffered from hyperinflation as a result of reparations payments. The US and some countries recovered earlier, helping others with loans and goods. By the mid-1920s, Europe's economy had mostly recovered. However, the Wall Street crash of 1929 led to the Great Depression, which spread economic problems worldwide and weakened democracies. This opened opportunities for authoritarian and totalitarian regimes to rise in Germany, Italy and elsewhere.
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The Commission's powers and functions include conducting free and fair elections, implementing the electoral code of conduct, preparing voter rolls, delimiting constituencies, resolving disputes, overseeing candidate and party finances, registering parties, and limiting campaign spending. However, it faces challenges like ensuring a level playing field for all parties and gaining the trust of major political parties.
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Nazism promoted the idea that the Aryan race was superior and sought to expand its territory, displacing inferior races. It rejected class struggle and promoted national unity under the totalitarian state. The Nazis took control of Germany in 1933 after the Reichstag fire, suspending civil liberties and banning other parties. In 1934, Hitler consolidated power by purging the SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives. By his death in 1945 in the Battle of Berlin, Hitler had established a fascist dictatorship in Germany but refused to surrender even as the country collapsed.
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The Holocaust refers to the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies between 1933 and 1945. Beginning with the rise of the Nazis to power in Germany in 1933, the new government utilized state power to persecute Jews and others deemed "racially inferior" through ghettos and concentration camps. Over the following years, the Nazi killing operations expanded, ultimately murdering around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population in factories of death like Auschwitz through mass shootings, gas chambers, starvation, and forced labor. Millions of other groups were also targeted in the Holocaust on racial, political, ideological, and other grounds.
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Cultural revolution PowerPoint
After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong urged China's youth to embrace revolution by joining the Red Guards militia units. The Red Guards led a major uprising known as the Cultural Revolution, which aimed to create a classless society. During the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards shut down schools and universities while raiding the homes of wealthy citizens. By 1976, the Cultural Revolution had resulted in widespread chaos and civil war-like conditions in China, leading Mao to disband the Red Guards and end the revolution.
Partition of Bengal Presented by Mirza Husnain
The document summarizes the Partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British Viceroy Lord Curzon. It discusses the political and economic reasons behind the partition, including weakening Bengali nationalism and instituting a divide and rule policy between Hindus and Muslims. The partition led to widespread protests through non-violent movements promoting Swadeshi goods and boycotting British products. However, the British government cracked down on protesters through arrests and jailings. Ultimately, the partition had the opposite effect by uniting Indians and strengthening the national independence movement.
Nazism
The Nazi ideology was based on racial hierarchy and anti-Semitism. It promoted the supremacy of the Nordic/Aryan race over all others. The Nazis believed the Aryan race had to retain purity and dominate the world, borrowing ideas from social Darwinism about survival of the fittest. They considered Jews and other non-Aryan groups as undesirable and a threat to the German nation.
State of emergency in India
The document discusses changes made to India's constitution regarding the declaration of national emergencies. It notes that in 1975 the president could declare emergency on the advice of the prime minister alone, but this was amended in 1977 to require advice from the full council of ministers. The approval process in parliament was also strengthened, requiring a special majority rather than simple majority. Additionally, the 1977 amendments ensured certain fundamental rights could not be curtailed during internal emergencies and gave parliament a role in revoking emergencies passed by simple majority.
India independence act 1947
The India Independence Act of 1947 established the independence of India and Pakistan from British rule. It created the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan, with India comprising most of British India except for certain provinces divided into Pakistan. The Act established that both dominions would be fully independent and have their own legislatures and governor-generals appointed by the King. It outlined that British rule over India would officially end on August 15, 1947 and transferred governing responsibilities to the new Indian and Pakistani governments.
Causes of the Russian Revolution
The March Revolution of 1917 in Russia was caused by (1) the poor leadership of Czar Nicholas II which maintained feudalism, (2) the enormous casualties and hardships of World War I, and (3) widespread starvation, poverty, and bread riots among the masses. This led to the Czar's abdication and the rise of the provisional government. However, divisions remained between revolutionaries like the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. This set the stage for the November Revolution led by Lenin and the Bolsheviks who took power and established communist rule, forming the Soviet Union.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
The Collapse of Communism & the USSR
Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika, as well as economic failures, rising nationalism, and public demand for change, contributed to the fall of European communist regimes in 1989. The opening of the Berlin Wall and revolutions in Eastern bloc countries ended the Soviet Union's control over Eastern Europe. By 1991, nationalist and reformist sentiments led by Boris Yeltsin overwhelmed the Soviet system, culminating in the dissolution of the USSR.
The inter war crisis
The document discusses the political and economic situation in Europe during the inter-war period of 1919-1939. It describes how the aftermath of World War 1 led to economic crisis across Europe. In the early 1920s, Germany in particular suffered from hyperinflation as a result of reparations payments. The US and some countries recovered earlier, helping others with loans and goods. By the mid-1920s, Europe's economy had mostly recovered. However, the Wall Street crash of 1929 led to the Great Depression, which spread economic problems worldwide and weakened democracies. This opened opportunities for authoritarian and totalitarian regimes to rise in Germany, Italy and elsewhere.
Fascism and Nazism
The document defines nationalism, fascism, and Nazism. It discusses the rise of extreme nationalism in Europe prior to World War 1, specifically focusing on the rise of the Nazi party in Germany and the fascist party in Italy led by Mussolini. It explains how Hitler and Mussolini rose to power in their countries in part by appealing to nationalist sentiments and establishing totalitarian regimes based on extreme nationalism, cultural superiority, and opposition to communism.
Election commission
The Bangladesh Election Commission is established by the constitution to oversee elections. It consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and up to four other Commissioners appointed by the President. To be eligible to vote, one must be a Bangladeshi citizen over 18, of sound mind, a resident of the constituency, and not convicted of certain offenses.
The Commission's powers and functions include conducting free and fair elections, implementing the electoral code of conduct, preparing voter rolls, delimiting constituencies, resolving disputes, overseeing candidate and party finances, registering parties, and limiting campaign spending. However, it faces challenges like ensuring a level playing field for all parties and gaining the trust of major political parties.
Chinese Revolution & Mao
The document summarizes the history of revolution and communism in China from the early 20th century to modern times. It describes the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1911 and the rise of nationalist and communist movements led by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong. Mao emerged as the leader of the communists after their famous Long March retreat. The communists defeated the nationalists in 1949, establishing the People's Republic of China under Mao's leadership. Mao implemented authoritarian policies and economic programs that had mixed results, including the Great Leap Forward that caused a devastating famine.
The Arab Spring
This document analyzes the economic impacts of the Arab Spring uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. It discusses the causes of the uprisings in each country, including high unemployment, food price inflation, and corruption. It then examines the economic effects, such as declines in GDP growth, tourism, and industrial production in Tunisia and Egypt following their revolutions. For Libya, it covers the ongoing civil war and international intervention, and analyzes impacts including rises in global oil and food prices, losses to Italian investments in Libya, and uncertainty around Libya's political and economic future.
Russian Revolution of 1917
The major events of the RUSSIAN REVOLUTION, a series of two revolutions in RUSSIA in 1917. The first revolution in March (O.S. February) deposed TSAR NICHOLAS II. The second revolution in November (O.S. October) toppled the Provisional Government and handed power to the Bolsheviks, giving way to the rise of the SOVIET UNION (U.S.S.R.), the world's first communist state.
1909 indian councils act
The 1909 Indian Councils Act, also known as the Minto-Morely Reforms, increased representation of Indians in the legislative councils and made changes to the electoral system. It enlarged the size of the central and provincial legislative councils, increasing the number of non-official Indian members. It introduced separate electorates based on religion and other groupings. Finally, it expanded the powers of legislative councils to discuss more issues, though the president retained final approval over resolutions.
Communist party of china, its structure and how does it work
Details about Communist Party of China (CCP) / (CPC) that how and when it has been formed and how it rules the China.
Structure of Chinese Communist Party, History, working and details regarding joining CCP are also included.
Facism and nazism
Nazism promoted the idea that the Aryan race was superior and sought to expand its territory, displacing inferior races. It rejected class struggle and promoted national unity under the totalitarian state. The Nazis took control of Germany in 1933 after the Reichstag fire, suspending civil liberties and banning other parties. In 1934, Hitler consolidated power by purging the SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives. By his death in 1945 in the Battle of Berlin, Hitler had established a fascist dictatorship in Germany but refused to surrender even as the country collapsed.
Linguistic reorganization of Indian States - Climax of Integration of States
India is a land of many languages, each with its distinct script, grammar, vocabulary and literary traditions. This gave rise to the demand for reorganizing the states based on languages. Here we have discussed the various linguistic movements and the history of reorganizing India.
Intro the holocaust
The Holocaust refers to the systematic persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its allies between 1933 and 1945. Beginning with the rise of the Nazis to power in Germany in 1933, the new government utilized state power to persecute Jews and others deemed "racially inferior" through ghettos and concentration camps. Over the following years, the Nazi killing operations expanded, ultimately murdering around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population in factories of death like Auschwitz through mass shootings, gas chambers, starvation, and forced labor. Millions of other groups were also targeted in the Holocaust on racial, political, ideological, and other grounds.
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05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Communist party of china, its structure and how does it work
Communist party of china, its structure and how does it work
Linguistic reorganization of Indian States - Climax of Integration of States
Linguistic reorganization of Indian States - Climax of Integration of States
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Cesta k nacistické genocidě
Doprovodné texty ke stejnojmennému dokumentárnímu filmu (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRbUq1sfIiU). Zahrnují stručný přehled historie holocaustu a milníky 2. světové války. Film i texty lze volně využívat ke vzdělávacím účelům.
Oba materiály pochází z dílny americké Muzea holocaustu. iCentrum OSN připravilo s podporou osvětového a vzdělávacího programu Holocaust and the United Nations českou verzi.
Osvětový a vzdělávací program OSN o holocaustu film přeložil z angličtiny do všech oficiálních jazyků OSN (arabština, čínština, francouzština, ruština a španělština) a prostřednictvím sítě informačních center OSN ho dává k dispozici pedagogům na celém světě.
V případě zájmu je možné vyžádat si DVD s filmem ve vysokém rozlišení, který vám zdarma zašleme poštou.
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