4th lecture
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This document provides an overview of different types of companies under the Companies Ordinance 1984 in Pakistan. It discusses companies limited by shares, companies limited by guarantee, unlimited companies, and organizations not for profit. The document also notes that companies may be private or public and provides examples of different types of companies including charitable companies, statutory companies, registered companies, single member companies, private companies, public companies, listed companies, holding companies, and subsidiary companies.
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10th lacture
The document discusses key clauses that must be included in the Memorandum of Association when forming a company in Pakistan, including:
1. The registered office clause, which fixes the company's nationality and requires notice of the registered address within 28 days.
2. The objects clause, which defines the nature and scope of the company's activities to inform shareholders of risks.
3. The liability clause, which shows if the company has limited or unlimited liability for its members.
4. The capital clause, which defines the company's authorized capital structure in shares and debentures.
5. The association clause, which requires subscriber details, shareholding amounts, and witnessing of signatures.
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The document defines a memorandum of association as an official document that establishes the scope of a company's activities and its relationship with the outside world. It must be printed, divided into paragraphs, signed by at least one subscriber for a private company or three for a public company, witnessed, and dated. The memorandum of association sets out the constitution and defines the company.
2nd lecture
1) The document discusses the definition and typology of associations and companies. It provides definitions from legal experts and according to the Ordinance of 1984.
2) An association is defined as a group of people formed together for a common purpose. A company is defined as an association of individuals united for some common purpose.
3) Legal experts have defined a company as a creature of the state that possesses an entity distinct from the persons owning its stocks, and as a mere abstraction of law.
9th lecture
The document defines a memorandum of association as an official document that establishes the scope and activities of a company in relation to the outside world. It outlines the purpose of a memorandum of association as defining the scope of a company's activities and demarcating what a company can and cannot do. A memorandum of association must be printed, divided into paragraphs, signed by at least one subscriber for a private company or three for a public company, witnessed, and dated. It forms the constitution and supreme law of a company.
10th lacture
The document discusses various clauses of a Memorandum of Association, including the registered office clause, object clause, liability clause, capital clause, and association clause. The registered office clause fixes the company's nationality and requires notice of the registered address. The object clause establishes the nature and scope of the company's activities. The liability clause indicates whether the company has limited or unlimited liability. The capital clause establishes the company's authorized capital structure. The association clause includes details of initial subscribers such as their names, addresses, occupations, and shares held.
Partnership
The document discusses key aspects of partnerships under Indian law, including:
- A partnership is a relationship between two or more people joining to carry out business, each contributing money, property, labor or skill, and sharing profits and losses.
- Reconstitution of a partnership means continuing an existing business under a new agreement that changes the relationship between members.
- Admission of a new partner, who will share in profits and losses, is adding a new person to an existing firm.
- A partner may retire with consent or by giving notice, and generally a partner cannot be expelled without contractual grounds.
Partnership firm
The document defines partnership as the relation between persons who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all, according to Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. A partnership is an agreement between competent persons to carry on a lawful business together with a view to make private gain by sharing profits. Key characteristics of a partnership include agreement, lawful business, mutual agency, joint ownership and management, sharing of profits, and dissolution. Partnerships provide benefits like increased capital and resources but also have disadvantages like unlimited liability and risk of disputes. Partnerships are classified based on duration, liability, and registration status.
Partnership Deed
1) The true test of partnership is the existence of "mutual agency", where each partner has the ability to bind the other partners through actions taken in the name of the firm.
2) Sharing profits is a prima facie evidence of partnership but not a conclusive proof on its own.
3) A partnership agreement should ideally be in writing to avoid disputes, and is called a partnership deed. The deed outlines important terms like the name of the partners, nature of business, capital contributions, profit/loss sharing, and circumstances around retirement, expulsion, death, or dissolution.
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The document discusses key clauses that must be included in the Memorandum of Association when forming a company in Pakistan, including:
1. The registered office clause, which fixes the company's nationality and requires notice of the registered address within 28 days.
2. The objects clause, which defines the nature and scope of the company's activities to inform shareholders of risks.
3. The liability clause, which shows if the company has limited or unlimited liability for its members.
4. The capital clause, which defines the company's authorized capital structure in shares and debentures.
5. The association clause, which requires subscriber details, shareholding amounts, and witnessing of signatures.
9th lecture
The document defines a memorandum of association as an official document that establishes the scope of a company's activities and its relationship with the outside world. It must be printed, divided into paragraphs, signed by at least one subscriber for a private company or three for a public company, witnessed, and dated. The memorandum of association sets out the constitution and defines the company.
2nd lecture
1) The document discusses the definition and typology of associations and companies. It provides definitions from legal experts and according to the Ordinance of 1984.
2) An association is defined as a group of people formed together for a common purpose. A company is defined as an association of individuals united for some common purpose.
3) Legal experts have defined a company as a creature of the state that possesses an entity distinct from the persons owning its stocks, and as a mere abstraction of law.
9th lecture
The document defines a memorandum of association as an official document that establishes the scope and activities of a company in relation to the outside world. It outlines the purpose of a memorandum of association as defining the scope of a company's activities and demarcating what a company can and cannot do. A memorandum of association must be printed, divided into paragraphs, signed by at least one subscriber for a private company or three for a public company, witnessed, and dated. It forms the constitution and supreme law of a company.
10th lacture
The document discusses various clauses of a Memorandum of Association, including the registered office clause, object clause, liability clause, capital clause, and association clause. The registered office clause fixes the company's nationality and requires notice of the registered address. The object clause establishes the nature and scope of the company's activities. The liability clause indicates whether the company has limited or unlimited liability. The capital clause establishes the company's authorized capital structure. The association clause includes details of initial subscribers such as their names, addresses, occupations, and shares held.
Partnership
The document discusses key aspects of partnerships under Indian law, including:
- A partnership is a relationship between two or more people joining to carry out business, each contributing money, property, labor or skill, and sharing profits and losses.
- Reconstitution of a partnership means continuing an existing business under a new agreement that changes the relationship between members.
- Admission of a new partner, who will share in profits and losses, is adding a new person to an existing firm.
- A partner may retire with consent or by giving notice, and generally a partner cannot be expelled without contractual grounds.
Partnership firm
The document defines partnership as the relation between persons who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all, according to Section 4 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. A partnership is an agreement between competent persons to carry on a lawful business together with a view to make private gain by sharing profits. Key characteristics of a partnership include agreement, lawful business, mutual agency, joint ownership and management, sharing of profits, and dissolution. Partnerships provide benefits like increased capital and resources but also have disadvantages like unlimited liability and risk of disputes. Partnerships are classified based on duration, liability, and registration status.
Partnership Deed
1) The true test of partnership is the existence of "mutual agency", where each partner has the ability to bind the other partners through actions taken in the name of the firm.
2) Sharing profits is a prima facie evidence of partnership but not a conclusive proof on its own.
3) A partnership agreement should ideally be in writing to avoid disputes, and is called a partnership deed. The deed outlines important terms like the name of the partners, nature of business, capital contributions, profit/loss sharing, and circumstances around retirement, expulsion, death, or dissolution.
Patnership
The document defines a partnership as the relation between two or more persons who have agreed to share profits from a business according to their agreed ratios. A partnership is formed through an oral or written agreement that contains terms about the relationship between partners, including the nature and duration of the business, capital contributions, and profit/loss shares. While not compulsory, registering the partnership provides benefits like allowing partners to file lawsuits related to the firm. The registration process involves submitting a statement with details of the firm and partners to the registrar of firms.
CONCEPT & FEATURES OF PARTNERSHIP
The document defines a partnership as a voluntary association between two or more persons who agree to share profits or losses from a business carried on by them. Key features of a partnership include an agreement to form a partnership to carry out a lawful business and share profits, with partners acting as mutual agents able to bind one another through their business dealings. A partnership requires at least two people but no more than 10 for banking or 20 for other businesses.
Indian Partnership Act 1932
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Partnership
Partnership refers to an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit. Partners contribute money, property, or skills and intend to divide any profits. Key advantages are ease of formation and flexibility, while unlimited liability and limited term are disadvantages. Partnerships can be general, with all partners liable, limited, with some partners' liability capped, or a mix of both. Partners may contribute capital, labor, or a combination of both.
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This document discusses key aspects of partnership law under the Partnership Act 1932. It defines a partnership as a relation between persons who agree to share profits from a business carried on by them. A partnership deed lays out rights and obligations of partners such as profit sharing ratios and salary. Essential elements of a partnership include association of two or more persons, existence of a contract, carrying on a business, and sharing of profits. The document describes different types of partners and their roles, as well as rights and duties of partners. It concludes by distinguishing between unlimited and limited liability of partners.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts relating to Indian partnership law under the Indian Partnership Act of 1932. It defines a partnership as a relation between people who agree to share profits from a business carried on by all or any of the partners. The essentials of a partnership are an agreement between two or more people to carry out a legal business and share profits. It also outlines types of partners, rights and duties of partners, liability of a firm for partner actions, and modes of dissolving a partnership through mutual agreement, notice, or court decree.
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This document defines and classifies joint-stock companies according to their incorporation, liability, and number of members. Joint-stock companies issue shares to owners in return for financial contributions, allowing shareholders to transfer ownership by selling shares. Companies are classified as chartered, statutory, or registered based on how they are formed. They are classified as limited by shares, limited by guarantee, or unlimited based on shareholder liability. Finally, companies are private or public based on membership numbers and share ownership.
INDIAN PARTNERSHIP ACT 1932
The Indian Partnership Act of 1932 defines a partnership as the relation between two or more persons who have agreed to share the profits and losses of a business run by any or all of the partners. The Act applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir and superseded the previous definition in the Indian Contract Act of 1872. Key elements of a partnership include an agreement to form the partnership, whether express or implied, sharing of profits of the business, and the business being carried out by all or any of the partners acting for all.
Theindianpartnershipact1932 120305114812-phpapp02 (1)
The document summarizes key aspects of partnership law in India as outlined in the Indian Partnership Act of 1932. It defines a partnership as an agreement between two or more persons to share profits of a business. It outlines essential elements of a partnership like mutual agency, types of partnerships including partnership at will and for a fixed term, rights and duties of partners, and advantages and disadvantages of a partnership form of business.
Indian Partnership Act, 1932
The Indian Partnership Act of 1932 defines a partnership as the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. A partnership requires an agreement between two or more persons, the existence of a business, and the sharing of profits. The Act applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. It recognizes different types of partners and sets out the rights of partners, including the right to participate in business conduct, access books, and share profits equally. A minor can be admitted as a partner but only for the benefits of the firm until reaching age 18.
The indian partnership act, 1932===by sumit mukherjee
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The document defines three key terms related to government services in Pakistan:
1) Constitutional Posts are positions directly established and governed by the Constitution, with their appointment and removal processes also outlined in the Constitution.
2) All-Pakistan Service refers to services that operate across both the federal and provincial governments that were established before or can be created by parliamentary act.
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The document defines a partnership as a voluntary association between two or more persons who agree to share profits or losses from a business carried on by them. Key features of a partnership include an agreement to form a partnership to carry out a lawful business and share profits, with partners acting as mutual agents able to bind one another through their business dealings. A partnership requires at least two people but no more than 10 for banking or 20 for other businesses.
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Partnership refers to an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit. Partners contribute money, property, or skills and intend to divide any profits. Key advantages are ease of formation and flexibility, while unlimited liability and limited term are disadvantages. Partnerships can be general, with all partners liable, limited, with some partners' liability capped, or a mix of both. Partners may contribute capital, labor, or a combination of both.
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Meaning with suitable example & explanation.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Indian Partnership Act of 1932. It defines a partnership as an agreement between two or more persons to carry on business jointly with a view to profit. The Act governs partnerships in India and describes essential elements like mutual agency, types of partnerships based on duration (partnership at will vs particular partnership), rights and duties of partners, and circumstances for dissolution of a partnership firm.
Elements & kinds of partnership
This document discusses different classifications of partnerships according to their activities, liability of partners, duration, and legality. Partnerships can be classified as commercial or professional based on their activities. As for liability, partnerships can be general, where all partners have unlimited liability, or limited, where at least one partner has limited liability. A partnership's duration can be at will, with no fixed term, or it can have a fixed term for a specific purpose or undertaking. Finally, partnerships are classified as de jure if they comply with legal formation requirements or de facto if they do not comply fully.
Kinds of partners
This document discusses key aspects of partnership law under the Partnership Act 1932. It defines a partnership as a relation between persons who agree to share profits from a business carried on by them. A partnership deed lays out rights and obligations of partners such as profit sharing ratios and salary. Essential elements of a partnership include association of two or more persons, existence of a contract, carrying on a business, and sharing of profits. The document describes different types of partners and their roles, as well as rights and duties of partners. It concludes by distinguishing between unlimited and limited liability of partners.
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The document discusses partnership businesses, including their objectives, missions, visions, methodologies, limitations, and requirements. A partnership business involves two or more people entering a partnership agreement to jointly operate a business venture. Key requirements include a contract between partners, association of two or more people, agreement to carry on business and share profits, and mutual agency where all partners act on behalf of the business. While registration is not mandatory, it provides benefits like protecting assets and allowing partners to seek private equity funding. Overall, partnership relies on trust between partners.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts relating to Indian partnership law under the Indian Partnership Act of 1932. It defines a partnership as a relation between people who agree to share profits from a business carried on by all or any of the partners. The essentials of a partnership are an agreement between two or more people to carry out a legal business and share profits. It also outlines types of partners, rights and duties of partners, liability of a firm for partner actions, and modes of dissolving a partnership through mutual agreement, notice, or court decree.
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This document defines and classifies joint-stock companies according to their incorporation, liability, and number of members. Joint-stock companies issue shares to owners in return for financial contributions, allowing shareholders to transfer ownership by selling shares. Companies are classified as chartered, statutory, or registered based on how they are formed. They are classified as limited by shares, limited by guarantee, or unlimited based on shareholder liability. Finally, companies are private or public based on membership numbers and share ownership.
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The Indian Partnership Act of 1932 defines a partnership as the relation between two or more persons who have agreed to share the profits and losses of a business run by any or all of the partners. The Act applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir and superseded the previous definition in the Indian Contract Act of 1872. Key elements of a partnership include an agreement to form the partnership, whether express or implied, sharing of profits of the business, and the business being carried out by all or any of the partners acting for all.
Theindianpartnershipact1932 120305114812-phpapp02 (1)
The document summarizes key aspects of partnership law in India as outlined in the Indian Partnership Act of 1932. It defines a partnership as an agreement between two or more persons to share profits of a business. It outlines essential elements of a partnership like mutual agency, types of partnerships including partnership at will and for a fixed term, rights and duties of partners, and advantages and disadvantages of a partnership form of business.
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The Indian Partnership Act of 1932 defines a partnership as the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. A partnership requires an agreement between two or more persons, the existence of a business, and the sharing of profits. The Act applies to all of India except Jammu and Kashmir. It recognizes different types of partners and sets out the rights of partners, including the right to participate in business conduct, access books, and share profits equally. A minor can be admitted as a partner but only for the benefits of the firm until reaching age 18.
The indian partnership act, 1932===by sumit mukherjee
The document discusses key aspects of partnership under Indian law. It defines partnership as the relation between persons who have agreed to share profits of a business carried on by all or any acting for all. A partnership requires a minimum of 2 persons, an agreement to share profits, carrying out of business, and mutual agency between partners to bind each other with their acts. A partnership deed in writing is recommended to define terms like capital contributions, profit-sharing ratios, and dissolution clauses. Partners have implied authority to carry out usual business acts that bind the firm.
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Companies can be classified in several ways, including by incorporation, liability of members, ownership, and control. There are two main types of companies - statutory companies formed by special acts of parliament, and registered companies formed under the Indian Companies Act. Registered companies are further divided into companies limited by shares, where member liability is limited to unpaid shares; companies limited by guarantee, where member liability is limited to a guaranteed contribution in the event of winding up; and unlimited companies with no limit on member liability. Private and public companies are also distinguished, with private companies having fewer than 200 members and lower minimum capital. Government companies are at least 51% owned by the government, while non-government companies are foreign companies registered outside of India.
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This document discusses the concept of corporate personality in jurisprudence. It defines a corporation as an artificial person in law that can have rights and duties and hold property. There are three conditions for a corporation: a group of people associated for a purpose, organs through which it functions, and a legal will attributed to it. There are two types of corporations - aggregate and sole. The corporate veil can be lifted in cases of fraud, improper conduct, tax evasion, or activities against public policy to determine the true character behind the legal entity. A corporation sole represents a public office held by successive individuals where the legal personality continues between holders.
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"Indian Partnership Act, 1932" (Part-1) - Sandeep Sharma
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Theindianpartnershipact1932 120305114812-phpapp02 (1)
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The indian partnership act, 1932===by sumit mukherjee
The indian partnership act, 1932===by sumit mukherjee
Distinctions between general partnership llp company
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3) Service of Pakistan encompasses any role related to the federal or provincial governments, including All-Pakistan Services and military services, but excludes specific political leadership roles.
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This document compares companies and partnerships across various factors such as legal status, liability, governance, and registration requirements. Key differences include:
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Typology of administrative action
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The document discusses the separation of powers in the UK, USA, Pakistan, and Islam. It outlines that the objective is to learn about the separation of powers in these systems of government. In the UK, there is separation between the legislative (Parliament), judicial (Judiciary), and executive (Crown) branches. In the USA, power is separated between the legislative (Congress), judicial (Supreme Court and lower courts), and executive (President) branches. In Pakistan, power is separated among the legislative (Parliament), judicial (Supreme Court and others), and executive (President) branches. In early Islam, the prophet Muhammad separated the judiciary (Qazi judges in each district) from the executive (Governor
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The document discusses key concepts related to companies under Indian law. It defines what constitutes a company, outlines its key characteristics such as separate legal identity, perpetual succession, and limited liability. It also classifies companies based on various criteria such as incorporation, number of members, liability, ownership and control. Some major classifications discussed are private and public companies, holding and subsidiary companies, and companies limited by shares or guarantee. The document also compares certain provisions of the Companies Act of 1956 with the Companies Act of 2013.
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Easy understanding about different types of companies with Good chart though which the concepts can be more interesting one.
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- The document discusses joint stock companies, which are a form of business organization that can be established on a large scale with significant capital from many shareholders.
- Joint stock companies have a separate legal identity, limited liability for shareholders, and are managed democratically by elected directors on behalf of shareholders.
- They allow large capital investment and are suitable for businesses requiring significant funds, operating at large scale, and those seeking public confidence. However, they also involve more complex formation processes and greater government regulation than other business forms.
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This document discusses key aspects of company formation and operations under the Indian Companies Act 1956. It begins by outlining the major principles covered, including the nature and types of companies, formation process, memorandum and articles of association, powers and duties of directors, and winding up of companies. It then examines key definitions related to companies and corporations. The rest of the document delves into various topics in more depth, such as types of companies, incorporation process, memorandum and articles of association, and doctrines related to corporate veil and constructive notice.
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This document provides an overview of key aspects of company formation and regulation under the Companies Act of 1956 in India. It discusses the nature of companies and different types of companies. It also outlines the key stages of company formation including promotion, name selection, incorporation by submitting the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, and raising share capital. The Memorandum of Association defines the fundamental rules and area of operations, while the Articles of Association contains internal regulations. A prospectus is also required when inviting public subscription.
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The document provides an overview of company law in India, including definitions and key concepts. It discusses the definition of a company, characteristics of companies, types of companies (private/public, by incorporation, liability, control, ownership), and the process of forming a company (promotion and incorporation stages). The key differences between private and public companies are also outlined. In summary, the document covers the essential legal concepts and formation process related to companies under Indian law.
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- A joint stock company is a voluntary association of individuals who contribute money or money's worth to a common fund. The contributors share the profits or losses of the business proportionately.
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Companies act 1956
A company is any entity that engages in business. A voluntary association formed and organized to carry on a business.
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This document provides an overview of the key concepts regarding corporations under Philippine law. It discusses the definition of a corporation, its key attributes like separate legal personality and perpetual existence. It also outlines the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating. The document details the different classes of corporations and how they are classified. It explains the steps involved in incorporating a company, including promotion, filing articles of incorporation, and formal organization. Key documents like the articles of incorporation and their required contents are also summarized.
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The document provides an overview of legal aspects related to business in India including contract law, sale of goods act, negotiable instruments act, companies act, consumer protection act, intellectual property rights act, and information technology act. It then focuses on company law covering topics like formation of a company, memorandum and articles of association, prospectus, types of companies, directors, and winding up of a company. Key aspects around each topic like definition, content, alteration, liability are discussed at a high level.
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This document defines a company and outlines its key characteristics. A company is a separate legal entity created by law that has perpetual succession, a common seal, and exists separately from its members. It has limited liability for its members and transferable shares. The document then discusses the different types of companies based on incorporation, liability, number of members, control, ownership, and other factors. It provides examples and compares private and public companies.
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Ajay wants to start a private consulting company. To form a private company, Ajay would need at least one other person, for a minimum of two members. The company must also have a minimum paid-up capital of Rs. 1 lakh. A private company restricts share transfers and limits membership to 50 people, excluding employees. It prohibits public offers of shares or debentures and deposits from non-members. This structure allows Ajay to control ownership while fulfilling the legal requirements for a private company.
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2. Key characteristics include separate legal identity, limited liability for members, transferable shares, democratic management, and perpetual existence unaffected by changes in membership.
3. The document outlines the contents and purpose of the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association, the primary constitutional documents of a company.
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This document provides an overview of company law in India. It discusses why company law is studied, the growth in the number of companies in India, the history of company law legislation in India, and the Ministry of Corporate Affairs. It defines what constitutes a company under law and outlines the key characteristics of a company including separate legal entity status, limited liability, transferable shares, and perpetual succession. It also distinguishes between different types of companies such as private and public companies, government companies, and holding and subsidiary companies.
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A joint stock company is formed when people contribute capital to operate a business. It has a separate legal identity from its shareholders. Some key steps to form a joint stock company include:
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Types of Companies under Companies Act, 2013 in India.pptx
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The document appears to be a class result sheet listing 99 students' scores on various assignments, exams, and their total marks. It includes the students' registration numbers, names, scores on 5 questions (Q1-Q5), 2 assignments (A1-A2), midterm exam (M-T), final term exam (F-T), and their total marks. The class topic was the US Constitution for 4th semester LL.B students, and was taught by Muneer Hussain at the University Law College in Quetta.
Complete result
This document appears to be a class result sheet including scores on 5 quizzes (Q1 through Q5) for various students in an LL.B 4th semester US Constitution class. It lists each student's roll number, name, and scores on the 5 quizzes, as well as their marks in assignments 1 and 2 (A1 and A2) and midterm (M-T) and final term (F-T) exams. The lecturer is listed as MUNIR HUSSAIN from the UNIVERSITY LAW COLLEGE in QUETTA.
Key 4th quiz 4th semester
This document appears to be a quiz on topics related to the US Constitution. It contains 15 multiple choice or true/false questions testing knowledge of things like the structure of the US court system, the process for amending the Constitution, and historical events like the Marbury v. Madison case. It also includes 5 short answer questions requiring students to match certain terms or people with their descriptions. The quiz is out of a total of 15 points and students are given 15 minutes to complete it.
2nd assignment
This document provides instructions for a 4-page assignment on the topic of "Blue Laws in the United States of America". Students must include a particulars page, contents page, and main body not exceeding 4 pages. The main body should discuss the historical background and development of blue laws in at least 25 US states. References are required except for original ideas, and the assignment must follow formatting guidelines. It is due by November 29, 2017 to be considered.
18th lecture
Article IV of the US Constitution outlines requirements for relations between states. It requires states to give full faith and credit to legal proceedings of other states, and guarantees citizens of each state the privileges and immunities of citizens in other states. It also establishes procedures for returning fugitives from justice and fugitive slaves to the states they fled from, and outlines the process for admission of new states and Congressional power over US territories. Article IV further guarantees each state a republican form of government and federal protection from invasion and domestic violence upon request.
17th lecture
John Adams appointed Marbury as a justice of the peace for Washington D.C. However, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. This led to the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803, where the Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review. The Court declared that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional, marking the first time it struck down a law for being unconstitutional. This established the Supreme Court's ability to review laws and executive actions and determine their constitutionality under the U.S. Constitution.
17th lecture
The document summarizes the structure and organization of the three levels of the federal court system in the United States according to Article III of the US Constitution. It establishes that the judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and any inferior courts established by Congress. It outlines the jurisdiction and roles of the Supreme Court, Circuit Courts of Appeals, and District Courts. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in most cases and original jurisdiction in those involving states or ambassadors. Below the Supreme Court are 13 Circuit Courts of Appeals and 94 District Courts that make up the first level where most cases are tried.
16th lecture
The document discusses the emergency powers of the US President. It notes that while the Constitution is silent on emergency powers, the Supreme Court has held that emergencies do not create or increase powers beyond what is granted in the Constitution, but Congress can confer additional powers on the President during emergencies. Two key historical examples are cited - Abraham Lincoln using emergency powers during the Civil War, and FDR proclaiming an emergency in 1941 to control resources during WWII. There are two types of emergencies - limited and unlimited - and the President has broad powers as commander-in-chief of the armed forces and for national defense during emergencies, though these powers are still subject to Constitutional limitations.
15th lecture
The document outlines the procedure for electing the U.S. President according to the Constitution. It discusses that the process begins with each party nominating candidates, then a campaign period, the nomination of electors by each state, and the electors officially voting for President. It notes that the election process is quite long and complicated. It also briefly discusses the qualifications to be President, the term length, and order of succession if the President is impeached or unable to serve.
14th lecture
The document discusses the powers of the US President. It states that the President has the most powerful executive office in the world according to European scholars. The President's powers are outlined in Article 2 of the US Constitution and include legislative powers like veto power; financial powers over the budget; judicial powers like pardon power; foreign affairs powers like making treaties; and military powers as commander-in-chief. Case law has established the President's power to remove officers and use the military in emergencies. In conclusion, the President plays a ceremonial, legislative, executive, and diplomatic role as the leader of the nation.
Complete result
This document contains the results of a 3rd quiz for a LL.B 4th semester class on the US constitution with 99 students. It lists each student's roll number, name, and their scores on questions 1-5 of the quiz. It was authored by MUNIR HUSSAIN, a lecturer at the UNIVERSITY LAW COLLEGE in QUETTA and provides the class topic, standard, and semester. The document includes the disclaimer "Errors and Omissions excepted' (E&OE)".
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This document appears to be a quiz on aspects of the US Constitution and government. It contains 15 multiple choice or true/false questions testing knowledge of topics like the roles of the House and Senate, qualifications for office, and other structural elements. The quiz also includes matching questions pairing concepts like age qualifications, treaties, and "pro tempore" with their meanings. The document provides instructions for the quiz, noting it is out of 15 total marks and has a 15 minute time limit. It wishes the student "best of luck" on the assessment.
15th lecture
The document discusses the composition and powers of the House of Representatives according to the US Constitution. It notes that the House has 435 members with a two-year tenure. Among its powers are origination of money bills, declaring war, and impeaching the President or other civil officers. However, the House is considered a weaker chamber than the Senate due to factors like its short terms, inexperienced members, and limitations on speech.
14th lecture
The American Senate is described as the most powerful second chamber in the world. It was intentionally designed by the framers of the US Constitution to have equal legislative, executive, and financial authority as the House of Representatives. Some of its special powers include approving presidential appointments and treaties. The Senate serves as a check on both the democratic tendencies of the House and potential overreach by the President. It is composed of two senators from each state who are elected to six-year terms, with one-third being elected every two years.
14th lecture
The American Senate is described as the most powerful second chamber in the world. It was intentionally designed by the framers of the US Constitution to have equal legislative, executive, and financial authority as the House of Representatives. Some of its special powers include approving presidential appointments and treaties. The Senate serves as a check on both the democratic tendencies of the House and potential overreach by the President. It is composed of two senators from each state who are elected to six-year terms, with one-third being elected every two years.
13th lecture
The document discusses the organization and powers of Congress in the United States. Congress is the legislative branch of the US government and is made up of two chambers - the Senate and the House of Representatives. Congress has both legislative powers, such as making laws and setting budgets, as well as non-legislative powers like confirming appointments, ratifying treaties, and conducting investigations. Overall, Congress is responsible for deliberating and acting on behalf of the American people to govern the country in accordance with the US Constitution.
12th lecture
This document outlines 37 salient features of the American Constitution, including that it is the briefest written constitution, establishes a system of separation of powers and checks and balances, guarantees fundamental rights and an independent judiciary, and has evolved over time to expand civil rights and democratic principles such as women's suffrage and the abolition of slavery.
9th lecture
The document summarizes key sections of Article I of the US Constitution, which establishes the legislative branch. It describes how Congress is composed of the House of Representatives and Senate. The House is elected every two years by the people and representation is based on population. The Senate has two members from each state who are elected by the state legislature to six-year terms, with one-third being elected every two years. Article I also establishes Congress's powers, including taxation, borrowing, commerce, and currency regulation.
Complete result
This document contains the results of a 2nd quiz for a 4th semester LL.B class on the US constitution at University Law College in Quetta. It lists the student roll numbers, names, and scores on different questions and sections of the quiz, with some scores left blank or marked with "X". A total of 73 students took the quiz and are listed with their partial scores. The lecturer who administered the quiz is named at the bottom along with the class details and a Facebook page URL.
Key 2nd quiz 4th semester
This document appears to be a quiz on articles of confederation and the US constitution for an LL.B 4th semester class. It contains 15 multiple choice or true/false questions testing knowledge of key facts about the articles of confederation and the structure and branches of the US government as established in the constitution. The questions cover topics like powers under the articles, those who presided over conventions, and matching constitutional articles and concepts to their definitions.
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"Lifting the Corporate Veil" is a legal concept that refers to the judicial act of disregarding the separate legal personality of a corporation or limited liability company (LLC). Normally, a corporation is considered a legal entity separate from its shareholders or members, meaning that the personal assets of shareholders or members are protected from the liabilities of the corporation. However, there are certain situations where courts may decide to "pierce" or "lift" the corporate veil, holding shareholders or members personally liable for the debts or actions of the corporation.
Here are some common scenarios in which courts might lift the corporate veil:
Fraud or Illegality: If shareholders or members use the corporate structure to perpetrate fraud, evade legal obligations, or engage in illegal activities, courts may disregard the corporate entity and hold those individuals personally liable.
Undercapitalization: If a corporation is formed with insufficient capital to conduct its intended business and meet its foreseeable liabilities, and this lack of capitalization results in harm to creditors or other parties, courts may lift the corporate veil to hold shareholders or members liable.
Failure to Observe Corporate Formalities: Corporations and LLCs are required to observe certain formalities, such as holding regular meetings, maintaining separate financial records, and avoiding commingling of personal and corporate assets. If these formalities are not observed and the corporate structure is used as a mere façade, courts may disregard the corporate entity.
Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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- 1. Subject: Company Law Standard: LL.B second year Topic: Typology of Companies MUNIR HUSSAIN KTK Lecturer UNIVERSITY LAW COLLEGE QUETTA www.facebook.com/pages/Corridor-to-Commercial-Law Objectives To Learn 1. Typology of companies 2. Scope of companies ordinance 1984 Scope of co. ord. 1984 1. Company Limited by Share 2. Company Limited by Guarantee 3. Unlimited Company) 4. Organization Not For Profit The Above Companies May Be Private or Public Associations not for profit. 42. Power to dispense with "Limited" in the name of charitable and other companies.- (1) Where it is proved to the satisfaction of the Commission that an association capable of being formed as a limited company has been or is about to be formed for promoting commerce, art, science, religion, sports, social services, charity or any other useful object, and applies or intends to apply its profits, if any, or other income in promoting its objects, and to prohibit the payment of any dividend to its members, the Commission may grant a licence and direct that the association be registered as a company with limited liability, without the addition of the words "Limited", "(Private) Limited" or "(Guarantee) Limited", as the case may be, to its name, and the association may be registered accordingly. (2) A licence can be revoked any time by the commission Example .AFAQ I. Chartered Company. Formed under royal charter. ii. Statutory Company. Formed under act of parliament. iii. Registered Company. Formed under companies ordinance 1984 iv. SMC. A private company having single member. v. Private Company .a company which cannot issue prospectus ,cannot transfer its share .number of member is limited to 50. vi. Public Company. Which is not a private. vii. Listed company. Security in listed in stock exchange. viii Limited by Share. Liabilities are limited to the extent of share purchased. ix. Limited by Guarantee. Liabilities are limited to the guaranteed amount only. x. Home company. Mainly Registered in Pakistan. xi. Foreign company. Registered in foreign but doing business in Pakistan. Holding company and subsidiary company. XYZ .Limited having controlling share(more than 50%) in ABC .Limited the former is called holding company and the latter is called Subsidiary company .PTCL and U fone.