2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellSaba Software
According to the latest State of the American Manager report from Gallup, employees who have regular meetings with their managers are almost three times as likely to be engaged as those who don’t. These regular check-ins keep managers and employees in sync and aligned. Want to see better manager/employee relationships in your organisation? Then make an all-in commitment to 1:1 meetings. Not sure how? You’ve come to the right place.
In this webinar with Jamie Resker, Founder and Practice Leader for Employee Performance Solutions (EPS), and Teala Wilson, Talent Management Consultant at Saba Software, you’ll get the inside track on how to hold effective 1:1 meetings, including tips for getting managers on board.
• Go beyond discussing the status of everyday work to higher level topics, including recognition, performance, development, and career aspirations
• Learn how to decide meeting frequency, what to cover, as well as roles and responsibilities of the manager and employee
• Understand how managers can build trust and make it comfortable for employees to provide upward feedback
• Unite your organisation with a unified approach to 1:1 meetings
Join us for this 1-hour webinar to get practical tips for building better manager-employee relationships with intention and purpose.
About the Speakers
Jamie Resker - Founder and Practice Leader for Employee Performance Solutions (EPS)
Jamie Resker, Practice Leader and Founder of Employee Performance Solutions, is a recognized innovator in performance management. She is the originator of the-the Performance Continuum Feedback Method® and Conversations to Optimize Employee Performance training program; tools and training that reshape communications between managers and employees to drive and align performance. Jamie is on the faculty for the Northeast Human Resources Association, is a contributor to Halogen Software's Talent Space Blog, and is an editorial advisory board member for HR Examiner.
Teala Wilson - Senior Consultant, Strategic Services, Saba Software
Teala is a Talent Management Consultant at Halogen Software, now a part of Saba Software. She has worked with teams on a national and global level supporting human resources in areas such as performance management, recruitment, employee benefit programs, training and talent development, workforce planning and internal communications. Teala also has a personal passion for visual arts and design.
Want to learn more? Join us for an upcoming Product Tour!
http://bit.ly/2yitfqu
This video by Simplilearn will explain to you Introduction to C Programming Language. Introduction to C Programming Language Tutorial For Beginners will explain to you the C language's history, C's importance, its features, real-world applications, and some of its advantages and disadvantages.
00:00 Introduction to C
1:42-History of C language
Dennis Ritchie, a computer scientist, could identify the gaps and tap out the best features from both B and BCPL languages to invent a new hybrid.
Hence, C was born in 1972 at Bell Laboratories. A remarkably simple and highly readable programming language resulted in groundbreaking advancements in the IT industry.
2:48-Importance and unraveling the powerful capabilities of C,
The widespread use of C started to take over the IT industry. Unraveling the potential of C, the designers began to discover new possibilities that led them to focus on the big picture.
3:56-C's cutting-edge features
The designers at Bell Laboratories ensured that their programming language solved the issues with B and BCPL and the ones they had foreseen.
6:35-The popular real-world applications of C
-UNIX operating system
-google file system
-Mozilla
-Graphical user interface
8:30-The advantages and disadvantages of C
10:34-The popular IT companies and their domains that employ C
· MasterCard
· IBM
· Flipkart
· Dell
· Twitter
· GitHub and twitch
11:09-First c program.
🔥 Explore our FREE courses with completion certificates: https://www.simplilearn.com/skillup-f...
✅Subscribe to our Channel to learn more about the top Technologies: https://bit.ly/2VT4WtH
⏩ Check out the C++ Programming training videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
#IntroductiontoCProgrammingLanguage #CLanguage #CProgramming #CProgram #CProgrammingLanguage #LearnCProgramming #HowToCodeInCForBeginners #CTutorialForBeginners #LearnCProgramming #Simplilearn
Dennis Ritchie, a computer scientist, was able to identify the gaps and tap out the best features from both B and BCPL languages to invent a new hybrid.
Hence, C was born in 1972 at Bell Laboratories. A remarkably simple and highly readable programming language resulted in groundbreaking advancements in the IT industry.
✅What is C++ Programming?
C++ is an enhanced and extended version of C programming language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 as part of his Ph.D. project. Bjarne developed what he called ‘C with Classes’ (later renamed C++) because he felt limited by the existing programming languages that were not ideal for large scale projects. He used C to build what he wanted because C was already a general-purpose language that was efficient and fast in its operations.
✅C++ Career Prospects:
With just C++ programming expertise, you will have excellent job opportunities, salaries, and career prospects. However, for a career based on programming languages such as Java and Python (which are in more demand than C++) or for careers based on front-end, back-end, and full-stack
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellSaba Software
According to the latest State of the American Manager report from Gallup, employees who have regular meetings with their managers are almost three times as likely to be engaged as those who don’t. These regular check-ins keep managers and employees in sync and aligned. Want to see better manager/employee relationships in your organisation? Then make an all-in commitment to 1:1 meetings. Not sure how? You’ve come to the right place.
In this webinar with Jamie Resker, Founder and Practice Leader for Employee Performance Solutions (EPS), and Teala Wilson, Talent Management Consultant at Saba Software, you’ll get the inside track on how to hold effective 1:1 meetings, including tips for getting managers on board.
• Go beyond discussing the status of everyday work to higher level topics, including recognition, performance, development, and career aspirations
• Learn how to decide meeting frequency, what to cover, as well as roles and responsibilities of the manager and employee
• Understand how managers can build trust and make it comfortable for employees to provide upward feedback
• Unite your organisation with a unified approach to 1:1 meetings
Join us for this 1-hour webinar to get practical tips for building better manager-employee relationships with intention and purpose.
About the Speakers
Jamie Resker - Founder and Practice Leader for Employee Performance Solutions (EPS)
Jamie Resker, Practice Leader and Founder of Employee Performance Solutions, is a recognized innovator in performance management. She is the originator of the-the Performance Continuum Feedback Method® and Conversations to Optimize Employee Performance training program; tools and training that reshape communications between managers and employees to drive and align performance. Jamie is on the faculty for the Northeast Human Resources Association, is a contributor to Halogen Software's Talent Space Blog, and is an editorial advisory board member for HR Examiner.
Teala Wilson - Senior Consultant, Strategic Services, Saba Software
Teala is a Talent Management Consultant at Halogen Software, now a part of Saba Software. She has worked with teams on a national and global level supporting human resources in areas such as performance management, recruitment, employee benefit programs, training and talent development, workforce planning and internal communications. Teala also has a personal passion for visual arts and design.
Want to learn more? Join us for an upcoming Product Tour!
http://bit.ly/2yitfqu
This video by Simplilearn will explain to you Introduction to C Programming Language. Introduction to C Programming Language Tutorial For Beginners will explain to you the C language's history, C's importance, its features, real-world applications, and some of its advantages and disadvantages.
00:00 Introduction to C
1:42-History of C language
Dennis Ritchie, a computer scientist, could identify the gaps and tap out the best features from both B and BCPL languages to invent a new hybrid.
Hence, C was born in 1972 at Bell Laboratories. A remarkably simple and highly readable programming language resulted in groundbreaking advancements in the IT industry.
2:48-Importance and unraveling the powerful capabilities of C,
The widespread use of C started to take over the IT industry. Unraveling the potential of C, the designers began to discover new possibilities that led them to focus on the big picture.
3:56-C's cutting-edge features
The designers at Bell Laboratories ensured that their programming language solved the issues with B and BCPL and the ones they had foreseen.
6:35-The popular real-world applications of C
-UNIX operating system
-google file system
-Mozilla
-Graphical user interface
8:30-The advantages and disadvantages of C
10:34-The popular IT companies and their domains that employ C
· MasterCard
· IBM
· Flipkart
· Dell
· Twitter
· GitHub and twitch
11:09-First c program.
🔥 Explore our FREE courses with completion certificates: https://www.simplilearn.com/skillup-f...
✅Subscribe to our Channel to learn more about the top Technologies: https://bit.ly/2VT4WtH
⏩ Check out the C++ Programming training videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...
#IntroductiontoCProgrammingLanguage #CLanguage #CProgramming #CProgram #CProgrammingLanguage #LearnCProgramming #HowToCodeInCForBeginners #CTutorialForBeginners #LearnCProgramming #Simplilearn
Dennis Ritchie, a computer scientist, was able to identify the gaps and tap out the best features from both B and BCPL languages to invent a new hybrid.
Hence, C was born in 1972 at Bell Laboratories. A remarkably simple and highly readable programming language resulted in groundbreaking advancements in the IT industry.
✅What is C++ Programming?
C++ is an enhanced and extended version of C programming language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 as part of his Ph.D. project. Bjarne developed what he called ‘C with Classes’ (later renamed C++) because he felt limited by the existing programming languages that were not ideal for large scale projects. He used C to build what he wanted because C was already a general-purpose language that was efficient and fast in its operations.
✅C++ Career Prospects:
With just C++ programming expertise, you will have excellent job opportunities, salaries, and career prospects. However, for a career based on programming languages such as Java and Python (which are in more demand than C++) or for careers based on front-end, back-end, and full-stack
2. UVOD
Spontana i stimulisana emisija svetlosti
Normalna I inverzna naseljenost
Pincip rada lasera
Laserska dioda
2
3. Spontana emisija
Elektromagnetno zračenje ispušteno spontano (bez spoljašnjeg uticaja)
prelaskom atoma ili molekula iz pobuđenog u osnovno ili neko niže energijsko
stanje naziva se spontana emisija svetlosti.
Takvo zračenje je nekoherentno, odnosno emitovani fotoni su statistički
raspoređeni u vremenu i prostoru, što je posledica toga što svaki atom započinje i
završava emisiju fotona nezavisno od drugih atoma.
Čak se i u okviru istog atoma prelazi elektrona ne vrše uvek između dva
određena nivoa, nego između raznih nivoa i to u različitim vremenskim
trenucima.
Spontano zračenje je, prema tome, nekoherentno i nepolarizovano.
3
Sontana i stimulisana emisija svetlsti
4. 4
Spontana emisija
o Atom se sastoji od jezgra i elektronskog omotača.
o Elektronski omotač se sastoji od elektrona, koji u stabilnom stanju kruže
po svojim putanjama (orbitalama).
o Svaka orbitala je definisana određenom energijom.
5. 5
Izgled šeme spontane emisije zračenja
o Prilikom prelaska elektrona iz orbitale veće energije, E2, u orbitalu manje
energije, E1, dolazi emisije zračenja, odnosno emisije fotona čija je
energija jednaka E2-E1.
6. Stimulisana emisija
Prelazak elektrona sa višeg na niži energijski nivo ne mora obavezno da
bude spontan, već se može ostvariti i pod spoljašnjim uticajem, npr.
Fotopobuđivanjem.
Ustanovljeno je da se intenzitet emitovane svetlosti drastično povećava kada se
frekvencija upadne svetlosti poklopi sa sopstvenom frekvencijom (talasnom
dužinom) koju emituju pobuđeni atomi.
Tada nastaje posebna vrsta rezonancije između talasa upadne i talasa
emitovane svetlosti.
Elektromagnetno zračenje nastalo prelaskom atoma (molekula) na osnovno ili
neko niže energijsko stanje, izazvano spoljašnjim zrašenjem iste energije
(frekvencije), naziva se stimulisano (indukovano, prinudno) zračenje.
Stimulisana (indukovana) svetlost ima istu energiju, smer kretanja, početnu fazu,
frekvenciju i ravan polarizacije kao i upadna svetlost kojom je izazvana.
Kao rezultat dobija se elektromagnetni talas veće amplitude i energije od
amplitude i energije upadnog talasa.
Stimulisana svetlost je, prema tome, koherentna, monohromatska i polarizovana.
6
7. Stimulisana emisija je pre svega fenomen kvantne mehanike.
To je proces u kome foton, prilikom prolaska kroz atom, stimuliše pobuđeni
elektron da se depopuliše emitovanjem istog takvog fotona.
Atom sa dva energetska nivoa E1 i E2 može, prema Ajnštajnu, da interaguje sa
elektromagnetnim zračenjem na tri različita načina
- Apsorpcija kvanta svetlosti uz pobudu atoma sa nižeg energetskog nivoa
E1 na viši E2. U ovom procesu, foton energije ΔE=E2-E1 se apsorbuje iz zračenja.
-Spontana emisija sa nivoa E2 predstavlja proces depopulacije pobuđenih nivoa, pri
čemu se foton energije ΔE emituje posle određenog vremena provedenog na
pobuđenom nivou, koje je poznato kao srednje vreme života.
- Stimulisana emisija nastaje kada do depopulacije pobuđenog nivoa E2 dolazi pod
uticajem fotona spoljašnjeg elektromagnetnog polja. Za stimulisanu, odnosno
indukovanu emisiju, nužno je postojanje primarnog svetlosnog kvanta čija energija
odgovara razlici energija dva nivoa ΔE=E2-E1.
7
a) b)
a) apsorpcija fotona b) stimulisana emisija fotona
8. 8
Izgled šeme stimulisane emisije zračenja
Emisija fotona usled stimulisane emisije
S druge strane, elektron može preći iz orbitale manje energije u orbitalu veće
energije jedino ako pri tome apsorbuje jedan kvant (paket) zračenja ili foton
10. Energetsko stanje E3 živi jako kratko, što znači da se elektron u vrlo kratkom
vremenu (≅ns) prebacuje u energetski niže stanje E2 koje je ujedno i
stabilnije stanje (duže živi, ≅ms).
Ovaj se proces naziva relaksacija jer se kod njega ne mora emitovati foton,
već se energija može izgubiti i neradijativnim procesima.
Nakon određenog vremena elektron prelazi u osnovno stanje emisijom
fotona.
Emitovani foton putuje po rezonatoru (kojeg sačinjavaju dva ogledala) i na
jednom se ogledalu reflektuje nazad.
Kada ponovo dolazi do atoma zatekne ga u pobuđenom stanju jer je on u
međuvremenu primio novi foton od optičke pumpe.
Neravnotežno stanje u atomu u kojem je naseljenost nekog pobuđenog
stanja veća od naseljenosti osnovnog stanja naziva se inverzna naseljenost.
Inverzna naseljenost je potreban uslov za generisanje laserske emisije.
Invrzna naseljenost ne može biti postignuta ukoliko se sistem nalazi u
termodinamičkoj ravnoteži.
Zapravo, apsorpcijom i emisijom zračenja moguće je uspostaviti ravnotežu
procesa, odnosno moguće je izjednačiti populacije datog nivoa.
Posle toga dati sistem atoma postaje transparentan za posmatrano
zračenje
10
11. 11
Normalna i inverzna naseljenost
Pri prolasku elektromagnetnog zračenja kroz neku supstancu njegov intenzitet
opada usled apsorpcije.
Istovremeno sa apsorpcijom odvija se i proces stimulisane emisije zračenja, s
obzirom da uvek postoji izvestan broj atoma koji se nalaze u pobuđenom
energijskom stanju.
Pri normalnim uslovima (stanje termodinamičke ravnoteže) proces apsorpcije je
izraženiji od stimulisane emisije i nije moguće ostvariti pojačanje intenziteta
svetlosti.
Stanje supstance u kome se manje od polovine atoma nalazi u pobuđenom stanju
naziva se stanje normalne naseljenosti energijskih nivoa.
Raspodela atoma po energijskim nivoima na datoj temperaturi T u tom slučaju
određena je tzv. Bolcmanovom raspodelom:
gde je N1 broj atoma u osnovnom stanju, E1 energija osnovnog stanja, En energija
datog n−tog energijskog stanja, a Nn broj atoma u tom stanju.
12. 12
Normalna naseljenost energijskih nivoa
Vidi se, dakle, da se broj atoma u pobuđenim stanjima eksponencijalno
smanjuje sa povećanjem energije
13. Inverzna naseljenost
U sistemima sa normalnom naseljenošću nije moguće pojačavati svetlost
procesima stimulisane emisije.
Da bi takvo pojačanje bilo moguće, neophodno je ostvariti tzv. inverznu
naseljenost energijskih nivoa, odnosno broj atoma u nekom višem energijskom
stanju treba da bude veći od broja atoma u nižem stanju.
To se može ostvariti pomoću svetlosti iz nekog jakog izvora, čijim delovanjem se
veći deo atoma neke supstance prebacuje u pobuđeno energijsko stanje.
Ovaj proces naziva se pumpanje pojačavačke sredine.
Eksperimenti su, međutim, pokazali da je za dobijanje inverzne naseljenosti
korišćenje dva energijska nivoa u velikoj meri neefikasno.
Iz tog razloga se kod atoma pojačavačke sredine za dobijanje inverzne
naseljenosti koriste tzv. metastabilna energijska stanja.
13
15. 15
Lasersko zračenje, u odnosu na zračenje običnih svetlosnih izvora, karakteriše
koherentnost, usmerenost i monohromatičnost.
Koherentno zračenje je ono zračenje kod koga svi svetlosni talasi od kojih je
ono sastavljeno osciluju u fazi (svi su događaji sinhronizovani).
Laserska svetlost je usmerena, dakle zračenje se prostire samo u relativno
uskoj oblasti, pa je i daljina prostiranja takvog zračenja velika.
Nadalje, lasersko zračenje je monohromatsko, tj. sastoji se od relativno uskog
frekventnog spektra ili možemo reći samo od jedne boje
Princip rada lasera
16. Uređaj u kome se ostvaruje pojačanje intenziteta zračenja u procesima
stimulisane emisije, tako da se dobija koherentno, monohromatsko i strogo
usmereno elektromagnetno zračenje naziva se laser (od početnih slova
engleskih reči Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation –
pojačanje svetlosti stimulisanom emisijom zračenja).
Pošto se proces stimulisane emisije, kao i svi drugi procesi unutar
atoma opisuju kvantnomehaničkim zakonitostima, često se umesto termina
,,laser” koriste nazivi kvantni generator ili kvantni pojačavač.
Osnovni delovi lasera su:
• radno telo (aktivna, pojačavačka sredina),
• sistem ogledala,
• izvor svetlosti za pobuđivanje radnog tela,
• sistem za hlađenje,
• električno napajanje izvora,
• kućište za zaštitu laserskog sistema.
16
Princip rada lasera
18. Lasersko telo obično ima oblik cilindra.
Da bi se produžio put svetlosti kroz aktivnu sredinu, osnove cilindra su
međusobno paralelne i polirane tako da imaju ulogu ogledala.
Jedno od tih ogledala potpuno reflektuje svetlost i vraća je nazad u radnu
sredinu, dok drugo reflektuje oko 95%, a propušta približno 5%.
Posle višestruke refleksije sa jedne na drugu stranu laserske cevi, svetlosni
snop napušta radnu sredinu kroz propusno ogledalo.
18
Za pobuđivanje atoma aktivne sredine koristi se impulsna gasna cev, spiralno
omotana oko laserske cevi.
Energija koju apsorbuje radno telo ne pretvara se u potpunosti u energiju
laserskog zračenja.
Naprotiv, veliki deo ove energije oslobađa se u vidu toplote koja zagreva radno
telo, usled čega je u konstrukciji lasera predviđen sistem za hlađenje.
20. 20
Energetski dijagram lasera sa tri
aktivna nivoa
• Sistem atoma se u početku nalazi u termodinamičkoj ravnoteži.
• Većina atoma je u nepobuđenom stanju, osnovnom stanju N1≈N,N2≈N3≈0.
• Ako bismo atome izložili svetlosti frekvencije 31 , gde je E3 - E2= h*31 proces apsorpcije bi
ekscitovao atome sa osnovnog nivoa 1 na nivo 3.
• Ovaj proces se naziva pumpanje (obeleženo strelicom P), i ne mora da bude prouzrokovan
samo apsorpcijom svetlosti.
• Pumpanjem na nivou 3 će se naći veliki broj elektrona, odnosno N3>0 .
• Elektroni prelaze sa nivoa 3 na nivo 2. ovaj process mora biti brz, pri čemu se energija može
osloboditi u obliku fotona (spontana emisija), ili neradijativno u obliku fonona (čvrsta tela).
Process označen je sa R.
• Atom sa nivoa 2 može preći u osnovno stanje emisijom fotona frekvencije 21( E2 – E1 = hν21).
Process označen sa L se naziva još i lasreski prelaz.
21. 21
Energetski prikaz lasera sa četiri
nivoa
• U ovom sistemu pumpanjem (prelaz P) se ekscituje atom iz osnovnog stanja (nivo
1) na nivo 4.
• Sa nivoa 4 elektroni prelaze brzim neradijativnim prelazom Ra, kao i kod atoma sa
tri nivoa, na nivo 3.
• S obzirom da je vreme života nivoa 3 mnogo veće od vremena života nivoa 4 (τ32
>> τ43), proces Ra je mnogo brži od procesa L, elektroni se akumuliraju na nivou 3
(gornji laserski nivo).
• Sa njega može doći do spontane ili stimulisane emisije i prelaska na nivo 2 (donji
laserski nivo).
• Sa nivoa 2 ponovo dolazi do brzog neradijativnog prelaza Rb u osnovno stanje 1.
22. Laserske Diode
Rad laserske diode se zasniva na procesu stimulisane emisije zračenja.
Za razliku od ostalih lasera (gasni, čvrstog stanja) kod poluprovodničkih lasera ne
postoje izolovani energetski nivoi, nego se radijativni prelazi elektrona odvijaju
između stanja provodne i valentne zone.
Radi ostvarenja pojačanja zračenja putem stimulisane emisije, potrebno je
prethodno "pumpanjem" lasera ostvariti inverziju populacije .
Spojimo li lasersku diodu na izvor napajanja tako da bude propusno polarizirana
(pozitivni pol na p-, a negativni pol na n-sloj) šupljine iz p-sloja i elektroni iz n-sloja
biće injektirani u pn-spoj gdje se stvara inverzija naseljenosti.
Kod poluprovodničkih lasera najznačajnija je prolazak struje kroz direktno polarisani
p-n spoj diode. Na taj način se ostvaruje injekcija nosilaca u okolini p-n spoja, pa se
ovakvi laseri nazivaju injekcionim.
Jednostavnom modulacijom struje kroz p-n spoj, moguće je modulisati izlaznu
snagu laser diode do frekvencija reda GHz.
Za "pumpanje" se mogu primeniti i druge tehnike kao što su optičko pobuđivanje ili
bombardovanje elektronskim mlazom.
22
23. Oblast u kojoj se ostvaruje inverzija populacije, tj. oblast u kojoj postoji optičko
pojačanje putem stimulisane emisije, naziva se aktivna oblast.
Za generisanje laserskog zračenja neophodno je da aktivna oblast bude
smeštena unutar rezonatora. Ovaj rezonator obezbeđuje višestruki prolazak
svetlosti kroz aktivnu oblast. Pri svakom novom prolasku intenzitet svetlosti se
putem stimulisane emisije pojačava.
Ako pojačanje emisije svetlosti (kao posledica stimulisane emisije) uspe
kompenzovati gubitak fotona usled apsorpcije i difuzije iz pn-spoja može se
pojaviti laserski efekt, odn. laserska emisija.
Laserski rezonator se najčešće izvodi planparalelnim ogledalima (FP - Fabry-
Perot rezonator).
23
24. Laserske diode imaju znatno uži dijagram prostornog zračenja u odnosu na LED.
Za InGaAsP laser sa dvostrukom heterostrukturom koji zrači na talasnoj dužini
od 1310nm, dati su kataloški dijagrami prostornog zračenja po horizontalnoj i
vertikalnoj ravni
24
Prostorni dijagrami zračenja laser diode u a) horizontalnoj i b) vertikalnoj ravni.
25. Razvoj laserskih dioda
Prvi injekcioni laser bio je jednostavan p-n spoj od GaAs, paralelopipednog oblika
Dve naspramne strane koje emituju svetlost su glatko odsečene i poseduju izvesnu
refleksivnost zbog velikog indeksa prelamanja GaAs, te na taj način formiraju rezonator.
Nedostatak ovih lasera je velika gustina struje praga te je korišćen samo na temperaturi tečnog
helijuma (77K) i to samo u impulsnom režimu.
Razlozi zbog kojih je struja praga tako velika jesu neprecizno definisana oblast sa inverzijom
populacije (usled difuzije nosilaca) i nepotpuna lokalizovanost svetlosti unutar aktivne oblasti.
Ovi nedostaci se mogu prevazići ako se sa obe strane aktivnog sloja postavi po jedan sloj
poluprovodnika sa većim energetskim procepom, a manjim indeksom prelamanja.
Na taj način potencijalne barijere na mestima heterospojeva u potpunosti lokalizuju injektovane
nosioce unutar aktivnog sloja.
Aktivna oblast ima veći indeks prelamanja nego okolni slojevi, te je ostvarena lokalizacija
fotona u aktivnoj oblasti. Ovakva višeslojna struktura naziva se heterostruktura
Pored debljine i širina aktivne oblasti treba da bude što manja da bi struja praga bila što manja,
i da bi se ostvarila što bolja usmerenost zračenja. 25
26. Laserske diode kod kojih se usredsređivanje talasa po lateralnom pravcu vrši
optičkim pojačanjem nazivaju se pojačanjem vođeni laseri ili trakasti laseri).
Kod njih struja dominantno teče kroz jednu usku oblast pa se i samo optičko
pojačanje ostvaruje u toj uskoj aktivnoj oblasti.
Oblast proticanja struje obično je ograničena izolatorom.
Drugu vrstu laser dioda čine indeksom vođeni laseri.
Kod njih se talasi usredsređuju u lateralnom pravcu, promenom indeksa prelamanja u
istom pravcu.
Većina njih ima konfiguraciju ukopane heterostrukture (BH - Buried heterostructure),
kod kojih je aktivna oblast sa svih strana okružena materijalom većeg energetskog
procepa i manjeg indeksa prelamanja. 26
a) Trakasti laser i b) planarni BH heterostrukture. Aktivna oblast je zatamnjena
27. Laserski efekt javlja se u ravnini pn-spoja ako kroz njega teče struja elektrona
dovoljno velike gustine
Poluprovodnički diodni laser nema spoljnih ogledala.
Višestruka refleksija unutar rezonatora lasera događa se na izlaznim ravninama
kristala poluprovodnika čija je prirodna refleksivnost samo oko 30%.
27
Realna struktura poluprovodničkog lasera.
Slika je dobivena SEM mikroskopom. Najčešći
postupak dobivanja laserskih struktura je tzv. MOCVD
(metallo-organic chemical vapor deposition)
Skica iste strukture
Širina aktivnog laserskog
sloja (crveno) je oko 3 µm,
a debljina oko 0.3 µm.
Dužina aktivnog laserskog
sloja je 200-300 µm
28. Kod lasera sa FP rezonatorom u prelaznom režimu uvek postoji više longitudinalnih
modova.
Tek posle izvesnog vremena se, zahvaljujući različitom pojačanju na različitim
talasnim dužinama, izdvaja osnovni mod.
Pri velikim brzinama modulacije laserska dioda stalno radi u prelaznom režimu, pa
su zbog toga FP laseri u takvim primenama nepovoljni.
28
Laser diode koje su i u prelaznom režimu
monomodne nazivaju se dinamički
monomodne (DSM - Dynamic Single
Mode) laser diode.
Kod ovih lasera postoji selektivna zavisnost
povratne sprege od talasne dužine, što je
ostvareno ugrađivanjem uzdužne optičke
rešetke u heterostrukturu lasera.
Na slikama su dati kataloški dijagrami
zračenja za laser diodu
sa FP rezonatorom i jednu DSM laser diodu
Spektri zračenja a) heterostrukturne laser
diode sa klasičnim FP rezonatorom i b)
dinamički monomodne laser diode.
29. Dva osnovna tipa dinamički monomodnih dioda su: struktura sa raspodeljenim
Bragovim reflektorom (DBR - Distributed Bragg Reflector) i struktura sa
raspodeljenom povratnom spregom (DFB - Distributed FeedBack).
29
Šematski prikaz a) DBR i b) DFB lasera. Aktivna oblast je zatamnjena.
30. Izgled Poluprovodničke Laserske Diode
Većina laserskih dioda male snage se nalazi u kućištu tranzistorskog tipa (sl.1), a
manji deo ima kućišta drugih oblika. Standardni promeri su 9 i 5.6 mm (sl. 2).
Laserske diode koje se koriste u optičkim komunikacijskim sistemima dolaze u
kućištu koje na prozoru ima ugrađen (nalijepljen) svetlovod (slike 3 i 4).
30
31. 31
• Okruglo kućište zatvoreno je hermetički, s prednje strane (gore) ima tanki
stakleni prozor kroz koji prolazi laserska svetlost, a sa zadnje strane tri električna
kontakta (nožice).
• U kućištu se nalazi ne samo laserski čip mikronskih dimenzija, približno 0.5 x 5 x
300 mikrona (desno na slici, strelice označavaju snopove svetlosti), nego i jedna
integrisana fotodioda, takođe mikronskih dimenzija.
• Ona služi za praćenje intenziteta svetla lasera koje dolazi iz zadnjeg ogledala
laserske diode.
• Ova fotodioda, u principu, omogućava kontrolu snage i talasne dužine zračenja
lasera opto-elektroničkom povratnom vezom, preko odgovarajućeg sklopa koji je
deo elektronike za napajanje diode
32. Primena laserskih dioda
Laserske diode postale su gotovo najbitniji proizvod opto-elektroničke industrije.
Prednosti laserske diode su mnogostruke: to je monohromatski, koherentni i
kolimirani izvor svetla.
Kompaktan je, lagan, dugog životnog veka, te male potrošnje električne energije.
Osim toga - što je vrlo važno u komunikacijama - može ih se direkno modulirati i to
vrlo visokim frekvencijama.
Područja suvremene tehnike gde se koriste laserske diode:
Obrada informacija
Audio-vizuelna (kućna) tehnika
Uređaji za komunikacije
Merni i kontrolni instrumenti
Medicinski aparati
32
33. Komunikacija optičkim vlaknom
Brz protok informacija sve je važniji u industriji, u poslovanju i u različitim
savremenim video i komunikacijskim uslugama koje su nam potrebne u kući.
Trenutni pristup udaljenim bazama podataka potreban nam je i u poslu i kod kuće.
Ogromna količina podataka koju treba preneti velikom brzinom korisnicima
opterećuje konvencionalne žičane prenosne veze i preko njihovih mogućnosti.
Povećanje brzine i kapaciteta klasičnih prenosnika informacija bilo bi izuzetno
skupo, i sobzirom na mogućnosti te tehnologije značilo bi bacanje novaca.
Pravi odgovor na ovaj problem su optičke komunikacije.
Napredak u razvoju opto-elektronike omogućuje proizvodnju vrlo pouzdanih i
jeftinih integrisanih elektro-optičkih elemenata te optičkih vlakana i na njima
osnovane tehnologije prenosa podataka.
Tom tehnologijom koriste se suvremeni lokalni telekomunikacijski sistemi,
zemaljski interkontinentalni prenos podataka, lokalne (računarske) mreže (local
area networks, LAN), moderni upravljački sistemi u avionima i drugim vozilima, te
savremeni sistemi za prenos video-signala.
33
34. Prednosti optičkih komunikacija
Prednosti optičkih komunikacija u odnosu na žičane su puno širi "bandwidth",
manja osetljivost na smetnje (šum), izbegavanje tzv. "ground-loops" koje se
teško eliminiše iz klasičnih žičanih sistema, vrlo mala težina uređaja, vrlo male
dimenzije uređaja, puno manji broj tzv. "repeatera" u odnosu na klasične
sisteme, ... .
Osim toga, podaci koji se šalju optičkim kablovima puno su zaštićeniji od
mogućeg prisluškivanja nego kod klasičnih sistema s žičanim prinosom, gde je
to vrlo veliki problem.
Optička vlakna su neusporedivo sigurniji (tehnički) vid prenosa podataka preko
"opasne" okoline kao što su prostori u kojima ima zapaljivih ili eksplozivnih
supstanci (npr. u rudnicima i rafinerijama), nego što su to žičani kablovi.
U prostorima gde postoje jaka elektromagnetna polja žičani kablovi se ne
smeju upotrebiti, pa su optička vlakna jedino moguće rešenje.
34
35. Laserske diode: Upotreba u komunikacijama
Konvencionalne jednožičane veze mogu imati maksimalnu frekvenciju nosioca
oko 1 MHz.
Povećanje brzine i kapaciteta klasičnih prenosnika informacija ostvarivo je
koaksijalnim kablom, gdje je maksimalna frekvencija nosioca oko 10 GHz.
U komunikacijama s optičkim vlaknom frekvencija nosioca je oko 500 THz
(svetlost kao nosilac).
Upotreba
lokalni telekomunikacijski sistemi,
zemaljski interkontinentalni preenos podataka,
lokalne (računarske) mreže (local area networks, LAN),
moderni upravljački sistemi u avionima i drugim vozilima,
savremeni sistemi za prenos video-signala.
35