3. Peripheral circulation includes the movement of blood
in the smaller arteries and veins
Microcirculation system includes the movement of
blood in the arterioles, precapillaries, capillaries,
postcapillaries, venules and arterioles, capillary
shunts, as well as in lymph capillaries and movement
of intercellular fluid. It enables the exchange of
substances between blood and tissues. It’s
components are
Microhemocirculation
Microlumphocirculation
Movement of intercellular fluid
4. Microcirculatory disturbances
Intravascular disturbances – occur during
disorders of laminar flow and reological
properties of the blood (sludge, stasis)
Vascular disturbances - occur during increasing
of permeability of the vessel walls (diapedesis of
red blood cells)
Extravascular disturbances – occur during
edema, scar, tumor growing outside of vessels.
6. The types of microcirculatory
disturbances
Arterial
hyperemia
Venous
hyperemia
Ischemia
Stasis Thrombosis Embolie
7. Arterial hyperemia –
increase blood supply to an organ or tissue
due to increased blood flow through the
arteries and arterioles
8.
9. Types of arterial hyperemia
Physiological (occurs during functional
hyperactivity of organs and tissues)
Pathological (occurs during burns,
inflammation, nervous and endocrine
disorders)
11. Arterial hyperemia
Signs: Redness of the skin and mucous
membranes, increased tissue tension,
increased vascular pulsation
Outcome: leads to improved metabolism,
can lead to the spread of infection and
hemorrhage.
12. Venous hyperemia –
Increase of amount of venous blood in
organs and tissues as a result of
disturbance of venous outflow.
13. Venous Hyperemia
Causes: diseases of heart, respiratory
system
Signs: - Cyanosis of the skin and mucous
membranes
Edema - increase in size of organ
Expansion of vascular lumen
Venous stasis
14. Venous Hyperemia
Outcome:
- Hypoxia, acidosis
- Edema, dystrophy, fibrosis on the
parenchymal organs
- Development of ascites
- Formation of thrombus
15. ISCHEMIA -
reduction of blood supply to an organ or tissue
due to decreased blood inflow through the
arteries
16. The mechanisms of ischemia
Reflex spasm of arterioles (angiospastic)
Compression of arterioles from outside
Obstruction of arterioles inside
Redistributive of blood in the body
17. ISCHEMIA
Causes:
- Angiospasm
- Blood clots, emboli, atherosclerotic plaque
- Compression of the vessels by tumor -
compression
Signs :
- Colorless (pale color) of the tissue and organ
- Slow blood flow
- Weak pulsation of the arteries
Outcome: Hypoxia, acidosis, necrosis of
tissue, infarction
18. INFARCT. Types of infarct
White infarct- blood does not flow in the ischemic area, it
develops in organs with weak developed collateral
circulation (spleen).
Red infarct - in the area of ischemia the blood
flows through the collaterals, they dilates and
red blood cells passage out of the vessels in the
necrotic tissue (lung, intestine)
White infarct surrounded by the red border -
on the periphery of the infarction blood vessels
dilated and causes there hemorrhage (heart,
kidney)
19. OUTCOME of INFARCT
Coagulative necrosis (necrotic area
became hard – often in cardiac
muscle, kidney)
Colliquative necrosis (necrotic area
became soft – often in brain)
20. THROMBOSIS
The process of blood clotting (in vivo) in
the vessel lumen (or in the cavity of the
heart) preventing partial or complete
blood flow
24. The stages of thrombi formation
Vascular stage - vascular wall damage leads
to the vasospasm; from damaged cells leak
out biologically active substances that alter the
properties of platelets
Thrombocytic stage – in the damaged area
of vessel wall accumulates platelets that
adhere to the wall (Gp Ib), glued together (Gp
IIb-IIIa) and destructed; from these cells leak
out thrombocytic factors of blood clotting.
Plasmatic stage - plasma clotting factors
activates; fibrinogen is converted into fibrin,
blood cells accumulates on the fibrin fibers.
25. The types of thrombi
White thrombi- consist of leukocytes,
platelets and fibrin
Red thrombi- consist of leukocytes,
platelets, fibrin and erythrocytes
Mixed thrombi- have a white head and
mixed body, red tail
Hyaline thrombi - consist of
decomposed blood cells and precipitated
plasma proteins – but rarely fibrin
fibers
26. The types of thrombi
Small thrombi on the vessel’s wall –
those diminish the lumen of vessel.
Obstructive – those lead to the
completely occlusion of the lumen of
vessel.
27. OUTCOME of THROMBOSIS
Aseptically autolysis – occurs in small thrombi
Septic autolysis – occurs under influence of
pyrogenic bacteria. Thrombi breakdown with
spreading of infection in all organism (sepsis)
Organization, canalization and vascularization
of thrombi – thrombi replaced by the connective
tissue (organization), then the cavities form in the
middle of the thrombus and between the thrombus
and the walls of the vessel (canalization), the
cavities encapsulated by endothelium and filled
with blood as a result the blood flow through the
vessel (vascularization).
Detachment of thrombi – thromboembolism –
30. EMBOLISM
Occlusion of blood vessels with bits of
matter carried by the blood or lymph and
usually foreign to the blood stream.
31.
32. The types of emboli
Air emboli – forms during damage of large vessels
Gaseous emboli– in caisson disease, in divers
Thromboemboli – occur during varicosis of veins,
atherosclerosis
Fat emboli– occur during fractures of bones
Cellular or tissue emboli – formed as a result of
destruction of malignant tumors
Bacterial emboli – may develop during severe infection
processes
Foreign body emboli – bullet fragments
Amniotic water emboli – may occur during childbirth
35. Disturbance of lymph
circulation
Mechanical- (includes : organic changes- squeezinf of lymph vessels by tumor and
functional --- spasm in lymph vessel
Dynamic (increasing of filtration from arterioles as a result of hypoproteinemia
leads to overwhelm straining of lymph circulation)
Resorptional ( when oncotic pressure increases in interstistial spase
reobsorbsion of fluid decreases from here to vascular lumen become unable)
