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![Sample a source containers:
for UV: quartz (won’t block out the light)
for vis: glass [l 800nm (red) to l 400 nm (violet)]
for IR: NaCl (to or 15384 nm or 650 cm-1)
KBr (to 22222 nm or 450 cm-1)
CsI (to 50000 nm or 200 cm-1)
Optical transmission coefficient
Best material: diamond, why?
High transmission
Chemically inert
Mechanically strong
Criteria](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/420200320073321pm-230529064441-c460cbc0/85/4_2020_03_20-07_33_21_PM-ppt-15-320.jpg)
![Monochromators: reflection grating
Each wavelength is diffracted off the grating at a different angle
Angle of deviation of diffracted beam is wavelength dependent diffraction grating
separates the incident beam into its constituent wavelengths components
Groove dimensions and spacings are on the order of the wavelength in question
In order for the emerging light to be of any use, the emerging light beams must be in phase
with each other
Resolution of grating: l
Dl
=nN
Angular resolution:
As: d sin(q)+d sin(f)=nl
So: n Dl=d cos(f) Df
Therefore: Df/Dl=n/[d cos(f)]
What does this mean?
n: diffraction order
N: number of illuminated groves](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/420200320073321pm-230529064441-c460cbc0/85/4_2020_03_20-07_33_21_PM-ppt-20-320.jpg)
4_2020_03_20!07_33_21_PM.ppt
- 1. Instrumental Analysis: Spectrophotometric Diploma Dr. BasmaAl- Sudani Lecture 2
- 2. •Understand interaction betweenlight and matter (absorbance, excitation, emission, luminescence,fluorescence, phosphorescence) •Describe the main components of a spectrophotometer, (sources, monochromators, detectors, interferometer, grating, ATR, ICP, ) Objective
- 3. Background knowledge: What youare expected to know before the course: Error analysis in quantitative analysis Solve linear equations Complementary colour Exponential and logarithm What you are recommended to know before the course: Least square fitting Basic quantum chemistry Molecular symmetry
- 4. (Lecturer contents ofinstruments based on light interaction with matter) • Properties of light • Molecular electronic structures • Interaction of photons with molecules • Spectrophotometer components • Light sources • Single and double beam instruments • Monochrometers • Detectors • Fluorescence spectroscopy
- 5. Light travelling speed: inother media: c/n (n = refractive index, generally >1) in a vacuum: c=2.998 x 108 m s-1 (n=1 exactly, in air n=1.0002926) c/n= nl Therefore: Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength but proportional to wavenumber And of course, the relationship between energy and frequency: E = hn = hc/l = hc n h = Planck’s constant (6.626 x 10-34 J s) n = wavenumber (most common units = cm-1) ~ ~ Light is energy in the form of electromagenetic field Review on properties of light: photon Wavelength (l): Crest-to-crest distance between waves Frequency (n): Number of complete oscillations that the wave makes each second units: number of oscillations/sec or s-1 or Hertz |(Hz)
- 6. Frequency Scanning Techniques:a few definitions Emission method: source of light is sample Absorption method: intensities of a source with and without the sample in place are compared Spectrum: a plot of intensity vs. frequency/wavelength In quantitative analysis: common to work at 1 wavelength running a spectrum is an important initial step (to select best conditions)
- 7. Regions of ElectromagneticSpectrum-the “colour” of light
- 8. Electronic structures ofsimple molecule S0 S1 T1 Bond length D Ground state Excited state Singlet Excited state Triplet Energy Dissociated states Vibration states
- 9. Interaction between photonand molecule S0 S1 T1 D S0 S1 T1 S0 S1 transition A F IR UV-vis P
- 10. Electronic structures Singlet andtriplet Bond length for ground and excited states Vibrational structures-infrared absorption/transmission (FTIR) Internal conversion Intersystem crossing Photon adsorption excitation (Beer’s law, UV-vis) Frank Condon condition and The Stokes' shift Radionless relaxation and vibration relaxation Luminescence-fluorescence/phosphorescence Key concept from energy diagram
- 11. Type of opticalspectroscopy UV-vis absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis) FT-IR absorption/transmission spectroscopy (FTIR) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XFS) What you will learn: The excitation mechanism Monochromator design Instrument principle Quantitative methods
- 12. Optical spectrophotometer components Monochromators Filters Grating+slit prism Excitationsources Deuterium Lamp Tungsten Lamp Laser X-ray tube Mercury lamp Xenon lamp Silicon carbide globar Flame Furnaces Plasmas Hollow-cathode lamp Detectors PMT CCD/CID Photodiode Thermocouple MCT Pyroelectric detector UV UV-vis X-ray, UV, vis, IR X-ray UV-vis UV-vis IR What is the advantage and disadvantage?
- 13. Design of opticalspectrophotometers Single Beam vs. Double Beam "Instrument designs for photometers and spectrophotometers” (a) single-beam design (b) dual channel design with beams separated in space but simultaneous in time (c) double-beam design in which beams alternate between two channels." (a) (b) (c) Q: what’s the advantage of double beam spectrophotometer?
- 14. Light sources Black-body radiationfor vis and IR but not UV - a tungsten lamp is an excellent source of black-body radiation - operates at 3000 K - produces l from 320 to 2500 nm For UV: - a common lamp is a deuterium arc lamp - electric discharge causes D2 to dissociate and emit UV radiation (160 – 325 nm) - other good sources are: Xe (250 – 1000 nm) Hg (280 – 1400 nm) ( How much in cm-1, J, Hz and eV?) Lasers: - high power - very good for studying reactions - narrow line width - coherence - can fine-tune the desired wavelength (but choice of wavelength is limited) - £££ expensive £££ What is the important properties of a source? Brightness Line width Background Stability Lifetime
- 15. Sample a sourcecontainers: for UV: quartz (won’t block out the light) for vis: glass [l 800nm (red) to l 400 nm (violet)] for IR: NaCl (to or 15384 nm or 650 cm-1) KBr (to 22222 nm or 450 cm-1) CsI (to 50000 nm or 200 cm-1) Optical transmission coefficient Best material: diamond, why? High transmission Chemically inert Mechanically strong Criteria
- 16. Monochromators Early spectrophotometers usedprisms - quartz for UV - glass for vis and IR These are now superseded by: Diffraction gratings: - made by drawing lines on a glass with a diamond stylus ca. 20 grooves mm-1 for far IR ca. 6000 mm-1 for UV/vis - can use plastic replicas in less expensive instruments Think of diffraction on a CD http://www.mrfiber.com/images/ cddiffract.jpg http://www.ii.com/images/prism.jpg 10mmx10mm Why?
- 17. Monochromators: cont’d Polychromatic radiationenters Second concave mirror focuses each wavelength at different point of focal plane Orientation of the reflection grating directs only one narrow band of wavelengths to exit slit The light is collimated the first concave mirror Reflection grating diffracts different wavelengths at different angles http://oco.jpl.nasa.gov/images/grating_spec-br.jpg What is the purpose of concave mirrors?
- 18. Interference in diffraction d q f dsin(q)+d sin(f)=nl n=1, 2, 3 In-phase n=1/2, 3/2, 5/2 out-phase q>0 f<0 Bragg condition Phase relationship
- 19.
- 20. Monochromators: reflection grating Eachwavelength is diffracted off the grating at a different angle Angle of deviation of diffracted beam is wavelength dependent diffraction grating separates the incident beam into its constituent wavelengths components Groove dimensions and spacings are on the order of the wavelength in question In order for the emerging light to be of any use, the emerging light beams must be in phase with each other Resolution of grating: l Dl =nN Angular resolution: As: d sin(q)+d sin(f)=nl So: n Dl=d cos(f) Df Therefore: Df/Dl=n/[d cos(f)] What does this mean? n: diffraction order N: number of illuminated groves
- 21. Monochromators: slit Bottom line: -it is usually possible to arrange slits and mirrors so that the first order (n = 1) reflection is separated - a waveband of ca. 0.2 nm is obtainable However, the slit width determines the resolution and signal to noise ratio Large slit width: more energy reaching the detector higher signal:noise Small slit width: less energy reaching the detector BUT better resolution!
- 22. Detectors Choice of detectordepends upon what wavelength you are studying Want the best response for the wavelength (or wavelength range) that you are studying In a single-beam spectrophotometer, the 100% transmittance control must be adjusted each time the wavelength is changed In a double-beam spectrophotometer, this is done for you! : Radiation-----charger converter
- 23. Photomultiplier-single channel, butvery high sensitivity - Light falls on a photosensitive alloy (Cs3Sb, K2CsSb, Na2KSb) - Electrons from surface are accelerated towards secondary electrodes called dynodes and gain enough energy to remove further electrons (typically 4-12, to 50 with GaP). - For 9 stages giving 4 electrons for 1, the amplification is 49 or 2.6 x 105) - The output is fed to an amplifier which generates a signal - To minimise noise it is necessary to operate at the lowest possible voltage What decide the sensitive wavelength?
- 24. Photodiode Array-multiplex, butlow sensitivity Good for quick (fraction of a second) scanning of a full spectrum Uses semiconductor material: Remember: n-type silicon has a conduction electron – P or As doped p-type silicon has a ‘hole’ or electron vacancy – Al or B doped A diode is a pn junction: under forward bias, current flows from n-Si to p-Si under reverse bias, no current flows boundary is called a depletion layer or region
- 25. Photodiode Array - Electronsexcited by light partially discharge the condenser - Current which is necessary to restore the charge can be detected - The more radiation that strikes, the less charge remains - Less sensitive than photomultipliers several placed on placed on single crystal - Different wavelengths can be directed to different diodes - Good for 500 to 1100 nm - For some crystals (i.e. HgCdTe) the response time is about 50 ns Could you compare photodiode with CCD detector?
- 26. Photodiode Array Spectrophotometer -For photodiode array spectrophotometers, a white light passes through sample - The grating polychromator disperses the light into the component wavelengths - All wavelengths are measured simultaneously - Resolution depends upon the distance between the diodes and amount of dispersion
- 27. Photodiode Array Spectrophotometers vsDispersive Spectrophotometers Dispersive Spectrophotometer: - only a narrow band of wavelengths reaches the detector at a time - slow spectral acquisition (ca. 1 min) - several moving parts (gratings, filters, mirrors, etc.) - resolution: ca. 0.1 nm - produces less stray light greater dynamic range for measuring high absorbance - sensitive to stray light from outside sources i.e. room light Photodiode Array Spectrophotometer: - no moving parts rugged - faster spectral acquisition (ca. 1 sec) - not dramatically affect by room light What are the components 1 to 10?
- 28. Property of luminescencespectrum Fluorescence vs phosphorescence 1. Phosphorescence is always at longer wavelength compared with fluorescence 2. Phosphorescence is narrower compared with fluorescence 3. Phosphorescence is weaker compared with fluorescence Absorption vs emission 1. absorption is mirrored relative to emission 2. Absorption is always on the shorter wavelength compared to emission 3. Absorption vibrational progression reflects vibrational level in the electronic excited states, while the emission vibrational progression reflects vibrational level in the electronic ground states 4. l0 transition of absorption is not overlap with the l0 of emission Why? Why?
- 29.
- 30. Fluorescence spectroscopy Emission spectrum:hold the excitation wavelength steady and measure the emission at various wavelengths Excitation spectrum: vary the excitation wavelength and vary the wavelength measured for the emitted light Light source Excitation monochromator Reference diode Beam splitter sample Emission Monochromator Amplifier Computer PMT Q: why the emission is measured at 90 relative to the excitation?
- 31. Fluorescence spectroscopy: welldefined molecules
- 32. • Describe themain components of a spectrophotometer and distinguish between single double beam instruments • Describe suitable sources for ultraviolet (UV)/visible (vis), infra red (IR) and atomic absorption (AA) instruments • Describe and assess advantages and disadvantages of various monochromators e.g. Prism, diffraction gratings • Explain how to asses the quality of grating • Explain how photomultipliers and diode detectors work • Explain the advantage of multiplex detecting • Describe the luminescence spectroscopy and energy transfer process • Compare the emission and absorption spectrum Summary of spectrophotometric techniques