A Pocket AE DAS was used to measure simulated acoustic emissions from two thin plate specimens composed of homogeneous, isotropic materials. The first specimen was made of aluminum, and the second specimen was made of polyethylene. The results of the tests demonstrate not only the practical use of acoustic emission testing but also the effect of the material properties of the specimen on the raw data acquired by the DAS.
BIOEN 4250 BIOMECHANICS I Laboratory 4 – Principle Stres.docxtarifarmarie
BIOEN 4250: BIOMECHANICS I
Laboratory 4 – Principle Stress and Strain
November 13– 16, 2018
TAs: Allen Lin ([email protected]), Kelly Smith ([email protected])
Lab Quiz: A 10-point lab quiz, accounting for 10% of the lap report grade, will be given at the beginning of
class. Be familiar with the entire protocol.
Objective: The objective of this experiment is to measure the strains along three different axes surrounding
a point on a cantilever beam, calculate the principal strains and stresses, and compare the result
with the stress calculated from the flexure formula for such a beam.
Background: The ability to measure strain is critical to materials testing as well as many other applications in
engineering. However, strain gages that adhere to a surface can alter the local strain environment
if the material (or tissue) of interest is less stiff than the gage itself. For this reason, contact strain
gages (or strain gages that attach directly to a surface) are not typically used for the testing of soft
tissues such as ligament, arteries, or skin. However, when the material is on the stiffer side, or
when the absolute value of the strain is less important than the detection of the mere presence of
strain itself, contact strain gages are very useful. An example of a stiffer biological material would
be bone. However, due to the porous nature of bone, one needs to be extremely careful that the
strain gage is properly adhered to the material’s surface. Other applications range from real world
stress analysis of a structure (e.g., a wing of an aircraft during flight) to strain gages incorporated
into medical equipment to ensure proper function (e.g., gages wrapped around the tubing in a
hospital infusion pump to detect blockages in the line – since the tube swells more than it should
when the fluid path is occluded).
One common engineering loading case that involves a planar stress field (i.e., the only non-zero
stresses are in the same plane), is that of beam bending. Beam bending will be covered in greater
detail during lecture. However, in order to ensure you know the basics of what is going on in this
lab, we will cover some fundamental topics. The simplest case of beam loading is that of a
cantilever beam that is completely anchored at one end and loaded at a point along its length
(Fig. 1). In Figure 1, 𝑃 is the applied load, ℎ is the thickness of the beam (with 𝑐 as the half-
thickness), 𝑥 is the distance from the fixed wall to the location where we want to measure stress
and strain (point 𝑎), and 𝐿 is the length of the beam. There are a couple key points to know about
this loading scenario:
1. As the beam bends downward, the material above the midline (the dashed line) is in
tension and the material below that line is in compression.
2. At the top and bottom free surfaces, there is only axial stress, and zero shear stress.
3. At the midline (dashed line, also referred to as neutral axis)
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension Object .docxSANSKAR20
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension
Object: The object of this experiment is to measure the tensile properties of two polymeric
materials, steel and aluminum at a constant strain rate on the Tension testing machine.
Background: For structural applications of materials such as bridges, pressure vessels, ships,
and automobiles, the tensile properties of the metal material set the criteria for a safe design.
Polymeric materials are being used more and more in structural applications, particularly in
automobiles and pressure vessels. New applications emerge as designers become aware of
the differences in the properties of metals and polymers and take full advantage of them. The
analyses of structures using metals or plastics require that the data be available.
Stress-Strain: The tensile properties of a material are obtained by pulling a specimen of
known geometry apart at a fixed rate of straining until it breaks or stretches to the machines
limit. It is useful to define the load per unit area (stress) as a parameter rather than load to
avoid the confusion that would arise from the fact that the load and the change in length are
dependent on the cross-sectional area and original length of the specimen. The stress,
however, changes during the test for two reasons: the load increases and the cross-sectional
area decreases as the specimen gets longer.
Therefore, the stress can be calculated by two formulae which are distinguished as
engineering stress and true stress, respectively.
(1) = P/Ao= Engineering Stress (lbs/in
2 or psi)
P = load (lbs)
Ao= original cross-sectional area (in
2)
(2) T= P/Ai = True Stress
Ai = instantaneous cross-sectional area (in
2)
Likewise, the elongation is normalized per unit length of specimen and is called strain. The
strain may be based on the original length or the instantaneous length such that
(3) =(lf - lo)/ lo = l / lo = Engineering Strain, where
lf= final gage length (in)
lo= original gage length (in)
(4) T= ln ( li / lo ) = ln (1 +) = True Strain, where
li = instantaneous gage length (in)
ln = natural logarithm
For a small elongation the engineering strain is very close to the true strain when l=1.2 lo,
then = 0.2 and T= ln 1.2 = 0.182. The engineering stress is related to the true stress by
(5) T= (1 + )
The true stress would be 20% higher in the case above where the specimen is 20% longer
than the original length. As the relative elongation increases, the true strain will become
significantly less than the engineering strain while the true stress becomes much greater than
the engineering stress. When l= 4.0 lo then = 3.0 but the true strain =ln 4.0 = 1.39.
Therefore, the true strain is less than 1/2 of the engineering strain. The true stress (T) = (1+
3.0) = 4, or the true stress is 4 times the engineering stress.
Tensile Test Nom ...
A Pocket AE DAS was used to measure simulated acoustic emissions from two thin plate specimens composed of homogeneous, isotropic materials. The first specimen was made of aluminum, and the second specimen was made of polyethylene. The results of the tests demonstrate not only the practical use of acoustic emission testing but also the effect of the material properties of the specimen on the raw data acquired by the DAS.
BIOEN 4250 BIOMECHANICS I Laboratory 4 – Principle Stres.docxtarifarmarie
BIOEN 4250: BIOMECHANICS I
Laboratory 4 – Principle Stress and Strain
November 13– 16, 2018
TAs: Allen Lin ([email protected]), Kelly Smith ([email protected])
Lab Quiz: A 10-point lab quiz, accounting for 10% of the lap report grade, will be given at the beginning of
class. Be familiar with the entire protocol.
Objective: The objective of this experiment is to measure the strains along three different axes surrounding
a point on a cantilever beam, calculate the principal strains and stresses, and compare the result
with the stress calculated from the flexure formula for such a beam.
Background: The ability to measure strain is critical to materials testing as well as many other applications in
engineering. However, strain gages that adhere to a surface can alter the local strain environment
if the material (or tissue) of interest is less stiff than the gage itself. For this reason, contact strain
gages (or strain gages that attach directly to a surface) are not typically used for the testing of soft
tissues such as ligament, arteries, or skin. However, when the material is on the stiffer side, or
when the absolute value of the strain is less important than the detection of the mere presence of
strain itself, contact strain gages are very useful. An example of a stiffer biological material would
be bone. However, due to the porous nature of bone, one needs to be extremely careful that the
strain gage is properly adhered to the material’s surface. Other applications range from real world
stress analysis of a structure (e.g., a wing of an aircraft during flight) to strain gages incorporated
into medical equipment to ensure proper function (e.g., gages wrapped around the tubing in a
hospital infusion pump to detect blockages in the line – since the tube swells more than it should
when the fluid path is occluded).
One common engineering loading case that involves a planar stress field (i.e., the only non-zero
stresses are in the same plane), is that of beam bending. Beam bending will be covered in greater
detail during lecture. However, in order to ensure you know the basics of what is going on in this
lab, we will cover some fundamental topics. The simplest case of beam loading is that of a
cantilever beam that is completely anchored at one end and loaded at a point along its length
(Fig. 1). In Figure 1, 𝑃 is the applied load, ℎ is the thickness of the beam (with 𝑐 as the half-
thickness), 𝑥 is the distance from the fixed wall to the location where we want to measure stress
and strain (point 𝑎), and 𝐿 is the length of the beam. There are a couple key points to know about
this loading scenario:
1. As the beam bends downward, the material above the midline (the dashed line) is in
tension and the material below that line is in compression.
2. At the top and bottom free surfaces, there is only axial stress, and zero shear stress.
3. At the midline (dashed line, also referred to as neutral axis)
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension Object .docxSANSKAR20
Experiment 4 - Testing of Materials in Tension
Object: The object of this experiment is to measure the tensile properties of two polymeric
materials, steel and aluminum at a constant strain rate on the Tension testing machine.
Background: For structural applications of materials such as bridges, pressure vessels, ships,
and automobiles, the tensile properties of the metal material set the criteria for a safe design.
Polymeric materials are being used more and more in structural applications, particularly in
automobiles and pressure vessels. New applications emerge as designers become aware of
the differences in the properties of metals and polymers and take full advantage of them. The
analyses of structures using metals or plastics require that the data be available.
Stress-Strain: The tensile properties of a material are obtained by pulling a specimen of
known geometry apart at a fixed rate of straining until it breaks or stretches to the machines
limit. It is useful to define the load per unit area (stress) as a parameter rather than load to
avoid the confusion that would arise from the fact that the load and the change in length are
dependent on the cross-sectional area and original length of the specimen. The stress,
however, changes during the test for two reasons: the load increases and the cross-sectional
area decreases as the specimen gets longer.
Therefore, the stress can be calculated by two formulae which are distinguished as
engineering stress and true stress, respectively.
(1) = P/Ao= Engineering Stress (lbs/in
2 or psi)
P = load (lbs)
Ao= original cross-sectional area (in
2)
(2) T= P/Ai = True Stress
Ai = instantaneous cross-sectional area (in
2)
Likewise, the elongation is normalized per unit length of specimen and is called strain. The
strain may be based on the original length or the instantaneous length such that
(3) =(lf - lo)/ lo = l / lo = Engineering Strain, where
lf= final gage length (in)
lo= original gage length (in)
(4) T= ln ( li / lo ) = ln (1 +) = True Strain, where
li = instantaneous gage length (in)
ln = natural logarithm
For a small elongation the engineering strain is very close to the true strain when l=1.2 lo,
then = 0.2 and T= ln 1.2 = 0.182. The engineering stress is related to the true stress by
(5) T= (1 + )
The true stress would be 20% higher in the case above where the specimen is 20% longer
than the original length. As the relative elongation increases, the true strain will become
significantly less than the engineering strain while the true stress becomes much greater than
the engineering stress. When l= 4.0 lo then = 3.0 but the true strain =ln 4.0 = 1.39.
Therefore, the true strain is less than 1/2 of the engineering strain. The true stress (T) = (1+
3.0) = 4, or the true stress is 4 times the engineering stress.
Tensile Test Nom ...
Figuring out the important mechanical properties of Mild steel through various steps in a small and helpful basic guide for beginners.
Being an engineering student we all know that steel has wide amount of applications and for that it is using in his different forms with unique properties.
This manual will click your mind that how steel is being used for various purposes and how can we get the wide amount of range through heat treatments.
The presentation file on workshop on Neutron and X-ray Characterisation on Caloric Materials, introduction to neutron scattering experiment with triple axis spectrometer for material scientist
A study on effect of bowing on a scans using pulse echo ultrasonic technique eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with the study of A Scans obtained from sub assembly head top used in a Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor. A sub-assembly head top is the specimen used to determine the effect of bowing on A Scans. The condition of bowing has been simulated. The A Scans are obtained under normal conditions of the ring and also under simulated bowing conditions. The envelope of the A Scans under both the conditions have been compared. It is found that the two edges of the ring are clearly indicated through the A Scan. Under normal conditions, the two edges have a slight difference in the depth. This is due to the constructional feature of the object. But under simulated conditions, the two edges are obtained at two different depths, of magnitude higher than the normal conditions. The shift in the A Scans is clearly seen It is observed that greater the tilt given for simulated bowing, larger is the shift in the depth of the two edges of the ring. Index Terms: Ultrasonic, Pulse Echo, Bowing, A Scans
Laser shock peening produces a compressive residual stress in the surface of metallic materials, which significantly increases fatigue life in applications where failure is caused by surface-initi ated cracks. Laser shock peening is applied by using a high energy pulsed laser to create a high amplitude stress wave or shock wave on the surface to be treated. This stress wave propagates into the material, causing the surface layer to yield and plastically deform, and thereby, develop a residual compressive stress. Where comparisons have been made to shot peening, the magnitude of the residual stresses at the surface are similar, but the compressive stresses from laser peening extend much deeper below the surface than those from shot peening. The resulting fatigue life enhancement is often greater for laser peering than it is for shot peening. In addition to fatigue strength improvement, laser peering can also locally strain harden thin sections of parts or strain harden a surface
1 Resistivity Equipment Qty Item Parts Number .docxhoney725342
1
Resistivity
Equipment
Qty Item Parts Number
1 Voltage Source
1 Resistance Apparatus EM-8812
1 Sample Wire Set EM-8813
1 Voltage Sensor UI-5100
2 Patch Cords
Purpose
The purpose of this activity is to examine how the resistance of a resistor is determined via geometry of
the resistor, and the material which it is made of. Also, to further the student’s understanding of the
difference between resistance, and resistivity.
Theory
Ohm’s Law describes the relationship between the resistance R of a wire, the voltage drop across it V,
and the current through the wire I. This is formally given by the equation;
𝐼 =
𝑉
𝑅
The resistance of the wire is a function of both the geometry of the wire, and the material that the wire
is composed of. This is formally given by the equation;
𝑅 = 𝜌
𝐿
𝐴
Where here L is the length of the wire, A is the cross-section area of the wire (in this simple equation we
are assuming the cross-section area is constant along the entire length of the wire), and 𝜌 is the
resistivity of the material the wire is composed of. The SI units of resistivity are Ohms·meters, Ω·m, and
it is a quantification of how difficult it is to move a current through a length of the material. This
equation shows us that resistance is a property of the object, while resistivity is a property of the
material the object is made of. Due to this distinction it is really incorrect to say things like, “Copper has
a low resistance.” Because Copper has a ‘low’ resistivity. If you take a Copper wire and double its length
you double the
resistance of that
wire, but the value
of the resistivity of
the copper in that
wire doesn’t
change.
2
Setup
1. Open the Capstone software. On the left side of the main screen is the Tool Bar. Click on the
Hardware Setup icon. This will open the Setup window.
Click on Analog Channel A of the picture of the 850 Universal Interface in the Setup
window, and then scroll down, and add the ‘Voltage Sensor’.
Click on Output Channel 1 of the picture of the 850 Universal Interface in the Setup
window, and then scroll down, and add the ‘Output Voltage-Current Sensor’.
2. On the bottom center left of the main screen the Sample Rate Tab should now say ‘
Common Rate’.
Set the Sample Rate to 1 Hz.
3. In the Tool Bar, now click on the Signal Generator Icon. This will open the Signal Generator
window.
In the Signal Generator window click on the tab “850 output 1” tab. This will open up
the options window for the output generator 1.
Set the Waveform to a “DC”.
Set the DC Voltage to 2 volts.
Set the Voltage Limit to 2 volts.
Set the Current Limit to 1.1 A.
Set the Generator to “Auto”, so that it will start and stop automatically when you start
and stop collecting data.
4. Close the Tool Bar.
5. In the main window click on the ‘Two Displays” option. (Bottom left option). A two display
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a testing and analysis technique used by industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component, structure or system for characteristic differences or welding defects and discontinuities without causing damage to the original part. NDT also known as non-destructive examination (NDE), non-destructive inspection (NDI) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE).
Macetes e Gambiarras para o PX “Manual do PX” – Edição 2018
Autor – Ademir Freitas Machado – PT9HP (ex PT9AIA/PX9D1200)
Contato: Rua Araguaia, 1282 – Bairro Jardim Água Boa – Dourados MS
Caixa Postal 212 – CEP 79804970
Email: revistaradioamadorismo@gmail.com
Editado pelo Prof. Dr. Enos Picazzio, o livro teve apoio do CNPq e oferece uma introdução à astronomia para educadores e iniciantes. Os capítulos foram escritos pelos professores Augusto Damineli, Eder Cassola Molina, Gastão B. Lima Neto, Jane Gregorio-Hetem, Roberto Costa, Vera Jatenco e Walter Maciel, além do jornalista especializado Ulisses Capozzoli.
Figuring out the important mechanical properties of Mild steel through various steps in a small and helpful basic guide for beginners.
Being an engineering student we all know that steel has wide amount of applications and for that it is using in his different forms with unique properties.
This manual will click your mind that how steel is being used for various purposes and how can we get the wide amount of range through heat treatments.
The presentation file on workshop on Neutron and X-ray Characterisation on Caloric Materials, introduction to neutron scattering experiment with triple axis spectrometer for material scientist
A study on effect of bowing on a scans using pulse echo ultrasonic technique eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with the study of A Scans obtained from sub assembly head top used in a Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor. A sub-assembly head top is the specimen used to determine the effect of bowing on A Scans. The condition of bowing has been simulated. The A Scans are obtained under normal conditions of the ring and also under simulated bowing conditions. The envelope of the A Scans under both the conditions have been compared. It is found that the two edges of the ring are clearly indicated through the A Scan. Under normal conditions, the two edges have a slight difference in the depth. This is due to the constructional feature of the object. But under simulated conditions, the two edges are obtained at two different depths, of magnitude higher than the normal conditions. The shift in the A Scans is clearly seen It is observed that greater the tilt given for simulated bowing, larger is the shift in the depth of the two edges of the ring. Index Terms: Ultrasonic, Pulse Echo, Bowing, A Scans
Laser shock peening produces a compressive residual stress in the surface of metallic materials, which significantly increases fatigue life in applications where failure is caused by surface-initi ated cracks. Laser shock peening is applied by using a high energy pulsed laser to create a high amplitude stress wave or shock wave on the surface to be treated. This stress wave propagates into the material, causing the surface layer to yield and plastically deform, and thereby, develop a residual compressive stress. Where comparisons have been made to shot peening, the magnitude of the residual stresses at the surface are similar, but the compressive stresses from laser peening extend much deeper below the surface than those from shot peening. The resulting fatigue life enhancement is often greater for laser peering than it is for shot peening. In addition to fatigue strength improvement, laser peering can also locally strain harden thin sections of parts or strain harden a surface
1 Resistivity Equipment Qty Item Parts Number .docxhoney725342
1
Resistivity
Equipment
Qty Item Parts Number
1 Voltage Source
1 Resistance Apparatus EM-8812
1 Sample Wire Set EM-8813
1 Voltage Sensor UI-5100
2 Patch Cords
Purpose
The purpose of this activity is to examine how the resistance of a resistor is determined via geometry of
the resistor, and the material which it is made of. Also, to further the student’s understanding of the
difference between resistance, and resistivity.
Theory
Ohm’s Law describes the relationship between the resistance R of a wire, the voltage drop across it V,
and the current through the wire I. This is formally given by the equation;
𝐼 =
𝑉
𝑅
The resistance of the wire is a function of both the geometry of the wire, and the material that the wire
is composed of. This is formally given by the equation;
𝑅 = 𝜌
𝐿
𝐴
Where here L is the length of the wire, A is the cross-section area of the wire (in this simple equation we
are assuming the cross-section area is constant along the entire length of the wire), and 𝜌 is the
resistivity of the material the wire is composed of. The SI units of resistivity are Ohms·meters, Ω·m, and
it is a quantification of how difficult it is to move a current through a length of the material. This
equation shows us that resistance is a property of the object, while resistivity is a property of the
material the object is made of. Due to this distinction it is really incorrect to say things like, “Copper has
a low resistance.” Because Copper has a ‘low’ resistivity. If you take a Copper wire and double its length
you double the
resistance of that
wire, but the value
of the resistivity of
the copper in that
wire doesn’t
change.
2
Setup
1. Open the Capstone software. On the left side of the main screen is the Tool Bar. Click on the
Hardware Setup icon. This will open the Setup window.
Click on Analog Channel A of the picture of the 850 Universal Interface in the Setup
window, and then scroll down, and add the ‘Voltage Sensor’.
Click on Output Channel 1 of the picture of the 850 Universal Interface in the Setup
window, and then scroll down, and add the ‘Output Voltage-Current Sensor’.
2. On the bottom center left of the main screen the Sample Rate Tab should now say ‘
Common Rate’.
Set the Sample Rate to 1 Hz.
3. In the Tool Bar, now click on the Signal Generator Icon. This will open the Signal Generator
window.
In the Signal Generator window click on the tab “850 output 1” tab. This will open up
the options window for the output generator 1.
Set the Waveform to a “DC”.
Set the DC Voltage to 2 volts.
Set the Voltage Limit to 2 volts.
Set the Current Limit to 1.1 A.
Set the Generator to “Auto”, so that it will start and stop automatically when you start
and stop collecting data.
4. Close the Tool Bar.
5. In the main window click on the ‘Two Displays” option. (Bottom left option). A two display
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a testing and analysis technique used by industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component, structure or system for characteristic differences or welding defects and discontinuities without causing damage to the original part. NDT also known as non-destructive examination (NDE), non-destructive inspection (NDI) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE).
Macetes e Gambiarras para o PX “Manual do PX” – Edição 2018
Autor – Ademir Freitas Machado – PT9HP (ex PT9AIA/PX9D1200)
Contato: Rua Araguaia, 1282 – Bairro Jardim Água Boa – Dourados MS
Caixa Postal 212 – CEP 79804970
Email: revistaradioamadorismo@gmail.com
Editado pelo Prof. Dr. Enos Picazzio, o livro teve apoio do CNPq e oferece uma introdução à astronomia para educadores e iniciantes. Os capítulos foram escritos pelos professores Augusto Damineli, Eder Cassola Molina, Gastão B. Lima Neto, Jane Gregorio-Hetem, Roberto Costa, Vera Jatenco e Walter Maciel, além do jornalista especializado Ulisses Capozzoli.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
