Acute and Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Pathophysiology and Treatmentinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Acute sinusitis (ARS) and chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS) is a common condition worldwide.CRS is due to the infection and inflammation of paranasal sinuses. Frequent clinical manifestations of ARS include persistent symptoms with nasal discharge or cough or both, presentation with fever accompanies purulent nasal discharge, and worsening symptoms. Complications of CRS have five stages, preseptal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, orbital abscess and cavernous sinus septic thrombosis. Most acute sinusitis generally of viral origin, e,g. rhinoviruses, corona viruses,and influenza viruses. Bacterial pathogen include Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza and Moraxella catarrhalis. Bacteria found in biofilms have their antibiotic resistant increased up to 1000 times when compared to bacteria free living of same species. Sinusitis also results from fungal invasion in patients with diabetes, immunedeficiencies, and AIDSor transplant patients. Bacterial and viral sinusitis are difficult to distinguish. The diagnosis of acute sinusitis should be on clinical presentation in most patients CT scan of sinuses is useful for patients with complications and in patients in whom sinus surgery is considered. MRI may have a role in the diagnosis of fungal rhinitis. The benefit of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) is its ability for a more targeted approach. Recently developed treatment by balloon sinuplasty is promising. A short-course of antibiotics is helpful in clinically diagnosed bacterial sinusitis without complicating factors.
A Rare Case of Nasal Inferior Meatus Polyps by George MV in Experiments in Rhinology & Otolaryngology
This is a case report of a patient with a sided nasal inferior meatus polyposis. A 34-year-old female patient rested with history of discharge coming from right side of nose of 6 months duration. On examination, there was minimal discharge in the floor of the nose. On endoscopy, there was a swelling under the inferior turbinate. CT PNS showed an enlarged inferior turbinate of the same side and bilateral concha bullosa, and mild maxillary sinusitis. The patient had undergone an endoscopic excision biopsy of the swelling and the histopathological report was Inflammatory Nasal polyps.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/ero/fulltext/ERO.000514.php
ABSTRACT: Lung abscess is the necrosis of pulmonary tissue with formation of cavities (more than 2cm)..Predisposing factors include bronchogenic carcinoma or other bronchial obstructions,bronchiectasis and pulmonary infarction. Diagnosis is by chest radiography and computed tomography(CT),Frequently isolated pathogens include anaerobes and nosocomial microorganisms,Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mycobacteria,parasites and fungi.Antibiotics of choice include penicillin with β lactamase inhibitors., carbapenem, quinolones, amoxicillin-clavulanate and amoxicillin sulbactam. Metronidazole not so effective because of microaerophilic streptococci. Medical management failure often is secondary to undrained pleural collections, endobronchial obstruction caused by a neoplasm or foreign body. High rates of morbidity and mortality associated with lung abscess despite antibiotic therapy and supported care. Patients with predisposing conditions like a large sized abscess and right-lower lobe location, have the worst prognosis. The prognosis of lung abscess has not improved sufficiently since the introduction of antibiotics, other modalities should be considered for patients with prognostics signs.
Acute and Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Pathophysiology and Treatmentinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Acute sinusitis (ARS) and chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS) is a common condition worldwide.CRS is due to the infection and inflammation of paranasal sinuses. Frequent clinical manifestations of ARS include persistent symptoms with nasal discharge or cough or both, presentation with fever accompanies purulent nasal discharge, and worsening symptoms. Complications of CRS have five stages, preseptal cellulitis, orbital cellulitis, subperiosteal abscess, orbital abscess and cavernous sinus septic thrombosis. Most acute sinusitis generally of viral origin, e,g. rhinoviruses, corona viruses,and influenza viruses. Bacterial pathogen include Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza and Moraxella catarrhalis. Bacteria found in biofilms have their antibiotic resistant increased up to 1000 times when compared to bacteria free living of same species. Sinusitis also results from fungal invasion in patients with diabetes, immunedeficiencies, and AIDSor transplant patients. Bacterial and viral sinusitis are difficult to distinguish. The diagnosis of acute sinusitis should be on clinical presentation in most patients CT scan of sinuses is useful for patients with complications and in patients in whom sinus surgery is considered. MRI may have a role in the diagnosis of fungal rhinitis. The benefit of Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) is its ability for a more targeted approach. Recently developed treatment by balloon sinuplasty is promising. A short-course of antibiotics is helpful in clinically diagnosed bacterial sinusitis without complicating factors.
A Rare Case of Nasal Inferior Meatus Polyps by George MV in Experiments in Rhinology & Otolaryngology
This is a case report of a patient with a sided nasal inferior meatus polyposis. A 34-year-old female patient rested with history of discharge coming from right side of nose of 6 months duration. On examination, there was minimal discharge in the floor of the nose. On endoscopy, there was a swelling under the inferior turbinate. CT PNS showed an enlarged inferior turbinate of the same side and bilateral concha bullosa, and mild maxillary sinusitis. The patient had undergone an endoscopic excision biopsy of the swelling and the histopathological report was Inflammatory Nasal polyps.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/ero/fulltext/ERO.000514.php
ABSTRACT: Lung abscess is the necrosis of pulmonary tissue with formation of cavities (more than 2cm)..Predisposing factors include bronchogenic carcinoma or other bronchial obstructions,bronchiectasis and pulmonary infarction. Diagnosis is by chest radiography and computed tomography(CT),Frequently isolated pathogens include anaerobes and nosocomial microorganisms,Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, mycobacteria,parasites and fungi.Antibiotics of choice include penicillin with β lactamase inhibitors., carbapenem, quinolones, amoxicillin-clavulanate and amoxicillin sulbactam. Metronidazole not so effective because of microaerophilic streptococci. Medical management failure often is secondary to undrained pleural collections, endobronchial obstruction caused by a neoplasm or foreign body. High rates of morbidity and mortality associated with lung abscess despite antibiotic therapy and supported care. Patients with predisposing conditions like a large sized abscess and right-lower lobe location, have the worst prognosis. The prognosis of lung abscess has not improved sufficiently since the introduction of antibiotics, other modalities should be considered for patients with prognostics signs.
Histopathology of Multiple viral infections in lung of camel (Camelus Dromeda...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Purpose: To investigate the effect of sulfur dioxide on the lung microbiota of healthy rats. Methods Fifteen male rats were randomly divided into high dose and low dose exposure group and control group. After 7 days of SO2 exposure, the lung tissues were obtained and the lung microbiota was identified by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Results The microbial community of lung microbiota was significantly alternated in the exposure group and the dominant phylum changed from Firmicutes to Proteobacteria. In addition, the SO2 exposure caused the bronchial wall thickening and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs of rats in exposure groups. Conclusions The results suggest that SO2 can significantly alter the lung microbiota and pathological structure of the lungs.
Unusual Presentation of Tuberculosis in Head and Neck RegionSachender Tanwar
Abstract: 3 case reports of tuberculosis at uncommon sites within head and neck region. Diagnosed on the basis of various clinical,
histopathological and imaging studies. Managed either with DOTS regimen only or both surgery & antitubercular treatment. None of
the cases showed non-compliance to treatment or recurrence of disease.
Keywords: tuberculosis, intra parotid lymphadenitis, branchial cyst, jugular chain lymphadenitis level II-III.
Isolated tuberculous inguinal lymphadenopathy: a diagnostic challenge KETAN VAGHOLKAR
Isolated tuberculous inguinal lymphadenopathy is a rare entity. Awareness of this as a distinct entity is important. Open biopsy is the best way for diagnosing this condition.
The article presents the results of X-ray anatomical studies of 56 whole lung preparations, which were carried out immediately after the autopsy of children who died from acute pneumonia (АP). In 47 cases, it was carried out the contrast of the vessels and in nine cases the bronchial tree. The results allowed to clarify some details of the pathogenesis of АP and were additional arguments in support of the new doctrine of the disease.
histology of respiratory system upper lower
Histology is a vast and complex field, but it provides valuable insights into the structure and function of tissues in various organisms. It has played a major role in advancing our understanding of health, disease, and biology.
The respiratory system is essential for life. It provides your body with the oxygen it needs to function and removes the carbon dioxide that would otherwise build up and be toxic.
The respiratory system is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to allow you to breathe. Its primary function is to take in oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration. The system is made up of the following:
Upper respiratory tract: This includes the nose
nasal cavity,
sinuses,
pharynx (throat)
And
larynx (voice box).
Lower respiratory tract: This includes the trachea (windpipe)
bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli air sacs
in the lungs.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
palynotaxa and parasitic loads of nigerian currency potential sources of mic...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Currency notes are handled by a large number of people under a variety of personal and environmental conditions. A total of ninety six samples of one hundred naira denomination of Nigerian notes were procured from seven Local Government Areas (LGA) of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the palynotaxa and parasitic load prevalent on currency notes. The leachates of currency notes were obtained and subjected to acetolysis and examined microscopically. Twenty six fungal spores type were recorded and were highly dominated by spores of Libertelli spp., Botrytis spp. and Spadicoides spp. Pollen achieved 54 % of the total bio-particles, whereas fungal spores and parasitic worms achieved 35.2 % and 10.60 %, respectively. The presence and relative abundance of these palynotaxa and parasites in currency notes affirms their propensity to spread vectors of diseases.
Histopathology of Multiple viral infections in lung of camel (Camelus Dromeda...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Purpose: To investigate the effect of sulfur dioxide on the lung microbiota of healthy rats. Methods Fifteen male rats were randomly divided into high dose and low dose exposure group and control group. After 7 days of SO2 exposure, the lung tissues were obtained and the lung microbiota was identified by Illumina high-throughput sequencing. Results The microbial community of lung microbiota was significantly alternated in the exposure group and the dominant phylum changed from Firmicutes to Proteobacteria. In addition, the SO2 exposure caused the bronchial wall thickening and a large number of inflammatory cell infiltration in the lungs of rats in exposure groups. Conclusions The results suggest that SO2 can significantly alter the lung microbiota and pathological structure of the lungs.
Unusual Presentation of Tuberculosis in Head and Neck RegionSachender Tanwar
Abstract: 3 case reports of tuberculosis at uncommon sites within head and neck region. Diagnosed on the basis of various clinical,
histopathological and imaging studies. Managed either with DOTS regimen only or both surgery & antitubercular treatment. None of
the cases showed non-compliance to treatment or recurrence of disease.
Keywords: tuberculosis, intra parotid lymphadenitis, branchial cyst, jugular chain lymphadenitis level II-III.
Isolated tuberculous inguinal lymphadenopathy: a diagnostic challenge KETAN VAGHOLKAR
Isolated tuberculous inguinal lymphadenopathy is a rare entity. Awareness of this as a distinct entity is important. Open biopsy is the best way for diagnosing this condition.
The article presents the results of X-ray anatomical studies of 56 whole lung preparations, which were carried out immediately after the autopsy of children who died from acute pneumonia (АP). In 47 cases, it was carried out the contrast of the vessels and in nine cases the bronchial tree. The results allowed to clarify some details of the pathogenesis of АP and were additional arguments in support of the new doctrine of the disease.
histology of respiratory system upper lower
Histology is a vast and complex field, but it provides valuable insights into the structure and function of tissues in various organisms. It has played a major role in advancing our understanding of health, disease, and biology.
The respiratory system is essential for life. It provides your body with the oxygen it needs to function and removes the carbon dioxide that would otherwise build up and be toxic.
The respiratory system is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to allow you to breathe. Its primary function is to take in oxygen from the air and release carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration. The system is made up of the following:
Upper respiratory tract: This includes the nose
nasal cavity,
sinuses,
pharynx (throat)
And
larynx (voice box).
Lower respiratory tract: This includes the trachea (windpipe)
bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli air sacs
in the lungs.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
palynotaxa and parasitic loads of nigerian currency potential sources of mic...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Currency notes are handled by a large number of people under a variety of personal and environmental conditions. A total of ninety six samples of one hundred naira denomination of Nigerian notes were procured from seven Local Government Areas (LGA) of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The aim of the study was to determine the palynotaxa and parasitic load prevalent on currency notes. The leachates of currency notes were obtained and subjected to acetolysis and examined microscopically. Twenty six fungal spores type were recorded and were highly dominated by spores of Libertelli spp., Botrytis spp. and Spadicoides spp. Pollen achieved 54 % of the total bio-particles, whereas fungal spores and parasitic worms achieved 35.2 % and 10.60 %, respectively. The presence and relative abundance of these palynotaxa and parasites in currency notes affirms their propensity to spread vectors of diseases.
2. || Bioinfo Publications || 33
NotforDistribution
Journal of Pathology Research
ISSN: 0976-8068 & E-ISSN: 0976-8076, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2014, pp.-033-036.
Available online at http://www.bioinfopublication.org/jouarchive.php?opt=&jouid=BPJ0000276
ALAMEEDY F.M.M.1*, ALKHAFAJI Y.A.2 AND ALSAADI A.A.1
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kufa University, Najaf, Iraq.
2Faculty of Dentistry, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, Iraq.
*Corresponding Author: Email- fadyiamahdi@yahoo.com
Received: December 23, 2013; Accepted: January 25, 2014
Introduction
Since 1918, influenza virus has been one of the major causes of
morbidity and mortality, especially among young children. Though
the commonly circulating strain of the virus is not virulent enough to
cause mortality, the ability of the virus genome to mutate at a very
high rate may lead to the emergence of a highly virulent strain that
may become the cause of the next pandemic. Apart from the influ-
enza virus strain circulating in humans (H1N1 and H3N2), the avian
influenza H5N1 H7 and H9 virus strains have also been reported to
have caused human infections, H5N1 H7and H9 have proven their
ability to cross the species barrier for birds to humans and further
replicate in humans [1,2].
Histopathological changes in various organs are similar, irrespec-
tive of the animal species and dose of indomethacin, and include
widespread congestion and haemorrhage, thrombi in arterioles and
capillaries of the kidney, heart, lungs and splenic fat, With wide-
spread glandular degeneration and necrosis [3,4].
The pathologic findings in these contrasting cases of novel influen-
za A (H1N1) infection are similar to those previously described for
seasonal influenza. The main pathologic abnormality in fatal cases
is diffuse alveolar damage, but it may be overshadowed by an
acute bacterial bronchopneumonia [5].
The main histopathological findings in all the examined lungs in the
four herds were moderate to intense infiltration of leukocytes in the
lamina propria and epithelium of small bronchi and bronchioles and
mild to prominent peribronchiolar, peribronchial, and perivascular
lymphocyte infiltrates. The lesions were multifocal and showed a
lobular distribution and were observed in the majority of the exam-
ined sections, but they were most prominent in the cranial and cen-
tral parts of the lungs. Moderate to severe bronchiolar and bronchial
lesions were also observed in areas with no gross lesions as well
as in one lung from herd 3 with no gross pathological registrations
[6,7].
Necrotic bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium and attenuation of the
epithelial lining with flattening of the epithelial cells were seen. Vary-
ing amounts of granulocytes, sloughed epithelial cells, cell debris,
and mucus were present in the lumina of many bronchioles and
small bronchi [8].
Other findings included hepatic central lobular necrosis, edema and
degeneration of myocytes in the heart and extensive acute tubular
necrosis in the kidney have been observed [9,10]. Although the
gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, and hematologic manifestations
could suggest wider tissue tropism, there was no evidence of viral
replication in organs outside the respiratory tract [11].
Material and Methods
Tissue Processing
Tissue processing was concerned with the diffusion of various sub-
stances into and out of stabilizes porous tissues. The diffusion pro-
cess results from the thermodynamic tendency of processing rea-
gents to equalize concentrations inside and outside blocks of tissue.
Preparation of Tissue Sections
Procedure was conducted in this study [12], which included the
following steps:
Dehydration: The section passed in the concentrations of progres-
sive forms of ethanol (70, 80, 90, and 95,100%). For the period (1.5
- 2 hours) in each concentration in order to remove water.
Clearing: Samples were cleared with xylene, twice for a period of
(1.5-2 hours) for each time in order to remove the clearing solution
from the tissue.
Infiltration: The samples were infiltrated with melted paraffin wax
(56-58ºC) by placing the samples twice (1.5-2) hours each time.
Embedding: Buried samples in a container with specific templates
to molten paraffin wax and left to harden.
Sectioning: Tissues were sectioned into (2-4μm) thickness using a
rotary microtom and fixed models on the slides using the adhesive
(Meyers albumin) and then put the slide in the oven at a tempera-
ture of (56- 58ºC) for (20) minutes to remove excess wax.
Staining: Histological Staining- Haematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) The
Journal of Pathology Research
ISSN: 0976-8068 & E-ISSN: 0976-8076, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2014
Abstract- The present study included the section histopathology for rats (male) organs including (lung, trachea, kidney, spleen, heart) of a
local inactivated subunit and whole vaccine appeared of all of both locally vaccine after seven months of vaccination and control histopathology
unchanged compared with infected group after first month.
Keywords- Haematoxylin, Eosin
HISTOPATHOLOGY STUDY OF SEASONAL INFLUENZA VIRUS SUBTYPE (H1N1, H3N2) AND
TYPE B ISOLATED FROM NASAL SWAB OF HUMANS IN ALNAJAF PROVINCE (IRAQ) AFTER
THE PREPARATION OF A LOCAL INACTIVATED SUBUNITE AND WHOLE VACCINE
3. || Bioinfo Publications || 34
NotforDistribution
routine stain is that of hematoxylin and eosion and the technique
are proven in [Table-1].
Table 1- The steps used to stain slides with H&E
Microscopic Examinations: The stained section on the slide was
examined by using light microscope (Olympus, Japan). Histopatho-
logical changes were also reported by experienced histopathology.
Result
Histopathological Changes
The microscopic studies proven varying degrees of cellular changes
from mild to marked of infected group compared with vaccinated
group.
Histological changes were observed in the lung showing necrotizing
bronchiolitis. There is necrosis of the bronchiolar wall, with submu-
cosal edema and vascular congestion. A mixed inflammatory cell
infiltrate is present throughout the epithelial lining of the proliferation
of the remaining epithelium. The lumen contain sloughed epithelial
cells and mixed leukocytes. A large number of lymphocytes are
seen infiltrating sub epithelial and peribronchiolar connective tissue.
The alveolar air spaces contain edema fluid, thickening of the alve-
olar septa compared with the control lung, hemorrhage and hyper-
plasia smooth muscle in wall of pulmonary blood vessels, there is
interstitial capillary congestion, and a peribronchiolar vessel strands
of fibrin. There is fragmentation of surrounding bronchial muscle
large togather with partial shedding of the mucosal lining and the
appearance of cellular debris in destructed bronchiole.
Trachea showed epithelial disorganization including (mononuclear
cell infiltration and intense nuclear hyperchromasis). Disruption of
beam structure and dystrophy of hepatocytes in liver,, regions of
necrobiosis, appearance of nacked nuclei and empty cytoplasm.
Haemorrhages in glomerules and hyalinosis in renal tubules dystro-
phy of functional renal cell elements, tubular necrosis, glomerular
destruction and formation of large lumens between the tubules,
sever congestion. Devastation of cells in marginal zone of spleen,
erythrocyte destruction in red pulpa with appearance of moderate
haemorrhages. Heart indicated necrosis, hyalinization of muscle
fibers with focal cellular infiltrations, damage and irregular arrange-
ment and morphological change of myofibrils associated with in-
creased interfibrillar distance infected experiential animal indicated
cardiac muscle separation, myofiber loss, extensive subendocardial
necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate into the myocardium and focal
edema [Fig-1].
Journal of Pathology Research
ISSN: 0976-8068 & E-ISSN: 0976-8076, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2014
Alameedy F.M.M., Alkhafaji Y.A. and Alsaadi A.A. (2014) Histopathology Study of Seasonal Influenza Virus Subtype (H1N1, H3N2) and Type B Isolated....
Journal of Pathology Research, ISSN: 0976-8068 & E-ISSN: 0976-8076, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp.-033-036.
Step Reagent Time Step Reagent Time
1 Xylene 5min 8 Running tap water 10 min
2 Xylene 5min 9 0.1% Acid Alcohol 1 min
3 Absolute Alcohol 2 min 10 Running tap water 3 min
4 Ethanol (90%) 2 min 11 2% Eosin 1 min
5 Ethanol (70%) 2 min 12 Ethanol (70%) 2 min
6 DW 2 min 13 Ethanol (90%) 2 min
7 Haematoxylin 3 min 14 Absolute Alcohol 2 min
15 Dry, Xylene and mounted in DPX
Control Infected Vaccinated
LungTrachea
4. || Bioinfo Publications || 35
NotforDistribution
Alameedy F.M.M., Alkhafaji Y.A. and Alsaadi A.A. (2014) Histopathology Study of Seasonal Influenza Virus Subtype (H1N1, H3N2) and Type B Isolated....
Journal of Pathology Research, ISSN: 0976-8068 & E-ISSN: 0976-8076, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp.-033-036.
Control Infected Vaccinated
Fig. 1- Section from (Lung, Trachea, Liver, Kidney, Spleen, Heart) of vaccinated, infected and control groups indicated Histopathological of rat,
Hematoxyline-Eosin stain, 40X.
LiverKidneySpleenHeart
Journal of Pathology Research
ISSN: 0976-8068 & E-ISSN: 0976-8076, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2014
5. || Bioinfo Publications || 36
NotforDistribution
Discussion
Histopathological Changes
There were obvious differences among histological sections of in-
fected group of rats after infection compared with control and vac-
cinated group. After challenge test of vaccinated group with virulent
virus there were no changes up to 4 months for animals given local-
ly prepared inactivated vaccine (whole) and animals vaccinated with
subunit vaccine. This observation is consistent with other studies
[13,14].
Conflicts of Interest: None Declared.
References
[1] Perez-Padilla R., De La Rosa-zamboni D., Ponce de Leon S.,
Hernandez M., Quiñones-Falconi F., Bautista E. and Cordova-
Villalobos J.A. (2009) New England Journal of Medicine, 361(7),
680-689.
[2] Bristow N.K. (2012) American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of
the 1918 Influenza Epidemic, Oxford University, 15, 234-245.
[3] Nin N., Sánchez-Rodríguez C., Ver LS., Cardinal P., Ferruelo
A., Soto L., Deicas A., Campos N., Rocha O., Ceraso DH., El-
Assar M., Ortín J., Fernández-Segoviano P., Esteban A. and
Lorente J.A. (2012) Medicina Intensiva, 36(1), 24-31.
[4] Daoust P.Y., Van de Bildt M., van Riel D., van Amerongen G.,
Bestebroer T., Vanderstichel R., Fouchier R.A.M. and Kuiken T.
(2013) Veterinary Pathology Online, 50(3), 548-559.
[5] Sanjay-Mukhopadhyay M.D., Abraham T., Philip M.D. and Rob-
ert-Stoppacher M.D. (2010) American journal of clinical patholo-
gy, 133(3), 380-387.
[6] Abraham T., Fong G. and Scott A. (2011) Musculoskel. Disord.,
17, 1471-2474.
[7] Brooks W.A., Alamgir A.S.M., Sultana R., Islam M.S., Rahman
M., Fry A.M. and Rahman M. (2009) Emerging Infectious Dis-
eases, 15(8), 1311-1313.
[8] Mauad T., Hajjar L.A., Callegari G.D., da Silva L.F., Schout D.,
Galas F.R. and Saldiva P.H. (2010) American journal of respira-
tory and critical care medicine, 181(1), 72-79.
[9] Ng W.F., To K.F., Lam W.W.L., Ng T.K. and Lee K.C. (2006)
Human Pathology, 37(4), 381-390.
[10]Gu J., Xie Z., Gao Z., Liu J., Korteweg C., Ye J. and Lipkin W.I.
(2007) The Lancet, 370(9593), 1137-1145.
[11]To K.F., Chan P.K., Chan K.F., Lee W.K., Lam W.Y., Wong
K.F., Tang N.L., Tsang D.N., Sung R.Y., Buckley T.A., Tam J.S.
and Cheng A.F. (2001) Journal of Medical Virology, 63(3), 242-
246 .
[12]Bancroft J.D. and Stevens A. (1999) Theory and Practice of
Histological Techniques. Fourth edition. New York: Churchill
Livingstone.
[13]Glazebrook M.A., Wright J.R., Langman M., Stanish W.D. and
Lee J.M. (2008) Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 26(6), 840-
846.
[14]Heinemeier K.M., Skovgaard D., Bayer M.L., Qvortrup K., Kjaer
A., Kjaer M., Magnusson S.P. and Kongsgaard M. (2012) Jour-
nal of Applied Physiology, 113(5), 827-836.
Journal of Pathology Research
ISSN: 0976-8068 & E-ISSN: 0976-8076, Volume 3, Issue 1, 2014
Alameedy F.M.M., Alkhafaji Y.A. and Alsaadi A.A. (2014) Histopathology Study of Seasonal Influenza Virus Subtype (H1N1, H3N2) and Type B Isolated....
Journal of Pathology Research, ISSN: 0976-8068 & E-ISSN: 0976-8076, Volume 3, Issue 1, pp.-033-036.