This document discusses a study that evaluated levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-18 in patients infected with human rhinovirus. The study found:
- 78 out of 96 nasal secretion samples tested positive for rhinovirus using rapid tests and PCR.
- Levels of IL-6 and IL-18 were significantly higher in patients compared to controls, peaking at day 7 after infection.
- IL-18 levels remained elevated even at days 14 and 21 compared to controls, suggesting it may play a role in the host immune response to rhinovirus infection.
Zidovudine (AZT) is a nucleoside analog, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The administration of zidovudine to the wistar albino rats showed an increase in erythrocyte fragility as can be seen from figure 1. There were significant (p<0.05)>0.05) decrease in serum ALP activity, significant (p<0.05) decrease in Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio and NADH methaemoglobin reductase activity. Findings from this study have revealed that zidovudine is hepatotoxic, increases the concentraton of ferric iron in the body thus imparing oxygen transport and also affects the erythrocyte membrane proteins adversely.
Epidemiological research on brucellosis in India: Knowledge generated and gapsILRI
Presentation by Ram Pratim Deka, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace at a workshop on One Health approach for brucellosis control in India, New Delhi, India, 26 October 2017.
Sensitivity and Specificity of an In-house Sandwich ELISA Kit for Newcastle D...Dr. Md. Ehsanul Haque
Of all serological tests enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is still considered the gold standard for the detection of antigens and antibodies of either macro or micro-organisms worldwide. The ELISA kits for serum antibody detection against many viruses and other micro-organisms of both man and animals are available in the market. Whereas, antigen detection ELISA kits for Newcastle disease virus
(NDV) is not yet available in Bangladesh. The Present study was designed for the development of an economically feasible In-house Sandwich ELISA and to test its sensitivity and specificity for the detection of NDV antigens from clinically suspected field samples. 96-well flat bottom polystyrene plates coated with hyperimmune polyclonal serum against NDV raised in rabbits was used to capture NDV
antigens. The anti-rabbit IgG and DAB with 30% H2O2 were used as conjugate and substrate respectively for standardization of the test method. The plate coated with serum diluted 10-3 was found suitable for capturing maximum antigen of NDV by the In-house Sandwich ELISA. The cut-off value of the present ELISA test was calculated as 0.855 and was able to capture the viral antigen present in the 10-4 fold
dilution of allantoic fluid (AF) which is equivalent to 1HA unit, indicating the highest degree of sensitivity of the newly developed ELISA. In case of field samples, the newly developed ELISA kit was able to detect 100% viral antigens of NDV present in the feces, 95.50% of the brain tissue and oro-nasal swab and 94.12% of colon swab samples of either naturally and experimentally infected birds in this study. The
ND virus specific polyclonal antibody used in the kit bind only with ND virus without any cross reactive antigens of other viruses of chicken like Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDV). Therefore, findings of the present study clearly indicates that the newly developed In-house Sandwich ELISA kit can be used for rapid confirmatory diagnosis of Newcastle disease (ND) with minimum cost, using any kind of field samples from either sick or dead birds.
Zidovudine (AZT) is a nucleoside analog, a reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) and a type of antiretroviral drug used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The administration of zidovudine to the wistar albino rats showed an increase in erythrocyte fragility as can be seen from figure 1. There were significant (p<0.05)>0.05) decrease in serum ALP activity, significant (p<0.05) decrease in Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio and NADH methaemoglobin reductase activity. Findings from this study have revealed that zidovudine is hepatotoxic, increases the concentraton of ferric iron in the body thus imparing oxygen transport and also affects the erythrocyte membrane proteins adversely.
Epidemiological research on brucellosis in India: Knowledge generated and gapsILRI
Presentation by Ram Pratim Deka, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace at a workshop on One Health approach for brucellosis control in India, New Delhi, India, 26 October 2017.
Sensitivity and Specificity of an In-house Sandwich ELISA Kit for Newcastle D...Dr. Md. Ehsanul Haque
Of all serological tests enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is still considered the gold standard for the detection of antigens and antibodies of either macro or micro-organisms worldwide. The ELISA kits for serum antibody detection against many viruses and other micro-organisms of both man and animals are available in the market. Whereas, antigen detection ELISA kits for Newcastle disease virus
(NDV) is not yet available in Bangladesh. The Present study was designed for the development of an economically feasible In-house Sandwich ELISA and to test its sensitivity and specificity for the detection of NDV antigens from clinically suspected field samples. 96-well flat bottom polystyrene plates coated with hyperimmune polyclonal serum against NDV raised in rabbits was used to capture NDV
antigens. The anti-rabbit IgG and DAB with 30% H2O2 were used as conjugate and substrate respectively for standardization of the test method. The plate coated with serum diluted 10-3 was found suitable for capturing maximum antigen of NDV by the In-house Sandwich ELISA. The cut-off value of the present ELISA test was calculated as 0.855 and was able to capture the viral antigen present in the 10-4 fold
dilution of allantoic fluid (AF) which is equivalent to 1HA unit, indicating the highest degree of sensitivity of the newly developed ELISA. In case of field samples, the newly developed ELISA kit was able to detect 100% viral antigens of NDV present in the feces, 95.50% of the brain tissue and oro-nasal swab and 94.12% of colon swab samples of either naturally and experimentally infected birds in this study. The
ND virus specific polyclonal antibody used in the kit bind only with ND virus without any cross reactive antigens of other viruses of chicken like Avian influenza virus (AIV) and Infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDV). Therefore, findings of the present study clearly indicates that the newly developed In-house Sandwich ELISA kit can be used for rapid confirmatory diagnosis of Newcastle disease (ND) with minimum cost, using any kind of field samples from either sick or dead birds.
Over the last several decades the relationships between companies, governments, civil society and the environment have been shifting dramatically. As a result, the roles of "consumers," "brands," "marketers" and "companies" have shifted in ways that many companies have yet to recognize. Listen to Tom La Forge, Director of Knowledge & Insights at Coca-Cola, describe 8 macroforces affecting society and culture, how business values are changing, the four roles of the "new" consumer, and the rise of the social construction roles that some brands have always, or are now beginning to play.
Dr. Rahul VC Tiwari - Fellowship In Orthognathic Surgery - Jubilee Mission Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Thrissur, Kerala - 29th publication iosr jdms 3rd name
Emerging concepts in pneumococcal disease prevention in India sept 2011Gaurav Gupta
Latest information about Pneumococcal disease and its prevention from Indian perspective - as of sept 2011.
Covers latest Pneumonet data, and review from other studies like IBIS, ANSORP etc.
Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi pa...iosrjce
The course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is variable depending on many factors. In this study,
we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-28B and interleukin-16 as possible host factors
which may determine the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi patients. Chronic hepatitis B
(CHB) patients (75), HCC patients (42), and healthy controls (70) were analyzed for polymorphisms of the IL16
and IL28B genes using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results showed that HCC
and chronic HBV patients had higher prevalence of rs11556218TG genotype than controls. The rs11556218GG
genotype was higher among HCC (14.4%) compared to chronic HBV (2.7%) patients. The IL-16 genotype
rs4072111CT was higher among HCC (47.6%) and chronic HBV (46.7%) patients than controls (28.6%). The
rs4072111TT genotype was higher among HCC patients compared to the other two groups. The T allele
frequency was higher among HCC patients than controls. The CT and TT of the IL-28B rs12979860 genotype
were significantly less frequent in chronic HBV and HCC patients. The IL-28B rs8099917 TG genotype was
more frequent among HCC (19%) compared to chronic HBV (8%) patients. However, no significant difference
was detected in the allele distribution.
Meningococcal vaccination needed in india may 2017 chd revisedGaurav Gupta
Menactra, Sanofi Pasteur, latest data from India regarding Meningococcal disease, with information regarding need for vaccination in Indian situation for Pediatricians.
Presented in Chandigarh in May 2017
Over the last several decades the relationships between companies, governments, civil society and the environment have been shifting dramatically. As a result, the roles of "consumers," "brands," "marketers" and "companies" have shifted in ways that many companies have yet to recognize. Listen to Tom La Forge, Director of Knowledge & Insights at Coca-Cola, describe 8 macroforces affecting society and culture, how business values are changing, the four roles of the "new" consumer, and the rise of the social construction roles that some brands have always, or are now beginning to play.
Dr. Rahul VC Tiwari - Fellowship In Orthognathic Surgery - Jubilee Mission Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Thrissur, Kerala - 29th publication iosr jdms 3rd name
Emerging concepts in pneumococcal disease prevention in India sept 2011Gaurav Gupta
Latest information about Pneumococcal disease and its prevention from Indian perspective - as of sept 2011.
Covers latest Pneumonet data, and review from other studies like IBIS, ANSORP etc.
Interleukin16 and Interleukin 28B Genes Polymorphism in HBV Infected Saudi pa...iosrjce
The course of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is variable depending on many factors. In this study,
we investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms of interleukin-28B and interleukin-16 as possible host factors
which may determine the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi patients. Chronic hepatitis B
(CHB) patients (75), HCC patients (42), and healthy controls (70) were analyzed for polymorphisms of the IL16
and IL28B genes using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results showed that HCC
and chronic HBV patients had higher prevalence of rs11556218TG genotype than controls. The rs11556218GG
genotype was higher among HCC (14.4%) compared to chronic HBV (2.7%) patients. The IL-16 genotype
rs4072111CT was higher among HCC (47.6%) and chronic HBV (46.7%) patients than controls (28.6%). The
rs4072111TT genotype was higher among HCC patients compared to the other two groups. The T allele
frequency was higher among HCC patients than controls. The CT and TT of the IL-28B rs12979860 genotype
were significantly less frequent in chronic HBV and HCC patients. The IL-28B rs8099917 TG genotype was
more frequent among HCC (19%) compared to chronic HBV (8%) patients. However, no significant difference
was detected in the allele distribution.
Meningococcal vaccination needed in india may 2017 chd revisedGaurav Gupta
Menactra, Sanofi Pasteur, latest data from India regarding Meningococcal disease, with information regarding need for vaccination in Indian situation for Pediatricians.
Presented in Chandigarh in May 2017
Th1 and Th2 Cytokines Activity during Transformation and Lymphoma Formation S...IOSRJAVS
Marek's disease virus (MDV), a highly transmissible cell-associated neuropathic oncogenic alphaherpes virus affecting poultry health, resulting in considerable economic losses in poultry industry worldwide.Until now MDV still emerging and re emerging causing great economic losses in chicken despite of intensive vaccination and management policy used in poultry farms. However, cytokines and its role in MD pathogenesis and immunity had been described by some workers under certain experimental conditions by using different MDV strains challenge, they need to be more clarified during the more progressive lymphoma transformation stage. The present study aimed to examine the transcriptional profiling of a panel of cytokines genes in the splenic tissues of special broiler Japanese chickens (70-80 days old) contracted natural infection with MDV despite of intensive care and vaccination policy adopted by HVT and CVI988/Rispene. SYBR Green-based, real-time (RT)-PCR protocol was used to quantitate cytokine mRNA in freshly collected spleen tissue of MDV infected and control chicken. Changes in the levels of spleen interleukins (IL) as IL-6, IL-10, IL- 18 and IL-12P35, IL-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA was determined. Relative Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of the above mentioned genes, and β-actin as a reference gene, were achieved. The results of quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays using revealed significant up regulation in the expression levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-18, and IL-12P35). The changes in the mRNA levels of IL-4, IFN-γ and inducible nitric oxide synthesase (iNOS) were minimal and not significant in comparison to those in uninfected age-matched control chicken. In conclusion, these data strongly support the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory responses, including high levels of Th2 cytokines as IL-10 and other interleukins as IL-6, IL-18 and IL12-P35, may play a major role during MDV lymphoma transformation stage induced by MDV strain of high virulence. These cytokines may be involved in maintenance of MDV infection and lymphoma formation. On the other hand, Th1 cytokines as IFN-γ, and iNOS had no or minimal role in induction of MDV-specific immune response during MDV lymphoma transformation stage.
Clinical trial que evaluó los beneficios del TAR temprana, terapia preventiva de 6 meses con isoniazida (IPT) o ambos, entre adultos infectados por VIH con recuento CD4 alto en Costa de Marfil.
NEUROLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV/AIDS: A CLINICAL PROSPECTIVE STUDYEarthjournal Publisher
&Objectives: To study the clinical profile of neurological manifestations of Human immunodeficiency
virus(HIV)/Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) and to correlate with the CD4+T lymphocyte
count.Material & Methods : 50 patients who were in the age goup18-55 years, had HIV infection and history
suggestive of Nervous system manifestations were included. The HIV patients with past/present history of
other immunocompromised conditions ( cytotoxic drugs for malignancies, Post organ transplant patients,
Patients using steroids for long term), previous history of epilepsy, focal neurological deficit and head injury
were excluded from the study. All the patients were examined in detail by history and clinical neurological
examination. For all the patients have done routine investigations, and specific investigations like CT/MRI
Brain, Nerve Conduction Studies, CSF Analysis,EEG and Specific antibodies for organisms or parasite done
only wherever it is required. All the patients were correlated with the CD4 T cell count.Results:: Among 50
patients, Commonest age group affected was 26-35 yrs with male predominance(62%). Most common symptom
was non specific headache(38%).Most common opportunistic infetction was Tuberculous meningitis(34%).
Toxoplasmsa encephalitis was the most common space occupying lesion(20%).More number of patients were
seen in the CD4 range in between 51-200 cells/mic.L(72%) with all the diseases had correlation with CD4 T cell
activityCONCLUSION: In the present study, Opportunistic infections were the leading cause in patients
infected with HIV having Neurological manifestastions, usually occurs when the patients had severe
immunosuppresion (CD4 count< 200 cells/μL).
Key words: HIV Positive patients, CD4 T cell count, Neurological manifestation
1. Impact Factor:
ISRA (India) = 1.344
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829
GIF (Australia) = 0.356
JIF = 1.500
SIS (USA) = 0.912
РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.179
ESJI (KZ) = 1.042
SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031
ICV (Poland) = 6.630
ISPC Modern research and development,
Philadelphia, USA 12
SOI: 1.1/TAS DOI: 10.15863/TAS
International Scientific Journal
Theoretical & Applied Science
p-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)
Year: 2015 Issue: 09 Volume: 29
Published: 30.09.2015 http://T-Science.org
Dr. Fadyia Mahdi Alameedy
Lecturer, doctor in virology
Faculty of Science, Department of Biology,
University of Kufa, Iraq
Fadyiam.alameedy@uokufa.edu.iq
SECTION 11. Biology. Ecology. Veterinary.
EVALUATION OF PROINFLAMMATORY OF HUMAN RHINOVIRUS
Abstract: This study was conducted on 96 patients from Abdul Sahib Dakeel health center in the province of
Najaf during the period from December 2014 to February 2015, the month was the purpose of this study was to
evaluate proinflammatory (IL-6 and IL-18), for patients than controls (18 year) who ranged age patients between
(15-45 year) were divided into two age ranges (15-30 and 31-45) year. The virus was isolated from nasal
secretions for the purpose of diagnosis of the virus in two ways (rapid test and real time pcr) in addition to the
blood samples to assess the proinflammatory (IL-6 and IL-18). Seventy eight case of the study showed that the
positive samples of percentage (81.25%) and eighteen case was negative percentage (18.75 %) is through
examination (rapid test and real time pcr) and examination of the nasal secretions. While the results of the
proinflammatory showed a very large rise in the level of probability (P <0.05) of each of (IL6 and IL18) in the
serum of patients, The study showed a high concentration of IL-6 and IL-18 on the seventh day compared to the
results after two weeks and three weeks compared with the control group .
Key words: RT-PCR, IL-6, IL-18, RNA, VP1, VP2, VP3 , VP4, IL-1, IL-17, TNF-a IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-2,
ICAM-1, VCAM-1, GM-CSF, TH2, Tcells.
Language: English
Citation: Alameedy FM (2015) EVALUATION OF PROINFLAMMATORY OF HUMAN RHINOVIRUS.
ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science 09 (29): 12-16.
Soi: http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-09-29-3 Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2015.09.29.3
Introduction
Human Rhinovirus was associated with acute
exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease. The
viral proteins were transcribed as a single, long
polypeptide, which is cleaved into the structural and
nonstructural viral proteins. A single-stranded
positive sense RNA genomes of between 7.2 and
8.5 kb in length. At the 5' end of the genome was a
virus-encoded protein, and like mammalian mRNA,
there is a 3' poly-A tail. Structural proteins were
encoded in the 5' region of the genome and non
structural at the 3' end. This was the same for
all picornaviruses. The viral particles themselves
were not enveloped and were icosahedral in
structure.[1]
Human rhinoviruses were composed of
a capsid, that contains four viral proteins VP1, VP2,
VP3 and VP4. VP1, VP2, and VP3 form the major
part of the protein capsid. Sixty copies of each of
these proteins assembled as an icosahedron. [2,3]
Human rhinovirus of primary route of the entry
was the upper respiratory tract (mouth and nose).
Cell lysis occurs at the upper respiratory epithelium.
This virus occurs worldwide and is the primary cause
of common colds. The symptoms including sore
throat, runny nose, nasal congestion,
sneezing and cough; sometimes accompanied
by muscle aches, fatigue, malaise, headache, muscle
weakness, or loss of appetite. [3]
The infection occurs rapidly, with the virus
adhering to surface receptors within 15 minutes of
entering the respiratory tract. High risk individuals
includes children and the elderly. Just over 50% of
individuals will experience symptoms within 2 days
of infection. Only about 5% of cases will have
an incubation period of less than 20 hours, and, at the
other extreme, it is expected that 5% of cases would
have an incubation period of greater than four and a
half days.[ 4]
2. Impact Factor:
ISRA (India) = 1.344
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829
GIF (Australia) = 0.356
JIF = 1.500
SIS (USA) = 0.912
РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.179
ESJI (KZ) = 1.042
SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031
ICV (Poland) = 6.630
ISPC Modern research and development,
Philadelphia, USA 13
IL-6 is a member of the IL-6–type family of
cytokines, whichincludes leukemia inhibitor factor,
ciliary neurotrophic factor, and oncostatin-M. Its
receptor consists of an IL-6–binding chain( IL-6Ra)
and the signal-inducing component (gp130). IL-6R
exists in membrane-bound and soluble forms.[ 5]
IL-6 is a multifunctional, pleiotropic cytokine
involved in regulation of immune responses, acute-
phase responses, hematopoiesis, and inflammation. It
is produced by endothelial cells, fibroblasts,
monocytes, and macrophages in response to different
stimuli (IL-1, IL-17, and TNF-a) during systemic
inflammation. In innate immunity, IL-6 directs
leukocyte trafficking and activation and induces
production of acute-phase proteins by hepatocytes.
[6] IL-6 promotesT-cell proliferation, B-cell
differentiation and survival, andplasma-cell
production of IgG, IgA, and IgM.[ 7]
IL-18 is a member of the IL-1 family that
promotes the production of various proinflammatory
mediators and plays a role in cancer and various
infectious diseases. It was originally identified as
IFN--inducing factor and is produced by cells of
bothhematopoietic and nonhematopoietic lineages,
including macrophages, dendriticcells, intestinal
epithelial cells, synovial fibroblasts, keratinocytes,
Kupffer cells, microglial cells and osteoblasts. The
production of IL-18 is structurally homologousto that
of IL-1 ;it is produced as an inactive precursor of 24
kDa, which lacks asignal peptide [6].
IL-18 also induces IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13
production, increases IgE expression on B cells and
in association with IL-2, it enhances stimulus-
induced IL-4 productionfrom TH2cells. Bone
marrow-derived basophils produce IL-4 and IL-13 in
responseto a stimulus from IL-18 and IL-3. IL-18 in
combination with IL-12 induces IFN-from dendritic
cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages.
Adhesion molecules, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, are
induced by this cytokine on synovial fibroblasts and
endothelial cells. It inhibits osteoclast formation via
its induction of GM-CSF fromT cells. The receptors
of IL-18, IL-18Rand IL-18R, share their signaling
mechanisms via the IL-1R family. Toll-like receptors
also share the downstream signaling pathway of IL-
18 and are known to regulate IL-18 expression.[7]
IL-18 plays a critical role in host defense
against bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan
infections. One predominant mechanism is the
induction of host IFN-production, which activates
several effector pathways including nitric oxide
production, resulting in the clearance of the invading
pathogens. For viral infections, the effects of IL-18
are mediated not only via IFN-but also by activation
of CD8+
T cells. IL-18 binding protein (IL-18 BP) is
the naturallyoccurring antagonist that may serve as a
negative feedback mechanism for IL-18 asseveral
isoforms of this antagonist have been identified. [ 8]
2. Material and Methods
2.2. Samples Collection
This study was isolated of human Rhinovirus
during a period extended from 15 December 2014
upto 15 of February 2015. A total of 78(45 (57.69%)
females and 33(42.30%) males) with infected
patients in age ranged between (15-45) years of
clinical samples were randomly . Specimens were
prepared according to Lennette, (1995) and
OIE,(2009).
2.2 Detection of Rhinovirus
Two different diagnostic procedures were used
for detection of Rhinovirus including, rapid device
test (CerTestSpain), [9] and real time PCR using
the primer design viral RNA kit (primer design UK)
in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruction
successfully amplified. ( Table.1).
Table 1
Detection primers of Rhinovirus.
HRV primer 1 (5′-GAA ACA CGG ACA CCC AAA GTA-3′),
HRV primer 2 (5′-TCC TCC GGC CCC TGA ATG-3′)
2.3. Evaluation of Pro inflammatory ( IL- 6
and IL-18)
Have been diagnosed with the Rhinovirus, as
mentioned in the steps for each kit of (Cat. Number:
SEA079Hu and SEA064Hu, Uscn Life Science,
U.S.A).
2.4. Statistical analysis
The analyses were performed by using one-way
ANOVA through the SPSS ( statistical package for
social science) program (version-19) and Excel
application.
3 Results
3.1 Rapid Test
A total (96) different clinical cases collected,
only 78 cases were positive while (18) negative as
detected by rapid test in figure(1 ). The age ranged
between (15-45) years old divided into two groups.
Twenty case of (15-35) years fifty six case of (36-
45) years, compared with control group as in figure
(2 and 3) .
3. Impact Factor:
ISRA (India) = 1.344
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829
GIF (Australia) = 0.356
JIF = 1.500
SIS (USA) = 0.912
РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.179
ESJI (KZ) = 1.042
SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031
ICV (Poland) = 6.630
ISPC Modern research and development,
Philadelphia, USA 14
Figure 1- Diagnosis of Rhinovirus by Rapid Test of Numbers of Cases Infected.
Figure 2- The distribution of patients according to gender groups and presentation.
Figure 3- The distribution of patients according to age groups and presentation .
3.2. Real Time PCR
Of a total 96 suspected of virus infected cases
only 78 positive case were detected as Rhinovirus
infected with rapid test device. All the positive cases
were undergone diagnosis with real -time – technique
in figure(4).
4. Impact Factor:
ISRA (India) = 1.344
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829
GIF (Australia) = 0.356
JIF = 1.500
SIS (USA) = 0.912
РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.179
ESJI (KZ) = 1.042
SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031
ICV (Poland) = 6.630
ISPC Modern research and development,
Philadelphia, USA 15
Figure 4- Detection of Rhinovirus by Real time PCR.
3.3.ELISA assay of human proinflammatory
(IL-6 and IL-18).
The present study revealed marked increase
in proinflammatory (IL-6 and IL-18 ) in sera of
infected patients with the control . The IL-6 and
IL-18 were a marked increase the peak values
after the seven day (1.344 ± 0.28 pg/ml and 1.356±
0.22 pg/ml ) and after fourteen and twenty one
day ( 1.328 ± 0.29 pg/ml and 1.320± 0.31 pg/ml)
respectively in comparison with the control value
of (0.616±0.18).
IL-18 was a marked increase in the level
of patients group comparison with the IL-6
which reached its peak after fourteen, twenty
one day (1.347±0.26 pg/ ml 1.341± 0.29 pg/ml) of
infected patients respectively than the control
group (Table 2).
Table 2
Mean titers of proinflammatory IL-6 and IL-18 of infection patients.
Proinflammatory Groups and number 7 day 14 day 21 day
IL-6
Infected (n.78) 1.344±0.28 1.328±0.29 1.320±0.31
IL-18
Infected (n.78) 1.356±0.22 1.347±0.26 1.341±0.29
Control
Healthy human (n.18) 0.616±0.18 0.616±0.18 0.616±0.18
4. Discussion
The samples of Rhinovirus was collected from
nasal secretion, and sera of patients, this results
agreed with that found by Jacobs,et al.,(2013); Costa
et al.,(2014). Among ages 36–45 years, more
vulnerable to infection during the study appeared to
be independent of age. The study showed the
percentage of females (57.69%) are more affected
than males (42.30%) , results also were in agreement
with other studies, documented by (Zlateva et al.,
2014). Leung et al.,(2001) and Chen et al., (2007)
were found that levels of IL-6 and IL-18 appear to
increase of level titer.
5. Impact Factor:
ISRA (India) = 1.344
ISI (Dubai, UAE) = 0.829
GIF (Australia) = 0.356
JIF = 1.500
SIS (USA) = 0.912
РИНЦ (Russia) = 0.179
ESJI (KZ) = 1.042
SJIF (Morocco) = 2.031
ICV (Poland) = 6.630
ISPC Modern research and development,
Philadelphia, USA 16
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