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A 1994 study found that 67% of prisoners were rearrested within 3 years of release, costing $1.5 billion annually. In comparison, only 30% of probationers were rearrested within two years, costing significantly less at 1/30th the funding of incarceration despite dealing with almost five times as many offenders. Sources included state and federal correctional facilities and the Department of Justice.
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This document contains questions about water and its importance. It asks why water is important for living beings, gives two examples of how water is important for human activities, asks which circle graph correctly shows fresh and salt water proportions on Earth, asks to complete a sentence about the continuous movement of water, asks about sources of fresh water, and asks to provide examples of where you might find water in different states under given photos.
Coursera climatechange 2014
Ashok Kumar Rajagopal has successfully completed the University of Melbourne's online course on Climate Change. The course focused on the science of climate change, adaptation and mitigation strategies, and the economic framework of climate change. The course was taught by several professors from the University of Melbourne, including professors of political geography, economics, science education, physics, and atmospheric science. However, this online course does not reflect the entire curriculum that students enrolled at the university would receive and does not confer a University of Melbourne degree or credit.
Effect of spectral irradiance variations on the performance of highly efficie...
I3E Technologies,
#23/A, 2nd Floor SKS Complex,
Opp. Bus Stand, Karur-639 001.
IEEE PROJECTS AVAILABLE,
NON-IEEE PROJECTS AVAILABLE,
APPLICATION BASED PROJECTS AVAILABLE,
MINI-PROJECTS AVAILABLE.
Mobile : 99436 99916, 99436 99926, 99436 99936
Mail ID: i3eprojectskarur@gmail.com
Web: www.i3eprojects.com
Released prisoners
This document discusses the need to assist prisoners and former psychiatric patients who are being released back into the community. It aims to help their adjustment by assessing them before release, providing social services to prisoners and their families both before and after release, and mobilizing community resources to help with issues like employment and changing negative public attitudes that can make reintegration difficult. The reasons given are that prisons often lack rehabilitation programs and former inmates may face rejection from families or personal problems requiring outside support.
Does_Pay_to_Stay_Policy_Work
This article analyzes the effect of "Pay-to-Stay" jail policies, which require inmates to pay for some of their incarceration costs, on crime rates, incarceration rates, and jail expenditures using data from 11 counties in Michigan from 2000-2014. Regression analyses found that Pay-to-Stay significantly increased both crime and incarceration rates but did not significantly reduce jail expenditures. While Pay-to-Stay was intended to offset jail budgets, it may have instead increased costs by raising crime and incarceration.
Alton Terry Respond with 150 words and 2 references with.docx
*
Alton Terry
*
Respond with 150 words and 2 references with 1 being the textbook and a biblical reference
Cullen, F. T., & Jonson, C. L. (2017).
Correctional theory: Context and consequences
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9781506306520.
According to Athula Pathinayake (2018), courts use incarceration to accomplish several objectives, including community protection, retribution, and specific and general deterrence. This primary purpose of incarceration is to ensure that offenders are not able to make future offenses in the community so that the community is spared form continuous criminal activity. According to the text, incapacitation is the use of a criminal sanction to physically prevent or make impossible the omission of a crime by an offender (Cullen & Jonson, 2017). Cullen and Jonson (2017) added that the United States incarcerates more than 2.2 million offenders. Cullen and Jonson came up with three observations about the use of imprisonment in America. First, other countries do not use prisons as much as the United States. Blumstein et al. (2005) added that the United States was the most punitive country for nearly all types of crime, primarily when punitiveness is defined narrowly as expected time served per conviction. Torny (2007) also added that the rise in the United States’ prison population over the past 40 years has been remarkable. The United States is not the only nation to have an increase in incarceration rates. However, they are known for their length in the enormity of their prison expansion.
Second, the incarceration rate in the United States is high because it is meant to be that way. This is due to inputs made by politicians to be tougher on crime. This input resulted in higher prison populations. Third, because the size of the prison population is a choice, Americans can decide to use incarceration more judiciously. The incapacitation effect is the amount of crime saved as a result of an offender being physically unable to commit a crime (Cullen & Jonson, 2017). Athula Pathinayake (2018) pointed out two explanations for America’s high incarceration rate. The first explanation is that crime rates are higher and faster rising than in other countries. The second explanation is that public opinion shows that crime and drugs come first as America’s pressing problem. The impact of having a high incarceration rate is a huge one but not so much in the right way. While offenders are serving time for their offenses, new offenders are committing new crimes, which would cause them to be incarcerated also. This has led to the overcrowding problem in many of America’s prisons. Placing offenders in an environment that is overcrowded with fewer tools for rehabilitation will only create an environment filled with drugs and violence. Isaiah 24:22 says, “They will be herded together like prisoners bound in a dungeon; they will be shut up in prison and be punished after many days” (New International Ver.
Police Probation Partnerships
This document discusses police and probation partnerships as a strategy to reduce recidivism. It begins by outlining the problems of increased incarceration and high recidivism rates in Massachusetts. It then discusses how partnerships between police and probation officers can help address issues like lackluster supervision and weak enforcement policies among probation officers. Examples are given of successful programs in Boston, Texas, and California where probation officers partnered with police officers for intensive supervision of high-risk offenders, which reduced crime and recidivism rates. The benefits and potential challenges of such partnerships are also examined.
Alternative to Incarcerations
The document presents information on the growing costs of incarceration and proposes restorative justice as a more cost-effective alternative. It notes that prison populations and costs are increasing, with nearly half of prisoners incarcerated for non-violent crimes. Michigan prisons in particular are overcrowded and underfunded. Restorative justice, which aims to heal victims and restore communities, costs an average of $2000 per case compared to $5000 or more for a trial. Studies show restorative justice programs have success rates of 70-80% in reducing recidivism. Using more alternatives like restorative justice could help ease overcrowding and reduce taxpayer costs.
Recommended
Activity
This document contains questions about water and its importance. It asks why water is important for living beings, gives two examples of how water is important for human activities, asks which circle graph correctly shows fresh and salt water proportions on Earth, asks to complete a sentence about the continuous movement of water, asks about sources of fresh water, and asks to provide examples of where you might find water in different states under given photos.
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Effect of spectral irradiance variations on the performance of highly efficie...
I3E Technologies,
#23/A, 2nd Floor SKS Complex,
Opp. Bus Stand, Karur-639 001.
IEEE PROJECTS AVAILABLE,
NON-IEEE PROJECTS AVAILABLE,
APPLICATION BASED PROJECTS AVAILABLE,
MINI-PROJECTS AVAILABLE.
Mobile : 99436 99916, 99436 99926, 99436 99936
Mail ID: i3eprojectskarur@gmail.com
Web: www.i3eprojects.com
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This document discusses the need to assist prisoners and former psychiatric patients who are being released back into the community. It aims to help their adjustment by assessing them before release, providing social services to prisoners and their families both before and after release, and mobilizing community resources to help with issues like employment and changing negative public attitudes that can make reintegration difficult. The reasons given are that prisons often lack rehabilitation programs and former inmates may face rejection from families or personal problems requiring outside support.
Does_Pay_to_Stay_Policy_Work
This article analyzes the effect of "Pay-to-Stay" jail policies, which require inmates to pay for some of their incarceration costs, on crime rates, incarceration rates, and jail expenditures using data from 11 counties in Michigan from 2000-2014. Regression analyses found that Pay-to-Stay significantly increased both crime and incarceration rates but did not significantly reduce jail expenditures. While Pay-to-Stay was intended to offset jail budgets, it may have instead increased costs by raising crime and incarceration.
Alton Terry Respond with 150 words and 2 references with.docx
*
Alton Terry
*
Respond with 150 words and 2 references with 1 being the textbook and a biblical reference
Cullen, F. T., & Jonson, C. L. (2017).
Correctional theory: Context and consequences
(2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9781506306520.
According to Athula Pathinayake (2018), courts use incarceration to accomplish several objectives, including community protection, retribution, and specific and general deterrence. This primary purpose of incarceration is to ensure that offenders are not able to make future offenses in the community so that the community is spared form continuous criminal activity. According to the text, incapacitation is the use of a criminal sanction to physically prevent or make impossible the omission of a crime by an offender (Cullen & Jonson, 2017). Cullen and Jonson (2017) added that the United States incarcerates more than 2.2 million offenders. Cullen and Jonson came up with three observations about the use of imprisonment in America. First, other countries do not use prisons as much as the United States. Blumstein et al. (2005) added that the United States was the most punitive country for nearly all types of crime, primarily when punitiveness is defined narrowly as expected time served per conviction. Torny (2007) also added that the rise in the United States’ prison population over the past 40 years has been remarkable. The United States is not the only nation to have an increase in incarceration rates. However, they are known for their length in the enormity of their prison expansion.
Second, the incarceration rate in the United States is high because it is meant to be that way. This is due to inputs made by politicians to be tougher on crime. This input resulted in higher prison populations. Third, because the size of the prison population is a choice, Americans can decide to use incarceration more judiciously. The incapacitation effect is the amount of crime saved as a result of an offender being physically unable to commit a crime (Cullen & Jonson, 2017). Athula Pathinayake (2018) pointed out two explanations for America’s high incarceration rate. The first explanation is that crime rates are higher and faster rising than in other countries. The second explanation is that public opinion shows that crime and drugs come first as America’s pressing problem. The impact of having a high incarceration rate is a huge one but not so much in the right way. While offenders are serving time for their offenses, new offenders are committing new crimes, which would cause them to be incarcerated also. This has led to the overcrowding problem in many of America’s prisons. Placing offenders in an environment that is overcrowded with fewer tools for rehabilitation will only create an environment filled with drugs and violence. Isaiah 24:22 says, “They will be herded together like prisoners bound in a dungeon; they will be shut up in prison and be punished after many days” (New International Ver.
Police Probation Partnerships
This document discusses police and probation partnerships as a strategy to reduce recidivism. It begins by outlining the problems of increased incarceration and high recidivism rates in Massachusetts. It then discusses how partnerships between police and probation officers can help address issues like lackluster supervision and weak enforcement policies among probation officers. Examples are given of successful programs in Boston, Texas, and California where probation officers partnered with police officers for intensive supervision of high-risk offenders, which reduced crime and recidivism rates. The benefits and potential challenges of such partnerships are also examined.
Alternative to Incarcerations
The document presents information on the growing costs of incarceration and proposes restorative justice as a more cost-effective alternative. It notes that prison populations and costs are increasing, with nearly half of prisoners incarcerated for non-violent crimes. Michigan prisons in particular are overcrowded and underfunded. Restorative justice, which aims to heal victims and restore communities, costs an average of $2000 per case compared to $5000 or more for a trial. Studies show restorative justice programs have success rates of 70-80% in reducing recidivism. Using more alternatives like restorative justice could help ease overcrowding and reduce taxpayer costs.
Shifting prisoners and costs to counties 121002
The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation's (CDCR) budget has increased from under 3% in 1980 to almost 10% today due to factors like rising inmate populations and health care costs. To reduce overcrowding, California has redistributed inmates among state prisons and county jails through realignment plans. However, this has shifted costs to counties without necessarily reducing overall incarceration levels or spending on the penal system statewide.
F e d e r a l S e n t e n c i n g r e p o r t e r • V o l .docx
F e d e r a l S e n t e n c i n g r e p o r t e r • V o l . 2 2 , n o . 3 • F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 0186
Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 186–193, ISSN 1053-9867 electronic ISSN 1533-8363.
©2010 Vera Institute of Justice. All rights reserved. Please direct requests for permission to photocopy
or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website,
http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintInfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/fsr.2010.22.3.186.
Probation Reform in California: Senate Bill 678
RogeR K.
WaRRen
Scholar in
residence,
Judicial Council
of California
On October 11, 2009, California Governor Arnold
Schwarzenegger approved historic legislation to strengthen
felony probation services in the state. Senate Bill 678
addresses acute and long-standing deficiencies in California’s
system of adult probation services in a manner of national
significance. I first summarize the current state of adult
probation services in California, discuss some of the sig-
nificant national and California developments in state
probation reform that underlie the new California legisla-
tion, and then turn to a full discussion of SB 678 and its
companion legislation.
I. adult Probation Services in California
More than three quarters of convicted California felony
offenders are placed on probation, not sentenced to state
prison.1 Despite its importance, probation has largely been
neglected by the State of California, which has left locali-
ties with the principal responsibility for providing services.
California is one of only two states in the nation that does
not provide an ongoing stream of funding to support adult
probation services. California is also among a dwindling
number of states that have no state system of community
corrections.2
a. Probation’s Funding Conundrum
Ironically, California was one of the first states in the nation
to promote the development and use of community correc-
tions services when it adopted the Probation Subsidy Act of
1965. The goal of the Act was to reduce commitments to
state institutions by 25 percent. To retain offenders in the
community, the Act provided county probation depart-
ments with funding in the amount of $4,000—the
approximate cost that the state would have incurred if the
adult and juvenile offenders had been committed to state
institutions.3 The Act operated successfully for more than
ten years; it ultimately diverted more than 45,000 juvenile
and adult offenders.4 By 1972, California had reduced its
prison population by 30 percent and closed eight prison
facilities.5 Under the program, virtually all nonviolent prop-
erty offenders were reportedly handled locally.6
Inspired by California’s experience under the Proba-
tion Subsidy Act, about half of the states decided after
1972 to shift resources and responsibilities for major
portions of state correctional services from state to local
governments. Formal sta ...
3 argue race
The document discusses three main arguments about criminal law and justice:
1) Criminal sentencing laws like California's Three Strikes law have disproportionately impacted minority communities and have fallen short of their intended goals. These laws often result in extreme sentences that outweigh their effectiveness in reducing crime.
2) Social science research on issues like cross-racial eyewitness identification has helped inform criminal procedure and shed light on how race influences criminal trials.
3) Existing criminal procedure has created burdens for criminal defendants. Aggregation of discretionary decisions in the criminal justice system can lead to racial unfairness if not addressed. More analysis is needed on how race impacts criminal punishment and jurisprudence.
Part 1, Cost-Benefit Analysis for Justice Policy: A Step-By-Step Guide, Power...
Part 1, Cost-Benefit Analysis for Justice Policy: A Step-By-Step Guide, Power...Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice
This document provides an overview of a webinar on using cost-benefit analysis for justice policy. It discusses estimating the costs of incarceration and crime, including factors like recidivism rates, victim costs, and costs by crime type. It also covers estimating the probabilities of arrest, conviction, and sentencing outcomes. The webinar teaches how to apply effect sizes from program evaluations to estimate how policy changes could impact costs by reducing future criminal behavior. The goal is to help policymakers assess different options and maximize benefits relative to costs.ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docx
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as ...
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docx
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as.
4.8 Mark Hurwitz
The United States has high incarceration rates compared to other developed nations. Recidivism rates are also high, with 43.3% of state prison inmates rearrested within 3 years of release. Housing instability is both a cause and effect of incarceration, as those without homes are more likely to face arrest and those with criminal records face difficulties obtaining housing. Collaborations are needed across agencies and services to help prevent homelessness and reoffending by providing stable housing and treatment opportunities for former inmates.
Front-end Justice Reform
This document discusses county jails and the case for pretrial reform. It notes that over 60% of jail inmates are pretrial detainees, and that pretrial detention costs taxpayers $9 billion annually. Risk assessment tools can determine pretrial release conditions to balance public safety and fairness. Studies show pretrial programs reduce recidivism and costs while increasing court appearance rates. Surveys find over 75% of voters support risk assessment over cash bail to determine pretrial release.
Thinking Outside the Cell: Solutions for Public Safety, Victims, and Taxpayers
This presentation to lawmakers from across the nation highlights the growing evidence and public consensus supporting alternatives to incarceration that enhance public safety, empower and restore victims, and reduce the burden on taxpayers.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF SEEKING THE DEATH PENALTY IN WASHINGTON ...
This document summarizes a report analyzing the economic costs of pursuing the death penalty in Washington state compared to cases where the death penalty was not sought. The report examined 147 aggravated murder cases since 1997. It found that on average, cases where the death penalty was sought cost $3.07 million compared to $2.01 million where it was not sought, a difference of over $1 million. It also found that costs were higher for pursuit of the death penalty across all categories, including defense, prosecution, courts, appeals, and jails, though lifetime incarceration costs were lower. The total average increased cost for pursuing the death penalty was estimated to be $1.15 million.
Pic
The prison population in the US has grown exponentially over the last 30 years, from 1/8th the current size to over 2.2 million people currently incarcerated. Private prison companies lobby for policies that criminalize more behaviors and lengthen sentences to keep occupancy and profits high. They exploit public fear of crime and stereotypes to gain support for "tough on crime" policies. However, alternative programs that focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment have shown better compliance rates. The Sentencing Project aims to reduce mass incarceration by raising awareness of its inequities and promoting alternative solutions like prevention, intervention and reentry support.
P
The prison population in the US has grown exponentially over the last 30 years, from 1/8th the current size to over 2.2 million people currently incarcerated. Private prison companies lobby for policies that criminalize more behaviors and lengthen sentences to keep occupancy and profits high. As a result, funding is diverted from social programs into prisons, which prioritize punishment over rehabilitation. The Sentencing Project aims to reduce mass incarceration by raising awareness of its causes and promoting alternative justice models like community courts, which have higher compliance rates than traditional courts.
10 California’s Correctional Drug Treatment SystemWilliam M. Bu.docx
10 California’s Correctional Drug Treatment System
William M. Burdon, Michael L. Prendergast, and Harry K. WexlerACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER
This paper was supported by interagency agreements (Contracts C97.355 & C98.346) between the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Office of Substance Abuse Programs (CDCR-OSAP) and the UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs (ISAP). Opinions and views expressed herein are those of the authors solely. They do not necessarily represent the opinions or views of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation or its employees. Inquiries should be directed to William M. Burdon, Ph.D., UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, 1640 S. Sepulveda Blvd., Suite 200, Los Angeles, CA 90025; E-mail address: [email protected].ABSTRACT
Since 1997, California has been engaged in the largest expansion of prison-based treatment of its kind in the nation and perhaps even the world. This chapter provides a historical overview of the California correctional drug treatment system, including the current expansion of prison-based treatment programs and the related system of aftercare treatment. Findings from a series of evaluation studies of prison-based treatment programs in California are presented and discussed, as are the findings from continuing analyses that have been performed on data collected from these evaluations. The collective body of findings that have been generated from the California correctional drug treatment system have made a substantial contribution to the literature on corrections-based treatment. However, there remains much to be learned about how to further enhance the effectiveness of treatment for offenders. To that end, the chapter concludes with a discussion of how the expanding and evolving body of literature can be used to inform and advance corrections-based substance abuse treatment, not only in California, but nationwide.INTRODUCTION
Over the past 40 years, therapeutic communities (TCs) have flourished in many states, primarily in community-based settings. However, it has only been in the past decade that they have emerged as the “treatment of choice” for dealing with substance-abusing offenders in prison settings (Inciardi, 1996; Wexler, 1995). Perhaps nowhere has this been more apparent than in California, which, since 1997, has been engaged in the largest expansion of prison-based substance abuse treatment ever undertaken in the United States; perhaps even the world. This chapter documents the story of the California correctional drug treatment system to date.
The story of the California correctional drug treatment system begins with the opening of the Amity TC at the R. J. Donovan Corrections Center in San Diego in 1989. Early evaluations of this and other prison-based TC programs, which showed the benefits of providing in-prison substance abuse treatment using the TC model, formed the foundation for legislation to expand the number of in-prison TC tre ...
Week 5 CEA ProjectAssignment Task Submit to complete th
This document provides instructions for a Week 5 CEA Project assignment. Students are asked to revise their Week 3 paper based on instructor feedback, add two additional scholarly articles to the literature review section, research and analyze an additional law or regulation, research and summarize at least two additional related cases, and write a summary/conclusion section. The paper should be 10-14 pages following APA format. Feedback from the instructor on the Week 3 submission is provided, noting that the student completed all tasks but could provide more in-depth analysis and ensure full citation of sources. Overall, the work was well-done but some sections lacked full citation and references. The instructor encourages the student to review the rubric and ask any questions.
httpyvj.sagepub.comYouth Violence and Juvenile Justice .docx
This document discusses research on the effects of laws allowing juveniles to be tried as adults. It finds that such transfer laws have unclear deterrent effects on juvenile crime. While some studies found no deterrent impact, others detected moderate declines in juvenile violence rates when transfer was easier. The research also indicates that criminal prosecution and adult incarceration of juveniles may not enhance public safety over the long run and may hinder juvenile rehabilitation and reintegration into society.
Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Running Header: CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 1
Critical Issues To Correctional Institutions in the U.S.
Name
CRJ 465
Instructor’s Name
Date
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 2
There are many contemporary issues that are found within the American penal system.
Perhaps we are not fully aware of these issues and just how much they affect the American penal
system. Though we are aware that there are issues, we may not be completely aware of just how
much they affect the everyday functioning of the correctional systems. We are not fully aware of
the funding problems, or the overcrowding problems, or just how much violence takes place in
prisons. These three issues seem to be the worst of all the issues that these facilities face.
Funding
Correctional facilities, just like any other business, do not operate for free. Total state
expenditures on prisons and related activities were about $9.6 billion in the mid-1980’s, where
about 40 percent of all state prison construction was financed by a pay-as-you-go method, and 50
percent was paid by general obligation bonds, and the remaining 10 percent was financed using
lease revenue bonds and other revenue streams. By 1996, total state expenditures for prisons
were estimated to be $22 billion, and more than half of all the debt issued to finance prisons was
carried out through a specific variant of lease-revenue bonds which were called certificates of
participation (Public Bonds, 2004). According to the staff at Vera’s Center on Sentencing and
Corrections and Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit, after surveying 40 states in an effort to calculate the
taxpayer’s cost of prisons, the cost of prisons was $39 billion in 2010, which was $5.4 billion
more than what their corrections budgets reflected (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). Over the
past 40 years, the U.S. has seen a dramatic increase in prison population, and as a result, the
country’s state prison population has grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970’s. This has
come at great cost to taxpayers (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). At the end of 2012, the United
States prison population was 1,571,013, which is actually a decline for the third straight
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 3
consecutive year. More plans are under way in an effort to lower the number of people who are
incarcerated in the U.S., which will help lower the cost of running these facilities as well.
America exceeds every other country in prison inmate population. Attorney General Eric Holder
announced sweeping plans that will be designed to address the issue through drug sentencing
reform and this means that low level drug offenders could be subjected to some type of treatment
or community service programs rather than prison time. There are also plans of implementing
and expanding prison programs that would a.
Contemporary prison overcrowding short-term fixes to aperpe
Contemporary prison overcrowding: short-term fixes to a
perpetual problem
James M.A. Pittsa, O. Hayden Griffin, IIIb* and W. Wesley Johnsona
aUniversity of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA; bUniversity of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
(Received 6 February 2013; accepted 8 June 2013)
Since the United States began using incarceration as its cornerstone of
punishment for those who transgress the law, this method of discipline has been
fraught with problems. One of the most ubiquitous problems found within cor-
rectional institutions are the conditions inmates are forced to live in particularly,
when penal facilities are overcrowded. These conditions have led to extensive
litigation, compelling the judicial system to change. Although overall conditions
have improved, a perpetually increasing inmate population continues to plague
correctional systems as costs continue to rise. As state budgets have become
strained during the economic downturns, many states’ officials view less
punitive measures as possible solutions to the excessive costs of administering
punishment and overcrowded inmate populations. Due to facility overcrowding,
several states have actually been placed under federal court order to reduce their
inmate population in order to protect inmates’ constitutional rights. Although
this has resulted in a change of policies to help alleviate prison overcrowding,
there is little evidence these are anything more than short-term fixes to a
problem with no end in sight.
Keywords: prison overcrowding; inmate population; sentencing; corrections
policy
Introduction
In the United States, like many other affluent nations, law has become the blueprint
by which society is governed. The concept of punishment is typically connected to
or associated with the law, and usually follows as a consequence of non-compliance
with those directives. As such, the means by which a society administers
punishment is often thoroughly scrutinized to insure fairness and efficiency in
obtaining justice. Incarceration has been the dominant form of punishment in
American society for serious crimes (Ross, 2010; Verro, 2010). In fact, some would
argue that incarceration has been overused to such a degree that it constitutes an
inefficient use of resources.
In recent years, many states have become fiscally strained as the practice of
mass incarceration has come under increased criticism (Ekland-Olson, Barrick, &
Cohen, 1983; Harris, 1991; Lucken, 2011; Nagel 1977). As such, many of these
states are beginning to re-evaluate their use of incarceration in an attempt to better
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
© 2014 Taylor & Francis
Contemporary Justice Review, 2014
Vol. 17, No. 1, 124–139, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
utilize the limited resources at their disposal (Ekland-Olson et al., 1983; Feinstein,
2011; Harriman & Straussman, 1983; Har ...
Contemporary prison overcrowding short-term fixes to aperpe.docx
Contemporary prison overcrowding: short-term fixes to a
perpetual problem
James M.A. Pittsa, O. Hayden Griffin, IIIb* and W. Wesley Johnsona
aUniversity of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA; bUniversity of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
(Received 6 February 2013; accepted 8 June 2013)
Since the United States began using incarceration as its cornerstone of
punishment for those who transgress the law, this method of discipline has been
fraught with problems. One of the most ubiquitous problems found within cor-
rectional institutions are the conditions inmates are forced to live in particularly,
when penal facilities are overcrowded. These conditions have led to extensive
litigation, compelling the judicial system to change. Although overall conditions
have improved, a perpetually increasing inmate population continues to plague
correctional systems as costs continue to rise. As state budgets have become
strained during the economic downturns, many states’ officials view less
punitive measures as possible solutions to the excessive costs of administering
punishment and overcrowded inmate populations. Due to facility overcrowding,
several states have actually been placed under federal court order to reduce their
inmate population in order to protect inmates’ constitutional rights. Although
this has resulted in a change of policies to help alleviate prison overcrowding,
there is little evidence these are anything more than short-term fixes to a
problem with no end in sight.
Keywords: prison overcrowding; inmate population; sentencing; corrections
policy
Introduction
In the United States, like many other affluent nations, law has become the blueprint
by which society is governed. The concept of punishment is typically connected to
or associated with the law, and usually follows as a consequence of non-compliance
with those directives. As such, the means by which a society administers
punishment is often thoroughly scrutinized to insure fairness and efficiency in
obtaining justice. Incarceration has been the dominant form of punishment in
American society for serious crimes (Ross, 2010; Verro, 2010). In fact, some would
argue that incarceration has been overused to such a degree that it constitutes an
inefficient use of resources.
In recent years, many states have become fiscally strained as the practice of
mass incarceration has come under increased criticism (Ekland-Olson, Barrick, &
Cohen, 1983; Harris, 1991; Lucken, 2011; Nagel 1977). As such, many of these
states are beginning to re-evaluate their use of incarceration in an attempt to better
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
© 2014 Taylor & Francis
Contemporary Justice Review, 2014
Vol. 17, No. 1, 124–139, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
utilize the limited resources at their disposal (Ekland-Olson et al., 1983; Feinstein,
2011; Harriman & Straussman, 1983; Har.
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set.docx
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set of three chapters, encompasses county and state jails, prisons, community corrections, including probation and parole, and various correctional programs. Correctional professionals, like law enforcement and legal professionals, have a great deal of discretion and power over the lives of offenders.
As you may know, the United States has about 2.1 million people in jails and prisons. We incarcerate many more people per capita than other western, industrialized countries. At a rate of about 700 per 100,000, the United States incarcerates about seven times more people than Norway (72), France (98), or Canada (118) and a little less than five times more people than the United Kingdom (147) (Wagner and Walsh, 2016).
The reason our imprisonment rate is so much higher is not because of higher crime, but, because of our inclination to punish with incarceration rather than any other sentencing alternative (Raphael and Stoll, 2008). A careful analysis of sentencing patterns by Pfaff (2011) shows that the dramatic increase in
incarceration rates that began in the 1980s was largely due to the decision of prosecutors to seek prison terms for convicted individuals, and, to a lesser extent, increased sentence length and changes in parole release and revocation.
Further, we were roughly comparable to other countries in our punishment practices until the 1980s, at which time the incarceration rates increased dramatically every year. Recently, the rate and numbers in prison have plateaued, and many states, have even showed decreases in the number incarcerated (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016; Pollock, 2016). The number incarcerated in jail or prison decreased by 2.3 percent from 2014 and was its lowest level since 2004 (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016). Some states have created double-digit declines since 1999, including New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and California. Interestingly, states’ decrease or increase in the number of people imprisoned does not seem to show any correlation with whether the state’s crime rate has increased or decreased (Pew Research Center, 2016).
While the incarceration rate per 100,000 is 466 for white men, it is 1,130 for Hispanic men and an amazing 2,791 for black men. Women are incarcerated at a much lower rate: 51 per 100,000 white women are incarcerated, compared to 65 for Hispanic women and 113 per 100,000 for black women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015). At year-end 2015 an estimated 6,741,400 persons were supervised by U.S. adult correctional systems (prison, jail, probation, or parole). This is a decrease of about 115,600 persons from year-end 2014 and represents almost 3 percent of the total adult population. The interested reader can go to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (https://bjs.gov/) to see how imprisonment patterns have changed over the years.
It is important to emphasize that the imprisonment patterns we see are a function of individual discretion on the par.
HOW ISthe argument built What comes firstDO THEpoi.docx
HOW IS
the argument built?
What comes first?
DO THE
points follow a logical sequence
or timeline?
HOW DID
the author divide the sections?
DID THE
author use a compare and
contrast analysis?
DID THE
author present a problem and
its solution?
STRUCTURE
OF THE
ARGUMENT
WHAT IS
the tone?
DOES THE
word selection reveal
any biases?
IS THE LANGUAGE
clear and vigorous?
LANGUAGE
WHOM IS
the author addressing?
WHAT IS
the author’s purpose?
WHAT EVIDENCE
is used to support the author’s
argument?
WHAT IS
the context of the work?
CONTENT
KNOW WHICH QUESTIONS TO ASK WHEN ANALYZING:
Adapted from the Understanding Arguments page from
the Walden University Writing Center website.
UNDERSTANDING
ARGUMENTS
WEEK
2
© 2015 Laureate Education, Inc.
Running head: OVERCROWDED PRISONS1
OVERCROWDED PRISONS7
Problem Evaluation: Overcrowded Prisons
Alyssa Cunningham
CJA/355
Matthew Kite
March 5, 2018
Problem Evaluation: Overcrowded Prisons
The correctional system plays an important role in the criminal justice system. Imprisonment serves as a method of locking away dangerous people for the purpose of protecting the public and rehabilitating people who have been caught committing various crimes so that they can be ready to be assimilated back into the communities with a lower risk of recidivism. Prisons also serve as a way of punishment, to discourage wrongdoing among the public. Due to these important roles, the criminal justice system has to imprison people. However, the system has experienced a huge problem of overcrowding because of the high rate of incarceration and the low availability of resources.
Problem Identification
Overcrowding of prisons is a huge problem that affects the United States criminal justice system. The United States prison population is growing at a higher rate than the government has been able to control. The number of incarcerated people was grown significantly between 1970 and 1990 during the government’s ‘war on drugs’ when the drug laws were enhanced to include more serious punishments for people involved in drug crimes. Additionally, the high prison population in the United States has been shown to be a result of the poor rehabilitation abilities of the prison system (Williams & Porter, 2016). Studies have shown that a majority of prisoners in the country are recidivists and drug offenders. The issue of prison overcrowding is a problem mainly because of the understaffing and the underfunding, which makes the prison conditions relatively poor. Therefore, it is important that this problem is examined and solutions developed to solve it.
Quantifying the Problem
Imprisonment is the most common form of punishment for criminal activity in the United States. It is estimated that America has the second highest imprisonment rate per capita in the world, only after Seychelles. As at 2014, it was recorded that there are 735 incarcerated people per 100,000 of the population. This value was increased by approximat ...
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Shifting prisoners and costs to counties 121002
The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation's (CDCR) budget has increased from under 3% in 1980 to almost 10% today due to factors like rising inmate populations and health care costs. To reduce overcrowding, California has redistributed inmates among state prisons and county jails through realignment plans. However, this has shifted costs to counties without necessarily reducing overall incarceration levels or spending on the penal system statewide.
F e d e r a l S e n t e n c i n g r e p o r t e r • V o l .docx
F e d e r a l S e n t e n c i n g r e p o r t e r • V o l . 2 2 , n o . 3 • F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 0186
Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 186–193, ISSN 1053-9867 electronic ISSN 1533-8363.
©2010 Vera Institute of Justice. All rights reserved. Please direct requests for permission to photocopy
or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions website,
http://www.ucpressjournals.com/reprintInfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/fsr.2010.22.3.186.
Probation Reform in California: Senate Bill 678
RogeR K.
WaRRen
Scholar in
residence,
Judicial Council
of California
On October 11, 2009, California Governor Arnold
Schwarzenegger approved historic legislation to strengthen
felony probation services in the state. Senate Bill 678
addresses acute and long-standing deficiencies in California’s
system of adult probation services in a manner of national
significance. I first summarize the current state of adult
probation services in California, discuss some of the sig-
nificant national and California developments in state
probation reform that underlie the new California legisla-
tion, and then turn to a full discussion of SB 678 and its
companion legislation.
I. adult Probation Services in California
More than three quarters of convicted California felony
offenders are placed on probation, not sentenced to state
prison.1 Despite its importance, probation has largely been
neglected by the State of California, which has left locali-
ties with the principal responsibility for providing services.
California is one of only two states in the nation that does
not provide an ongoing stream of funding to support adult
probation services. California is also among a dwindling
number of states that have no state system of community
corrections.2
a. Probation’s Funding Conundrum
Ironically, California was one of the first states in the nation
to promote the development and use of community correc-
tions services when it adopted the Probation Subsidy Act of
1965. The goal of the Act was to reduce commitments to
state institutions by 25 percent. To retain offenders in the
community, the Act provided county probation depart-
ments with funding in the amount of $4,000—the
approximate cost that the state would have incurred if the
adult and juvenile offenders had been committed to state
institutions.3 The Act operated successfully for more than
ten years; it ultimately diverted more than 45,000 juvenile
and adult offenders.4 By 1972, California had reduced its
prison population by 30 percent and closed eight prison
facilities.5 Under the program, virtually all nonviolent prop-
erty offenders were reportedly handled locally.6
Inspired by California’s experience under the Proba-
tion Subsidy Act, about half of the states decided after
1972 to shift resources and responsibilities for major
portions of state correctional services from state to local
governments. Formal sta ...
3 argue race
The document discusses three main arguments about criminal law and justice:
1) Criminal sentencing laws like California's Three Strikes law have disproportionately impacted minority communities and have fallen short of their intended goals. These laws often result in extreme sentences that outweigh their effectiveness in reducing crime.
2) Social science research on issues like cross-racial eyewitness identification has helped inform criminal procedure and shed light on how race influences criminal trials.
3) Existing criminal procedure has created burdens for criminal defendants. Aggregation of discretionary decisions in the criminal justice system can lead to racial unfairness if not addressed. More analysis is needed on how race impacts criminal punishment and jurisprudence.
Part 1, Cost-Benefit Analysis for Justice Policy: A Step-By-Step Guide, Power...
Part 1, Cost-Benefit Analysis for Justice Policy: A Step-By-Step Guide, Power...Cost-Benefit Knowledge Bank for Criminal Justice
This document provides an overview of a webinar on using cost-benefit analysis for justice policy. It discusses estimating the costs of incarceration and crime, including factors like recidivism rates, victim costs, and costs by crime type. It also covers estimating the probabilities of arrest, conviction, and sentencing outcomes. The webinar teaches how to apply effect sizes from program evaluations to estimate how policy changes could impact costs by reducing future criminal behavior. The goal is to help policymakers assess different options and maximize benefits relative to costs.ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docx
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as ...
ReferencesBarrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2.docx
References
Barrenger, S., Draine, J., Angell, B., & Herman, D. (2017). Reincarceration Risk Among Men with Mental Illnesses Leaving Prison: A Risk Environment Analysis. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(8), 883–892. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10597-017-0113-z
Garot, R. (2019). Rehabilitation Is Reentry. Prisoner Reentry in the 21st Century: Critical Perspectives of Returning Home.
Hlavka, H., Wheelock, D., & Jones, R. (2015). Exoffender Accounts of Successful Reentry from Prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 54(6), 406–428. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10509674.2015.1057630
Ho, D. (2011). Intervention-A New Way-Out to Solve the Chronic Offenders. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(2), 167–172.
Mobley, A. (2014). Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 465–477. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/10282580.2014.980968
Reisdorf, B. C., & Rikard, R. V. (2018). Digital Rehabilitation: A Model of Reentry Into the Digital Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1273–1290. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1177/0002764218773817
Serowik, K. L., & Yanos, P. (2013). The relationship between services and outcomes for a prison reentry population of those with severe mental illness. Mental Health & Substance Use: Dual Diagnosis, 6(1), 4–14. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1080/17523281.2012.660979
SHUFORD, J. A. (2018). The missing link in reentry: Changing prison culture. Corrections Today, 80(2), 42–102.
Thompkins, D. E., Curtis, R., & Wendel, T. (2010). Forum: the prison reentry industry. Dialectical Anthropology, 34(4), 427–429. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.1007/s10624-010-9164-z
Woods, L. N., Lanza, A. S., Dyson, W., & Gordon, D. M. (2013). The Role of Prevention in Promoting Continuity of Health Care in Prisoner Reentry Initiatives. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 830–838. https://doi-org.ezproxy.fiu.edu/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300961
Prison Reentry and Rehabilitation
Recommendations
Evidence based developed systems; since at the moment there is adequate research in this area it is important that systems that will be developed in future should look at previous research and how it was successful or not.
Secondly Re-entry should be digitized, every aspect in our society therefore it makes sense where by re-entry programs are also digitized it will help to make the policy much more effective.
Thirdly religion implementation in the re-entry programs should be intensified, as through evidence; religion has proven to be effective, rehabilitation and re-entry of the clients back to the society (Morag & Teman, 2018).
Conclusion
Re-entry has not been digitized whereby in this day an era every functioning aspect of our lives/society is on the internet.
The re-entry programs seem to be a product of financial implications of the states rather than the greater good of reducing the incarceration numbers.
One as.
4.8 Mark Hurwitz
The United States has high incarceration rates compared to other developed nations. Recidivism rates are also high, with 43.3% of state prison inmates rearrested within 3 years of release. Housing instability is both a cause and effect of incarceration, as those without homes are more likely to face arrest and those with criminal records face difficulties obtaining housing. Collaborations are needed across agencies and services to help prevent homelessness and reoffending by providing stable housing and treatment opportunities for former inmates.
Front-end Justice Reform
This document discusses county jails and the case for pretrial reform. It notes that over 60% of jail inmates are pretrial detainees, and that pretrial detention costs taxpayers $9 billion annually. Risk assessment tools can determine pretrial release conditions to balance public safety and fairness. Studies show pretrial programs reduce recidivism and costs while increasing court appearance rates. Surveys find over 75% of voters support risk assessment over cash bail to determine pretrial release.
Thinking Outside the Cell: Solutions for Public Safety, Victims, and Taxpayers
This presentation to lawmakers from across the nation highlights the growing evidence and public consensus supporting alternatives to incarceration that enhance public safety, empower and restore victims, and reduce the burden on taxpayers.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF SEEKING THE DEATH PENALTY IN WASHINGTON ...
This document summarizes a report analyzing the economic costs of pursuing the death penalty in Washington state compared to cases where the death penalty was not sought. The report examined 147 aggravated murder cases since 1997. It found that on average, cases where the death penalty was sought cost $3.07 million compared to $2.01 million where it was not sought, a difference of over $1 million. It also found that costs were higher for pursuit of the death penalty across all categories, including defense, prosecution, courts, appeals, and jails, though lifetime incarceration costs were lower. The total average increased cost for pursuing the death penalty was estimated to be $1.15 million.
Pic
The prison population in the US has grown exponentially over the last 30 years, from 1/8th the current size to over 2.2 million people currently incarcerated. Private prison companies lobby for policies that criminalize more behaviors and lengthen sentences to keep occupancy and profits high. They exploit public fear of crime and stereotypes to gain support for "tough on crime" policies. However, alternative programs that focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment have shown better compliance rates. The Sentencing Project aims to reduce mass incarceration by raising awareness of its inequities and promoting alternative solutions like prevention, intervention and reentry support.
P
The prison population in the US has grown exponentially over the last 30 years, from 1/8th the current size to over 2.2 million people currently incarcerated. Private prison companies lobby for policies that criminalize more behaviors and lengthen sentences to keep occupancy and profits high. As a result, funding is diverted from social programs into prisons, which prioritize punishment over rehabilitation. The Sentencing Project aims to reduce mass incarceration by raising awareness of its causes and promoting alternative justice models like community courts, which have higher compliance rates than traditional courts.
10 California’s Correctional Drug Treatment SystemWilliam M. Bu.docx
10 California’s Correctional Drug Treatment System
William M. Burdon, Michael L. Prendergast, and Harry K. WexlerACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER
This paper was supported by interagency agreements (Contracts C97.355 & C98.346) between the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Office of Substance Abuse Programs (CDCR-OSAP) and the UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs (ISAP). Opinions and views expressed herein are those of the authors solely. They do not necessarily represent the opinions or views of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation or its employees. Inquiries should be directed to William M. Burdon, Ph.D., UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, 1640 S. Sepulveda Blvd., Suite 200, Los Angeles, CA 90025; E-mail address: [email protected].ABSTRACT
Since 1997, California has been engaged in the largest expansion of prison-based treatment of its kind in the nation and perhaps even the world. This chapter provides a historical overview of the California correctional drug treatment system, including the current expansion of prison-based treatment programs and the related system of aftercare treatment. Findings from a series of evaluation studies of prison-based treatment programs in California are presented and discussed, as are the findings from continuing analyses that have been performed on data collected from these evaluations. The collective body of findings that have been generated from the California correctional drug treatment system have made a substantial contribution to the literature on corrections-based treatment. However, there remains much to be learned about how to further enhance the effectiveness of treatment for offenders. To that end, the chapter concludes with a discussion of how the expanding and evolving body of literature can be used to inform and advance corrections-based substance abuse treatment, not only in California, but nationwide.INTRODUCTION
Over the past 40 years, therapeutic communities (TCs) have flourished in many states, primarily in community-based settings. However, it has only been in the past decade that they have emerged as the “treatment of choice” for dealing with substance-abusing offenders in prison settings (Inciardi, 1996; Wexler, 1995). Perhaps nowhere has this been more apparent than in California, which, since 1997, has been engaged in the largest expansion of prison-based substance abuse treatment ever undertaken in the United States; perhaps even the world. This chapter documents the story of the California correctional drug treatment system to date.
The story of the California correctional drug treatment system begins with the opening of the Amity TC at the R. J. Donovan Corrections Center in San Diego in 1989. Early evaluations of this and other prison-based TC programs, which showed the benefits of providing in-prison substance abuse treatment using the TC model, formed the foundation for legislation to expand the number of in-prison TC tre ...
Week 5 CEA ProjectAssignment Task Submit to complete th
This document provides instructions for a Week 5 CEA Project assignment. Students are asked to revise their Week 3 paper based on instructor feedback, add two additional scholarly articles to the literature review section, research and analyze an additional law or regulation, research and summarize at least two additional related cases, and write a summary/conclusion section. The paper should be 10-14 pages following APA format. Feedback from the instructor on the Week 3 submission is provided, noting that the student completed all tasks but could provide more in-depth analysis and ensure full citation of sources. Overall, the work was well-done but some sections lacked full citation and references. The instructor encourages the student to review the rubric and ask any questions.
httpyvj.sagepub.comYouth Violence and Juvenile Justice .docx
This document discusses research on the effects of laws allowing juveniles to be tried as adults. It finds that such transfer laws have unclear deterrent effects on juvenile crime. While some studies found no deterrent impact, others detected moderate declines in juvenile violence rates when transfer was easier. The research also indicates that criminal prosecution and adult incarceration of juveniles may not enhance public safety over the long run and may hinder juvenile rehabilitation and reintegration into society.
Running Header CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS I.docx
Running Header: CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 1
Critical Issues To Correctional Institutions in the U.S.
Name
CRJ 465
Instructor’s Name
Date
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 2
There are many contemporary issues that are found within the American penal system.
Perhaps we are not fully aware of these issues and just how much they affect the American penal
system. Though we are aware that there are issues, we may not be completely aware of just how
much they affect the everyday functioning of the correctional systems. We are not fully aware of
the funding problems, or the overcrowding problems, or just how much violence takes place in
prisons. These three issues seem to be the worst of all the issues that these facilities face.
Funding
Correctional facilities, just like any other business, do not operate for free. Total state
expenditures on prisons and related activities were about $9.6 billion in the mid-1980’s, where
about 40 percent of all state prison construction was financed by a pay-as-you-go method, and 50
percent was paid by general obligation bonds, and the remaining 10 percent was financed using
lease revenue bonds and other revenue streams. By 1996, total state expenditures for prisons
were estimated to be $22 billion, and more than half of all the debt issued to finance prisons was
carried out through a specific variant of lease-revenue bonds which were called certificates of
participation (Public Bonds, 2004). According to the staff at Vera’s Center on Sentencing and
Corrections and Cost-Benefit Analysis Unit, after surveying 40 states in an effort to calculate the
taxpayer’s cost of prisons, the cost of prisons was $39 billion in 2010, which was $5.4 billion
more than what their corrections budgets reflected (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). Over the
past 40 years, the U.S. has seen a dramatic increase in prison population, and as a result, the
country’s state prison population has grown by more than 700 percent since the 1970’s. This has
come at great cost to taxpayers (VERA Institute of Justice, 2013). At the end of 2012, the United
States prison population was 1,571,013, which is actually a decline for the third straight
CRITICAL ISSUES TO CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE U.S. 3
consecutive year. More plans are under way in an effort to lower the number of people who are
incarcerated in the U.S., which will help lower the cost of running these facilities as well.
America exceeds every other country in prison inmate population. Attorney General Eric Holder
announced sweeping plans that will be designed to address the issue through drug sentencing
reform and this means that low level drug offenders could be subjected to some type of treatment
or community service programs rather than prison time. There are also plans of implementing
and expanding prison programs that would a.
Contemporary prison overcrowding short-term fixes to aperpe
Contemporary prison overcrowding: short-term fixes to a
perpetual problem
James M.A. Pittsa, O. Hayden Griffin, IIIb* and W. Wesley Johnsona
aUniversity of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA; bUniversity of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
(Received 6 February 2013; accepted 8 June 2013)
Since the United States began using incarceration as its cornerstone of
punishment for those who transgress the law, this method of discipline has been
fraught with problems. One of the most ubiquitous problems found within cor-
rectional institutions are the conditions inmates are forced to live in particularly,
when penal facilities are overcrowded. These conditions have led to extensive
litigation, compelling the judicial system to change. Although overall conditions
have improved, a perpetually increasing inmate population continues to plague
correctional systems as costs continue to rise. As state budgets have become
strained during the economic downturns, many states’ officials view less
punitive measures as possible solutions to the excessive costs of administering
punishment and overcrowded inmate populations. Due to facility overcrowding,
several states have actually been placed under federal court order to reduce their
inmate population in order to protect inmates’ constitutional rights. Although
this has resulted in a change of policies to help alleviate prison overcrowding,
there is little evidence these are anything more than short-term fixes to a
problem with no end in sight.
Keywords: prison overcrowding; inmate population; sentencing; corrections
policy
Introduction
In the United States, like many other affluent nations, law has become the blueprint
by which society is governed. The concept of punishment is typically connected to
or associated with the law, and usually follows as a consequence of non-compliance
with those directives. As such, the means by which a society administers
punishment is often thoroughly scrutinized to insure fairness and efficiency in
obtaining justice. Incarceration has been the dominant form of punishment in
American society for serious crimes (Ross, 2010; Verro, 2010). In fact, some would
argue that incarceration has been overused to such a degree that it constitutes an
inefficient use of resources.
In recent years, many states have become fiscally strained as the practice of
mass incarceration has come under increased criticism (Ekland-Olson, Barrick, &
Cohen, 1983; Harris, 1991; Lucken, 2011; Nagel 1977). As such, many of these
states are beginning to re-evaluate their use of incarceration in an attempt to better
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
© 2014 Taylor & Francis
Contemporary Justice Review, 2014
Vol. 17, No. 1, 124–139, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
utilize the limited resources at their disposal (Ekland-Olson et al., 1983; Feinstein,
2011; Harriman & Straussman, 1983; Har ...
Contemporary prison overcrowding short-term fixes to aperpe.docx
Contemporary prison overcrowding: short-term fixes to a
perpetual problem
James M.A. Pittsa, O. Hayden Griffin, IIIb* and W. Wesley Johnsona
aUniversity of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA; bUniversity of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
(Received 6 February 2013; accepted 8 June 2013)
Since the United States began using incarceration as its cornerstone of
punishment for those who transgress the law, this method of discipline has been
fraught with problems. One of the most ubiquitous problems found within cor-
rectional institutions are the conditions inmates are forced to live in particularly,
when penal facilities are overcrowded. These conditions have led to extensive
litigation, compelling the judicial system to change. Although overall conditions
have improved, a perpetually increasing inmate population continues to plague
correctional systems as costs continue to rise. As state budgets have become
strained during the economic downturns, many states’ officials view less
punitive measures as possible solutions to the excessive costs of administering
punishment and overcrowded inmate populations. Due to facility overcrowding,
several states have actually been placed under federal court order to reduce their
inmate population in order to protect inmates’ constitutional rights. Although
this has resulted in a change of policies to help alleviate prison overcrowding,
there is little evidence these are anything more than short-term fixes to a
problem with no end in sight.
Keywords: prison overcrowding; inmate population; sentencing; corrections
policy
Introduction
In the United States, like many other affluent nations, law has become the blueprint
by which society is governed. The concept of punishment is typically connected to
or associated with the law, and usually follows as a consequence of non-compliance
with those directives. As such, the means by which a society administers
punishment is often thoroughly scrutinized to insure fairness and efficiency in
obtaining justice. Incarceration has been the dominant form of punishment in
American society for serious crimes (Ross, 2010; Verro, 2010). In fact, some would
argue that incarceration has been overused to such a degree that it constitutes an
inefficient use of resources.
In recent years, many states have become fiscally strained as the practice of
mass incarceration has come under increased criticism (Ekland-Olson, Barrick, &
Cohen, 1983; Harris, 1991; Lucken, 2011; Nagel 1977). As such, many of these
states are beginning to re-evaluate their use of incarceration in an attempt to better
*Corresponding author. Email: [email protected]
© 2014 Taylor & Francis
Contemporary Justice Review, 2014
Vol. 17, No. 1, 124–139, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.883844
utilize the limited resources at their disposal (Ekland-Olson et al., 1983; Feinstein,
2011; Harriman & Straussman, 1983; Har.
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set.docx
The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set of three chapters, encompasses county and state jails, prisons, community corrections, including probation and parole, and various correctional programs. Correctional professionals, like law enforcement and legal professionals, have a great deal of discretion and power over the lives of offenders.
As you may know, the United States has about 2.1 million people in jails and prisons. We incarcerate many more people per capita than other western, industrialized countries. At a rate of about 700 per 100,000, the United States incarcerates about seven times more people than Norway (72), France (98), or Canada (118) and a little less than five times more people than the United Kingdom (147) (Wagner and Walsh, 2016).
The reason our imprisonment rate is so much higher is not because of higher crime, but, because of our inclination to punish with incarceration rather than any other sentencing alternative (Raphael and Stoll, 2008). A careful analysis of sentencing patterns by Pfaff (2011) shows that the dramatic increase in
incarceration rates that began in the 1980s was largely due to the decision of prosecutors to seek prison terms for convicted individuals, and, to a lesser extent, increased sentence length and changes in parole release and revocation.
Further, we were roughly comparable to other countries in our punishment practices until the 1980s, at which time the incarceration rates increased dramatically every year. Recently, the rate and numbers in prison have plateaued, and many states, have even showed decreases in the number incarcerated (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016; Pollock, 2016). The number incarcerated in jail or prison decreased by 2.3 percent from 2014 and was its lowest level since 2004 (Kaeble and Glaze, 2016). Some states have created double-digit declines since 1999, including New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and California. Interestingly, states’ decrease or increase in the number of people imprisoned does not seem to show any correlation with whether the state’s crime rate has increased or decreased (Pew Research Center, 2016).
While the incarceration rate per 100,000 is 466 for white men, it is 1,130 for Hispanic men and an amazing 2,791 for black men. Women are incarcerated at a much lower rate: 51 per 100,000 white women are incarcerated, compared to 65 for Hispanic women and 113 per 100,000 for black women (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2015). At year-end 2015 an estimated 6,741,400 persons were supervised by U.S. adult correctional systems (prison, jail, probation, or parole). This is a decrease of about 115,600 persons from year-end 2014 and represents almost 3 percent of the total adult population. The interested reader can go to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (https://bjs.gov/) to see how imprisonment patterns have changed over the years.
It is important to emphasize that the imprisonment patterns we see are a function of individual discretion on the par.
HOW ISthe argument built What comes firstDO THEpoi.docx
HOW IS
the argument built?
What comes first?
DO THE
points follow a logical sequence
or timeline?
HOW DID
the author divide the sections?
DID THE
author use a compare and
contrast analysis?
DID THE
author present a problem and
its solution?
STRUCTURE
OF THE
ARGUMENT
WHAT IS
the tone?
DOES THE
word selection reveal
any biases?
IS THE LANGUAGE
clear and vigorous?
LANGUAGE
WHOM IS
the author addressing?
WHAT IS
the author’s purpose?
WHAT EVIDENCE
is used to support the author’s
argument?
WHAT IS
the context of the work?
CONTENT
KNOW WHICH QUESTIONS TO ASK WHEN ANALYZING:
Adapted from the Understanding Arguments page from
the Walden University Writing Center website.
UNDERSTANDING
ARGUMENTS
WEEK
2
© 2015 Laureate Education, Inc.
Running head: OVERCROWDED PRISONS1
OVERCROWDED PRISONS7
Problem Evaluation: Overcrowded Prisons
Alyssa Cunningham
CJA/355
Matthew Kite
March 5, 2018
Problem Evaluation: Overcrowded Prisons
The correctional system plays an important role in the criminal justice system. Imprisonment serves as a method of locking away dangerous people for the purpose of protecting the public and rehabilitating people who have been caught committing various crimes so that they can be ready to be assimilated back into the communities with a lower risk of recidivism. Prisons also serve as a way of punishment, to discourage wrongdoing among the public. Due to these important roles, the criminal justice system has to imprison people. However, the system has experienced a huge problem of overcrowding because of the high rate of incarceration and the low availability of resources.
Problem Identification
Overcrowding of prisons is a huge problem that affects the United States criminal justice system. The United States prison population is growing at a higher rate than the government has been able to control. The number of incarcerated people was grown significantly between 1970 and 1990 during the government’s ‘war on drugs’ when the drug laws were enhanced to include more serious punishments for people involved in drug crimes. Additionally, the high prison population in the United States has been shown to be a result of the poor rehabilitation abilities of the prison system (Williams & Porter, 2016). Studies have shown that a majority of prisoners in the country are recidivists and drug offenders. The issue of prison overcrowding is a problem mainly because of the understaffing and the underfunding, which makes the prison conditions relatively poor. Therefore, it is important that this problem is examined and solutions developed to solve it.
Quantifying the Problem
Imprisonment is the most common form of punishment for criminal activity in the United States. It is estimated that America has the second highest imprisonment rate per capita in the world, only after Seychelles. As at 2014, it was recorded that there are 735 incarcerated people per 100,000 of the population. This value was increased by approximat ...
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Contemporary prison overcrowding short-term fixes to aperpe
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The field of corrections, which will be the topic in this next set.docx
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HOW ISthe argument built What comes firstDO THEpoi.docx
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304 presentation
- 1. Incarceration vs. Probation
- 2. Incapacitation Rates A 1994 study found that roughly 67% of prisoners released were rearrested within 3 years.
- 3. Incapacitation Costs $1,547,599,900 Overall
- 4. Probation Rates http://www.doc.state.ok.us/maps/prob_rate.gif 30% of probationers released were rearrested within two years.
- 5. Probation Costs Community Corrections gets 1/30th the funding of incarceration, yet deals with almost five times as many offenders. (Walker & Rebecca, 2010)
- 6. Sources Consensus of state and federal correctional facilities. (2005, 10). Retrieved from http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/csfcf05.pdf Hollander, L. Senate Fiscal Agency, (2007). Incarceration and its costs in michigan. Retrieved from website: http://www.senate.michigan.gov/sfa/Publications/Issues/IncarcerationCosts/Inca rcerationCosts.pdf US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. (n.d.). Recidivism. Retrieved from website: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=17 Walker, L., & Rebecca, G. (2010). Huikahi restorative circles: A public health approach for reentry planning. Retrieved from website: http://www.uscourts.gov/uscourts/FederalCourts/PPS/Fedprob/2010- 06/06_restorative_circles.html