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1
学校カウンセリング学の
立場から見た適応
発達支援の心理学-適応とは何かをあらためて問う-
(日本発達心理学会第30回大会シンポジウム)
桂川 泰典(早稲田大学)
katsuragawa@waseda.jp
2019/3/19
Slide Share
(https://www.slideshare.net/)
検索:発達支援の心理学
2
◇ 「困った子」の対応で聞く言葉
・ 怠け,自分勝手,やりたくないことを避ける,昼夜逆転,
キレる,学校に批判的,集団行動が苦手,
自己肯定感が低い,幼い,家庭の教育力不足,
病院に行ってほしい,経済的に厳しい,甘やかされている,
学力不足,気持ちの切り替えが困難,パニック,
→ 「困った子」を少しだけ“理解”した安心感
大人がどうしてよいかわからない困り感
子どもが何に困っているか(ニーズ)は???
学校カウンセリング的問題
3
◇ 「困った子」への認識
・ 「支援(サポート)が必要な子」と認識
しかし…
・ 子どものニーズが不明瞭
・ そもそもニーズを叶えてよいか疑問
(ex:甘やかされている子をさらに甘やかす?)
→ 表面的なニーズとサポートが表裏一体である
という誤解
学校カウンセリング的問題
4
◇ 2つのニーズ(神田橋,2012)
・ 意識された欲求としてのニーズ
(意識的ニーズ)
・ 人として望ましい方向への成長可能性としてのニーズ
(潜在的ニーズ)
潜在的ニーズの扱い方が要
教育におけるニーズとは
5
◇ 潜在的ニーズの扱い
1. 子どもの潜在的ニーズをアセスメントする視点の提供
2. 潜在的ニーズを意識的ニーズに引き上げる働きかけ
上記と学校教育文化との接点を探りながら
教育におけるニーズとは
6
潜在的ニーズをアセスメントする
◇ 子どもの問題を部分化してとらえる
ー 能力レベルのテーマ
(ex: 九九がわからない)
ー 環境レベルのテーマ
(ex:今何をやるかがわからない)
ー 行動レベルのテーマ
(ex:やり方がわからない)
ー 感覚・感情レベルのテーマ
(ex:置いて行かれる孤独感、失敗する恥ずかしさ)
7
社会生活の技術
心のエネルギー
心の基礎理論(菅野,2007)
(1)安心感
(2)楽しい体験
(3)認められる体験
(1)自分の気持ちを伝える技術
(2)自分をコントロールする技術
(3)状況を正しく判断する技術
(4)問題を解決する技術
(5)人とうまくやっていく技術
(6)人を思いやる技術
自己発揮
広い視野
積極的取り組み
潜在的ニーズをアセスメントする
8
潜在的ニーズ=
「人として望ましい方向への成長可能性としてのニーズ」
「子どもが大人の社会で生きていけるための力」
学校や教室で生きる力と相似形
but
直ちに一致させなくてもよい
潜在的ニーズをアセスメントする
9
ex:「社会性の未熟な子」 に必要なニーズとは
(我慢ができない,その場にあっ振る舞いがないできない,
周囲にやさしくできない,他人に厳しいが自分が見えていない)
⇛ 社会性の豊かな子ってどんな子?
① 大切に扱われた経験が豊かである⇛ 認められる体験
② 心に余裕がある⇛ 安心感
③ 周囲に適切なモデル(真似をする対象)があった
⇛ モデルを示す
④ 社会的な振る舞いを練習したり,失敗しても修正する
チャンスがあった⇛ 体験して評価されるチャンスを作る
潜在的ニーズをアセスメントする
10
◇ 次の環境への移行準備
・ 言語化:「自分はこういうことに困ってたんだ」
「自分はこうしたかったんだ」
・ 方法化:「こんなふうにできる時は多少うまくいくんだ」
「こんな時はがんばれるんだ」
・ 自己選択化:「こうできるようにがんばりたい」
「手伝ってもらいたい」
潜在的ニーズを
意識的ニーズに引き上げる
11
学校カウンセリング学の
立場から見た適応とは?
・育てる人の不安、心配に配慮する
・潜在的ニーズを見極める
・未来を見据え、現在の具体的関わりを模索する
・「環境移行」に配慮する
12
企画趣旨からの整理
1. 支援のアウトカム(目標)は何か?
・「発達の問題」って,何を指しているのか?
⇒学校期終了後の生きやすさ(自己否定せず生きる)
2. 支援が必要な場合はどのような場合か?
・(誰の)ニーズと支援の関係は?
⇒子どもの潜在的ニーズが明らかに不足している場合
3. 予防的支援は本当に必要なのか?
・「将来困る」って,誰が何に困るのか?
⇒2と対応
4.アセスメントをして,それをどのように活用するのか?
・状態像の把握と支援の関係は?
⇒状態像→問題の部分化→背景にあるニーズの補償
13
・ 神田橋條治,2012,精神科講義,創元社
・ 菅野純,2007,教師のためのカウンセリング実践
講座,金子書房
引用文献

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発達支援の心理学-適応とは何かをあらためて問う- (日本発達心理学会第30回大会シンポジウム)