The document summarizes how the Duke Valentino lured and murdered Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, the Signor Pagolo, and the Duke di Gravina Orsini. It describes how the Duke Valentino gained their trust through promises of reconciliation after a rebellion, while secretly planning to have them captured individually upon arriving at Sinigalia. On December 30, 1502, the Duke Valentino assembled his army at Metauro and led them to Sinigalia, where he had his followers capture and kill the four men who had come to meet with him.
Desmond hansen the enigma of lawrence - journal of historical review volum...RareBooksnRecords
T.E. Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia, was a British military leader and strategist who helped plan and lead an Arab rebellion against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. However, his efforts were ultimately betrayed by British and French political interests that divided up the Arab territories between them. Lawrence died young in a motorcycle accident that some believe may not have been accidental, given his controversial views and connections. He remains an enigma whose legacy inspired both British and Arab nationalism.
Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba after his abdication in 1814. While on Elba, Napoleon implemented economic and social reforms to improve life for the island's residents. However, Napoleon only stayed on Elba for 300 days before returning to France to begin the Hundred Days campaign. Meanwhile, the Congress of Vienna was convened to settle territorial and political issues in post-Napoleon Europe. The Congress was also known for the social scene in Vienna at the time, with balls and parties influencing the negotiations through relationships between diplomats and women.
Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, was a famous Castilian general and ruler in medieval Spain. He helped King Sancho II defeat his rivals but fell out of favor after Sancho's death. El Cid went on to serve Muslim rulers in Zaragoza while expanding his own power. In 1094, he captured Valencia after a long siege and established himself as the ruler, governing over both Christians and Muslims. El Cid ruled Valencia until his death in 1099, though the city was later abandoned by Christian forces and retaken by the Almoravids.
El Cid, also known as Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, was a national hero of Spain known for his remarkable military ability and conquest of Valencia. As the standard-bearer for King Sancho II, he loyally served King Alfonso for many years until being exiled for an unauthorized raid. He then fought for Muslim rulers in Saragossa for a decade before Alfonso recalled him from exile. El Cid went on to successfully capture and rule Valencia until his death, after which he became the subject of many legends and poems that obscured the actual facts of his life.
The document discusses named entity (NE) recognition in digitized historical texts. It describes how NEs like people, locations and organizations can be identified during optical character recognition (OCR) and retrieved for users. The key steps include building an NE lexicon database by collecting data, tagging and enriching NEs with metadata, and linking variant names. This helps improve OCR quality and allows users to find NEs despite spelling variations in historical texts.
This document provides 73 slides summarizing aspects of Syrian history from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. It covers topics like daily life in Syria under Ottoman rule, the establishment of the Hejaz Railway, the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans during WWI, the rule of King Faysal I of Syria from 1918-1920, and the subsequent French Mandate over Syria. The slides include photos of people, places, and events during this pivotal period in early 20th century Syrian history.
5. Emperor Qianlong's Letter to King George IIILuan TEFL 101
The Chinese Emperor Qianlong sends a letter to King George III of England in response to requests made by Lord Macartney during an English trade mission to China in 1793. [1] The emperor denies all of Macartney's requests, including to establish diplomatic representation in Beijing, open additional Chinese ports to British trade, allow British merchants to live and trade in Chinese cities, and have freedom to spread Christianity. [2] He argues these requests violate longstanding Chinese laws and customs. [3] The emperor warns King George that if British merchants disobey and attempt to land or trade in unauthorized areas, they will be expelled and it will be the king's fault for not heeding this clear decree.
Desmond hansen the enigma of lawrence - journal of historical review volum...RareBooksnRecords
T.E. Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia, was a British military leader and strategist who helped plan and lead an Arab rebellion against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. However, his efforts were ultimately betrayed by British and French political interests that divided up the Arab territories between them. Lawrence died young in a motorcycle accident that some believe may not have been accidental, given his controversial views and connections. He remains an enigma whose legacy inspired both British and Arab nationalism.
Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba after his abdication in 1814. While on Elba, Napoleon implemented economic and social reforms to improve life for the island's residents. However, Napoleon only stayed on Elba for 300 days before returning to France to begin the Hundred Days campaign. Meanwhile, the Congress of Vienna was convened to settle territorial and political issues in post-Napoleon Europe. The Congress was also known for the social scene in Vienna at the time, with balls and parties influencing the negotiations through relationships between diplomats and women.
Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, was a famous Castilian general and ruler in medieval Spain. He helped King Sancho II defeat his rivals but fell out of favor after Sancho's death. El Cid went on to serve Muslim rulers in Zaragoza while expanding his own power. In 1094, he captured Valencia after a long siege and established himself as the ruler, governing over both Christians and Muslims. El Cid ruled Valencia until his death in 1099, though the city was later abandoned by Christian forces and retaken by the Almoravids.
El Cid, also known as Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, was a national hero of Spain known for his remarkable military ability and conquest of Valencia. As the standard-bearer for King Sancho II, he loyally served King Alfonso for many years until being exiled for an unauthorized raid. He then fought for Muslim rulers in Saragossa for a decade before Alfonso recalled him from exile. El Cid went on to successfully capture and rule Valencia until his death, after which he became the subject of many legends and poems that obscured the actual facts of his life.
The document discusses named entity (NE) recognition in digitized historical texts. It describes how NEs like people, locations and organizations can be identified during optical character recognition (OCR) and retrieved for users. The key steps include building an NE lexicon database by collecting data, tagging and enriching NEs with metadata, and linking variant names. This helps improve OCR quality and allows users to find NEs despite spelling variations in historical texts.
This document provides 73 slides summarizing aspects of Syrian history from the late 1800s to the early 1900s. It covers topics like daily life in Syria under Ottoman rule, the establishment of the Hejaz Railway, the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans during WWI, the rule of King Faysal I of Syria from 1918-1920, and the subsequent French Mandate over Syria. The slides include photos of people, places, and events during this pivotal period in early 20th century Syrian history.
5. Emperor Qianlong's Letter to King George IIILuan TEFL 101
The Chinese Emperor Qianlong sends a letter to King George III of England in response to requests made by Lord Macartney during an English trade mission to China in 1793. [1] The emperor denies all of Macartney's requests, including to establish diplomatic representation in Beijing, open additional Chinese ports to British trade, allow British merchants to live and trade in Chinese cities, and have freedom to spread Christianity. [2] He argues these requests violate longstanding Chinese laws and customs. [3] The emperor warns King George that if British merchants disobey and attempt to land or trade in unauthorized areas, they will be expelled and it will be the king's fault for not heeding this clear decree.
Sea power 2 session 10-decline and fall of the French EmpireJim Powers
1) Pitt, the British Prime Minister, died in January 1806 after sacrificing his health to lead Britain against Napoleon. His death left a void, as his opponent Fox recognized.
2) Fox became Foreign Secretary and initiated peace talks with France, but Napoleon's increasing control over Europe and hostility towards Britain ended any chances for peace. Fox died six months later, realizing the depths of Napoleon's opposition.
3) At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon and the Russian Czar Alexander agreed to divide influence in Europe between France and Russia, with other countries expected to align with them. This threatened to give Napoleon control of naval forces that could challenge British sea power.
1) The document summarizes Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War, specifically recounting his campaign against the Helvetii tribe who were migrating through Gaul in 58 BC.
2) It describes how the Helvetii planned to move through Roman Gaul but Caesar prevented their passage, instead forcing them to travel through the narrow territory of the Sequani.
3) Caesar then hurried to Italy to raise additional legions before catching up to the Helvetii in Gaul and defeating the rear division of their forces at the Saone River, avenging earlier Roman losses to the Helvetii.
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
The Gallic Wars
By Julius Caesar
Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
Chapter 1
All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in
their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language,
customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine
separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from
the civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and
import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who
dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war; for which reason the Helvetii also
surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when
they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of
these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone; it is bounded
by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the
Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and stretches toward the north. The Belgae rises from
the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and
the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of
the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.
Chapter 2
Among the Helvetii, Orgetorix was by far the most distinguished and wealthy. He, when Marcus Messala
and Marcus Piso were consuls, incited by lust of sovereignty, formed a conspiracy among the nobility,
and persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions, [saying] that it
would be very easy, since they excelled all in valor, to acquire the supremacy of the whole of Gaul. To
this he the more easily persuaded them, because the Helvetii, are confined on every side by the nature
of their situation; on one side by the Rhine, a very broad and deep river, which separates the Helvetian
territory from the Germans; on a second side by the Jura, a very high mountain, which is [situated]
between the Sequani and the Helvetii; on a third by the Lake of Geneva, and by the river Rhone, which
separates our Province from the Helvetii. From these circumstances it resulted, that they could range
less widely, and could less easily make war upon their neighbors; for which reason men fond of war [as
they were] were affected with great regret. They thought, that considering the extent of their
population, and their renown for warfare and bra ...
This is a report about the Ninth Circle of Dante Alighieri's "Inferno."
This is a major requirement for my Continental Literature (LIT 104) class under Dr. Irene J. Lising, Ph.D.
The campaign which puts paid to Napoleon's chances for ultimate victory. The Army of England is stymied by the Royal Navy in1803-1805. So Napoleon develops his Grand Design. With negative results.
This document provides a summary of Napoleon Bonaparte's plan to secretly transport 60,000 troops across the Alps to surprise the Austrian forces in Italy. It describes the difficult terrain of the mountain passes and Napoleon's meticulous preparations, including collecting supplies, repair shops, and hospitals along the route. On May 7th, 1800, Napoleon departed Paris to begin the movement of troops across the Alps, hoping to descend into Italy and cut off the Austrians from reinforcements.
The Frankish Kingdom was established in the 5th century by Merovech and expanded by his grandson Clovis. After Clovis' death, the kingdom was divided among his sons. Power later fell to the Mayors of the Palace, most notably Charles Martel, before Pippin the Short established the Carolingian dynasty in 751. Charlemagne conquered much of Western Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800. His empire did not long survive his death and was divided among his grandsons in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun.
The document summarizes several indigenous uprisings against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines between 1621-1751. It describes:
1) The 1621 rebellion in Bohol led by Tamblot, a native priest of a diwata (demon), who persuaded villagers to reject Christianity and Spanish rule by promising protection from the diwata. The rebellion was suppressed by Spanish forces.
2) The 1660 Pampanga rebellion led by chieftain Francisco Maniago against abusive woodcutter overseers. Though they negotiated with authorities, the rebellion continued due to mistranslated promises of amnesty.
3) Agrarian-based revolts in Tagalog provinces in 1745 against abusive
Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon were two of the most prominent poets of World War I. [1] Both served as soldiers in the trenches of Europe during the war and drew from their horrific experiences to write realistic, shocking poetry that depicted the horrors of trench and gas warfare. [2] Their poetry stood in stark contrast to the prevailing public perception of war and helped change attitudes about the true nature of combat. [3] Both poets were greatly influenced by and influenced each other, with Sassoon helping Owen develop his style and voice before Owen's untimely death in 1918, shortly before the end of the war.
NEW-SPAINAmong other massacres was one which took place in Cho.docxhenrymartin15260
NEW-SPAIN
Among other massacres was one which took place in Cholula,
a great city of some thirty thousand inhabitants. When all the
dignitaries of the city and the region came out to welcome the
Spaniards with all due pomp and ceremony, the priests to the
fore and the high/priest at the head of the procession, and then
proceeded to escort them into the city and lodge them in the
houses of the lord and the leading citizens, the Spaniards decided
that the moment had come to organize a massacre (or 'punishment'
as they themselves express such things) in order to inspire
fear and teiror in all the people of the territory. This was, indeed,
the pattern they followed in all the lands they invaded:
to stage a bloody massacre of the most public possible kind in
order to terrorize those meek and gentle peoples. What they did
was the following. They' requested the local lord to send for all
the nobles and leading citizens of the city and of all the surround-
ing communities subject to it and, as soon as they arrived and
entered the building to begin talks with the Spanish commander,
Ithey were seized without anyone outside getting wind of what
was afoot. Part of the original request was that they should
bring with them five or six thousand native bearers and these
were mustered in the courtyards when and as they arrived. One
could not watch these poor wretches getting ready to carry the
Spaniards' packs without taking pity on them, stark naked as
they were with only their modesty hidden from view, each with
a kind of little net on his shoulders in which he carried his own
modest store of provisions. They all got down on their haunches
and waited patiently like sheep. Once they were all safely inside
the courtyard, together with a number of others who were also
there at the time, armed guards took up positions covering the
exits and Spanish soldiers unsheathed their swords and grasped
their lances and proceeded to slaughter these poor innocents.
Not a single soul escaped. After a day or two had gone by,
several victims surfaced, soaked from head to foot in the blood
of their fellows beneath whose bodies they had sheltered (so
thick was the carpet of corpses in the courtyard) and, with tears
in their eyes, pleaded for their lives; but the Spaniards showed
them no mercy nor any compassion, and no sooner did they
crawl out from under the pile of corpses than they were butchered.
The Spanish commander gave orders that the leading citizens,
who numbered over a hundred and were roped together,
were to be tied to stakes set in the ground and burned alive. One
of these dignitaries, however, who may' well have been the first
among them and the king of that whole region, managed to get
free and took refuge, along with twenty or thirty or forty others,
in the great temple of the city, which was fortified and was
known in the local language as quu.
There they put up a stout
defence against the Spaniards which lasted f.
This document provides a summary of chapter 9 from the book "That One Face" which discusses the prophet Savonarola. It describes how Savonarola, like Dante before him, sought to deliver Florence from corrupt leaders through his preaching. As a Dominican monk in 15th century Florence, he denounced the corruption he saw in both the Church and state. He played a key role in the government that overthrew the Medici family and instituted political and moral reforms. Savonarola believed stable institutions required a moral foundation and that the prophet's role was to create a public conscience to guide government according to moral principles.
This document provides context and details regarding Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. It discusses Napoleon assembling a massive army of nearly 600,000 troops from across Europe. On June 22nd, Napoleon issued a proclamation to his soldiers before crossing the Niemen River into Russia. By early July, Napoleon's forces had occupied key cities like Kovno and Vilna while Russian forces under Barclay retreated. However, supplying such a large invasion force over long distances into Russia would prove extremely challenging.
The document provides background on the Comte de Fontaine, a noble from Poitou who faithfully supported the Bourbon monarchy during the French Revolution and wars in La Vendee. After the monarchy was restored, Fontaine hoped to receive compensation for the money he spent supporting the royalist cause, but found the new Court system had changed. He grew disillusioned with the new constitutional system and King Louis XVIII. The story describes Fontaine's interactions with the King at court and his eventual appointment to an administrative role thanks to his intelligence and ability to entertain the King with political anecdotes.
Excellent depiction of How Shaddai sends HIS son Emmanuel to win Mansoul...The warfare is to make Mansoul recognise & realise HIS Father's Love for Mansoul
The document provides a summary of the origins and early development of Italian literature from the 5th century through the 13th century. It describes how Latin tradition was maintained after the fall of the Western Roman Empire by writers like Cassiodorus and Boetius. Early Italian literature was influenced by French and Provençal languages and genres like chansons de geste. Religious poetry emerged in the 13th century associated with movements like that of St. Francis of Assisi and figures like Jacopone da Todi. Early religious dramas also appeared in this period, influenced by preachers and connected to penitential brotherhoods.
Sea power 2-session 7-napoleon and nelsonJim Powers
Horatio Nelson and Napoleon Bonaparte were two ambitious military leaders who came to symbolize their respective nations of Britain and France in the late 18th century. In 1798, Bonaparte led a French expeditionary force in invading Egypt, hoping to establish a base to threaten British control of India. Unbeknownst to Bonaparte, the British admiral Nelson was searching the Mediterranean for the French fleet. Nelson's and Bonaparte's fleets narrowly missed encountering each other off the coast of Egypt. Nelson then departed Alexandria, allowing Bonaparte's forces to land unopposed. A few weeks later, Nelson received word of where the French fleet was anchored and prepared for a decisive battle.
George Orwell explains the four main motives that drive writers: (1) egoism and desire for fame, (2) aesthetic enthusiasm for language and storytelling, (3) the historical impulse to uncover facts, and (4) political purpose to change society. As a child, Orwell engaged in extensive imaginary storytelling and worked on various unsuccessful poems and stories. He was drawn to descriptive writing styles and wanted to write large naturalistic novels. His experiences in Burma and later poverty influenced his political views and pushed him towards writing pamphlets.
The document outlines the rules of a vocabulary game where teams must guess the 5 most common answers from a survey of 100 people for 20 categories that include sports, names, animals, clothing, beach items, body parts, bedtime activities, zoo animals, internet activities, things lost with age, pierced body parts, and school activities.
Romeo & Juliet for ESL Beginners - ScriptLuan TEFL 101
Juliet tells her parents that she has met a wonderful man from France and wants to marry him. Her father is upset because the man is a foreigner. Her mother is also unhappy because Juliet did not discuss it with them first and only met the man two weeks ago. They want to meet the man first and make sure he has a good job and can support Juliet financially. Juliet insists that she loves him and wants to marry him regardless of her parents' objections or lack of financial support.
George Orwell's style prescriptions from 'Politics and the English Language' - a call to arms against the widespread use of vague phrasing and diction.
Here are some examples of soundbites and spin:
- "Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime." - A soundbite emphasizing a balanced approach to criminal justice.
- When announcing budget cuts, a government spokesperson said they were "streamlining operations for greater efficiency" rather than saying "cutting services to save money." This is an example of spin.
- After a policy failure, a representative said "We're learning as we go along" instead of "We made a mistake." Again, this spins a negative into a more positive light.
Explain to students that both soundbites and spin are common political communication techniques used to manage public perceptions of policies, leaders, and events
More Related Content
Similar to 3. Niccolo Machiavelli - The Duke Valentino
Sea power 2 session 10-decline and fall of the French EmpireJim Powers
1) Pitt, the British Prime Minister, died in January 1806 after sacrificing his health to lead Britain against Napoleon. His death left a void, as his opponent Fox recognized.
2) Fox became Foreign Secretary and initiated peace talks with France, but Napoleon's increasing control over Europe and hostility towards Britain ended any chances for peace. Fox died six months later, realizing the depths of Napoleon's opposition.
3) At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon and the Russian Czar Alexander agreed to divide influence in Europe between France and Russia, with other countries expected to align with them. This threatened to give Napoleon control of naval forces that could challenge British sea power.
1) The document summarizes Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War, specifically recounting his campaign against the Helvetii tribe who were migrating through Gaul in 58 BC.
2) It describes how the Helvetii planned to move through Roman Gaul but Caesar prevented their passage, instead forcing them to travel through the narrow territory of the Sequani.
3) Caesar then hurried to Italy to raise additional legions before catching up to the Helvetii in Gaul and defeating the rear division of their forces at the Saone River, avenging earlier Roman losses to the Helvetii.
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
The Gallic Wars
By Julius Caesar
Translated by W. A. McDevitte and W. S. Bohn
http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.1.1.html
Chapter 1
All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, those who in
their own language are called Celts, in our Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language,
customs and laws. The river Garonne separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the Marne and the Seine
separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from
the civilization and refinement of [our] Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and
import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germans, who
dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war; for which reason the Helvetii also
surpass the rest of the Gauls in valor, as they contend with the Germans in almost daily battles, when
they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of
these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river Rhone; it is bounded
by the river Garonne, the ocean, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the
Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river Rhine, and stretches toward the north. The Belgae rises from
the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and
the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the river Garonne to the Pyrenaean mountains and to that part of
the ocean which is near Spain: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star.
Chapter 2
Among the Helvetii, Orgetorix was by far the most distinguished and wealthy. He, when Marcus Messala
and Marcus Piso were consuls, incited by lust of sovereignty, formed a conspiracy among the nobility,
and persuaded the people to go forth from their territories with all their possessions, [saying] that it
would be very easy, since they excelled all in valor, to acquire the supremacy of the whole of Gaul. To
this he the more easily persuaded them, because the Helvetii, are confined on every side by the nature
of their situation; on one side by the Rhine, a very broad and deep river, which separates the Helvetian
territory from the Germans; on a second side by the Jura, a very high mountain, which is [situated]
between the Sequani and the Helvetii; on a third by the Lake of Geneva, and by the river Rhone, which
separates our Province from the Helvetii. From these circumstances it resulted, that they could range
less widely, and could less easily make war upon their neighbors; for which reason men fond of war [as
they were] were affected with great regret. They thought, that considering the extent of their
population, and their renown for warfare and bra ...
This is a report about the Ninth Circle of Dante Alighieri's "Inferno."
This is a major requirement for my Continental Literature (LIT 104) class under Dr. Irene J. Lising, Ph.D.
The campaign which puts paid to Napoleon's chances for ultimate victory. The Army of England is stymied by the Royal Navy in1803-1805. So Napoleon develops his Grand Design. With negative results.
This document provides a summary of Napoleon Bonaparte's plan to secretly transport 60,000 troops across the Alps to surprise the Austrian forces in Italy. It describes the difficult terrain of the mountain passes and Napoleon's meticulous preparations, including collecting supplies, repair shops, and hospitals along the route. On May 7th, 1800, Napoleon departed Paris to begin the movement of troops across the Alps, hoping to descend into Italy and cut off the Austrians from reinforcements.
The Frankish Kingdom was established in the 5th century by Merovech and expanded by his grandson Clovis. After Clovis' death, the kingdom was divided among his sons. Power later fell to the Mayors of the Palace, most notably Charles Martel, before Pippin the Short established the Carolingian dynasty in 751. Charlemagne conquered much of Western Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800. His empire did not long survive his death and was divided among his grandsons in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun.
The document summarizes several indigenous uprisings against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines between 1621-1751. It describes:
1) The 1621 rebellion in Bohol led by Tamblot, a native priest of a diwata (demon), who persuaded villagers to reject Christianity and Spanish rule by promising protection from the diwata. The rebellion was suppressed by Spanish forces.
2) The 1660 Pampanga rebellion led by chieftain Francisco Maniago against abusive woodcutter overseers. Though they negotiated with authorities, the rebellion continued due to mistranslated promises of amnesty.
3) Agrarian-based revolts in Tagalog provinces in 1745 against abusive
Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon were two of the most prominent poets of World War I. [1] Both served as soldiers in the trenches of Europe during the war and drew from their horrific experiences to write realistic, shocking poetry that depicted the horrors of trench and gas warfare. [2] Their poetry stood in stark contrast to the prevailing public perception of war and helped change attitudes about the true nature of combat. [3] Both poets were greatly influenced by and influenced each other, with Sassoon helping Owen develop his style and voice before Owen's untimely death in 1918, shortly before the end of the war.
NEW-SPAINAmong other massacres was one which took place in Cho.docxhenrymartin15260
NEW-SPAIN
Among other massacres was one which took place in Cholula,
a great city of some thirty thousand inhabitants. When all the
dignitaries of the city and the region came out to welcome the
Spaniards with all due pomp and ceremony, the priests to the
fore and the high/priest at the head of the procession, and then
proceeded to escort them into the city and lodge them in the
houses of the lord and the leading citizens, the Spaniards decided
that the moment had come to organize a massacre (or 'punishment'
as they themselves express such things) in order to inspire
fear and teiror in all the people of the territory. This was, indeed,
the pattern they followed in all the lands they invaded:
to stage a bloody massacre of the most public possible kind in
order to terrorize those meek and gentle peoples. What they did
was the following. They' requested the local lord to send for all
the nobles and leading citizens of the city and of all the surround-
ing communities subject to it and, as soon as they arrived and
entered the building to begin talks with the Spanish commander,
Ithey were seized without anyone outside getting wind of what
was afoot. Part of the original request was that they should
bring with them five or six thousand native bearers and these
were mustered in the courtyards when and as they arrived. One
could not watch these poor wretches getting ready to carry the
Spaniards' packs without taking pity on them, stark naked as
they were with only their modesty hidden from view, each with
a kind of little net on his shoulders in which he carried his own
modest store of provisions. They all got down on their haunches
and waited patiently like sheep. Once they were all safely inside
the courtyard, together with a number of others who were also
there at the time, armed guards took up positions covering the
exits and Spanish soldiers unsheathed their swords and grasped
their lances and proceeded to slaughter these poor innocents.
Not a single soul escaped. After a day or two had gone by,
several victims surfaced, soaked from head to foot in the blood
of their fellows beneath whose bodies they had sheltered (so
thick was the carpet of corpses in the courtyard) and, with tears
in their eyes, pleaded for their lives; but the Spaniards showed
them no mercy nor any compassion, and no sooner did they
crawl out from under the pile of corpses than they were butchered.
The Spanish commander gave orders that the leading citizens,
who numbered over a hundred and were roped together,
were to be tied to stakes set in the ground and burned alive. One
of these dignitaries, however, who may' well have been the first
among them and the king of that whole region, managed to get
free and took refuge, along with twenty or thirty or forty others,
in the great temple of the city, which was fortified and was
known in the local language as quu.
There they put up a stout
defence against the Spaniards which lasted f.
This document provides a summary of chapter 9 from the book "That One Face" which discusses the prophet Savonarola. It describes how Savonarola, like Dante before him, sought to deliver Florence from corrupt leaders through his preaching. As a Dominican monk in 15th century Florence, he denounced the corruption he saw in both the Church and state. He played a key role in the government that overthrew the Medici family and instituted political and moral reforms. Savonarola believed stable institutions required a moral foundation and that the prophet's role was to create a public conscience to guide government according to moral principles.
This document provides context and details regarding Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. It discusses Napoleon assembling a massive army of nearly 600,000 troops from across Europe. On June 22nd, Napoleon issued a proclamation to his soldiers before crossing the Niemen River into Russia. By early July, Napoleon's forces had occupied key cities like Kovno and Vilna while Russian forces under Barclay retreated. However, supplying such a large invasion force over long distances into Russia would prove extremely challenging.
The document provides background on the Comte de Fontaine, a noble from Poitou who faithfully supported the Bourbon monarchy during the French Revolution and wars in La Vendee. After the monarchy was restored, Fontaine hoped to receive compensation for the money he spent supporting the royalist cause, but found the new Court system had changed. He grew disillusioned with the new constitutional system and King Louis XVIII. The story describes Fontaine's interactions with the King at court and his eventual appointment to an administrative role thanks to his intelligence and ability to entertain the King with political anecdotes.
Excellent depiction of How Shaddai sends HIS son Emmanuel to win Mansoul...The warfare is to make Mansoul recognise & realise HIS Father's Love for Mansoul
The document provides a summary of the origins and early development of Italian literature from the 5th century through the 13th century. It describes how Latin tradition was maintained after the fall of the Western Roman Empire by writers like Cassiodorus and Boetius. Early Italian literature was influenced by French and Provençal languages and genres like chansons de geste. Religious poetry emerged in the 13th century associated with movements like that of St. Francis of Assisi and figures like Jacopone da Todi. Early religious dramas also appeared in this period, influenced by preachers and connected to penitential brotherhoods.
Sea power 2-session 7-napoleon and nelsonJim Powers
Horatio Nelson and Napoleon Bonaparte were two ambitious military leaders who came to symbolize their respective nations of Britain and France in the late 18th century. In 1798, Bonaparte led a French expeditionary force in invading Egypt, hoping to establish a base to threaten British control of India. Unbeknownst to Bonaparte, the British admiral Nelson was searching the Mediterranean for the French fleet. Nelson's and Bonaparte's fleets narrowly missed encountering each other off the coast of Egypt. Nelson then departed Alexandria, allowing Bonaparte's forces to land unopposed. A few weeks later, Nelson received word of where the French fleet was anchored and prepared for a decisive battle.
Similar to 3. Niccolo Machiavelli - The Duke Valentino (16)
George Orwell explains the four main motives that drive writers: (1) egoism and desire for fame, (2) aesthetic enthusiasm for language and storytelling, (3) the historical impulse to uncover facts, and (4) political purpose to change society. As a child, Orwell engaged in extensive imaginary storytelling and worked on various unsuccessful poems and stories. He was drawn to descriptive writing styles and wanted to write large naturalistic novels. His experiences in Burma and later poverty influenced his political views and pushed him towards writing pamphlets.
The document outlines the rules of a vocabulary game where teams must guess the 5 most common answers from a survey of 100 people for 20 categories that include sports, names, animals, clothing, beach items, body parts, bedtime activities, zoo animals, internet activities, things lost with age, pierced body parts, and school activities.
Romeo & Juliet for ESL Beginners - ScriptLuan TEFL 101
Juliet tells her parents that she has met a wonderful man from France and wants to marry him. Her father is upset because the man is a foreigner. Her mother is also unhappy because Juliet did not discuss it with them first and only met the man two weeks ago. They want to meet the man first and make sure he has a good job and can support Juliet financially. Juliet insists that she loves him and wants to marry him regardless of her parents' objections or lack of financial support.
George Orwell's style prescriptions from 'Politics and the English Language' - a call to arms against the widespread use of vague phrasing and diction.
Here are some examples of soundbites and spin:
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Explain to students that both soundbites and spin are common political communication techniques used to manage public perceptions of policies, leaders, and events
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
1. Niccolo Machiavelli – A description of the methods adopted by the Duke Valentino
when murdering Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, the Signor Pagolo, and the
Duke di Gravina Orsini
The Duke Valentino had returned from Lombardy, where he had been to clear himself with the
King of France from the calumnies which had been raised against him by the Florentines
concerning the rebellion of Arezzo and other towns in the Val di Chiana, and had arrived
at Imola, whence he intended with his army to enter upon the campaign against
Giovanni Bentivogli, the tyrant of Bologna: for he intended to bring that city under his
domination, and to make it the head of his Romagnian duchy.
These matters coming to the knowledge of the Vitelli and Orsini and their following, it appeared
to them that the duke would become too powerful, and it was feared that, having seized
Bologna, he would seek to destroy them in order that he might become supreme in Italy. Upon
this a meeting was called at Magione in the district of Perugia, to which came the cardinal,
Pagolo, and the Duke di Gravina Orsini, Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, Gianpagolo
Baglioni, the tyrant of Perugia, and Messer Antonio da Venafro, sent by Pandolfo Petrucci, the
Prince of Siena. Here were discussed the power and courage of the duke and the necessity of
curbing his ambitions, which might otherwise bring danger to the rest of being ruined. And they
decided not to abandon the Bentivogli, but to strive to win over the Florentines; and they send
their men to one place and another, promising to one party assistance and to another
encouragement to unite with them against the common enemy. This meeting was at once
reported throughout all Italy, and those who were discontented under the duke, among whom
were the people of Urbino, took hope of effecting a revolution.
Thus it arose that, men’s minds being thus unsettled, it was decided by certain men ofUrbino to
seize the fortress of San Leo, which was held for the duke, and which they captured by the
following means. The castellan was fortifying the rock and causing timber to be taken there; so
the conspirators watched, and when certain beams which were being carried to the rock were
upon the bridge, so that it was prevented from being drawn up by those inside, they took the
opportunity of leaping upon the bridge and thence into the fortress. Upon this capture
being effected, the whole state rebelled and recalled the old duke, being encouraged in this, not
so much by the capture of the fort, as by the Diet at Magione, from whom they expected to get
assistance.
Those who heard of the rebellion at Urbino thought they would not lose the opportunity, and
at once assembled their men so as to take any town, should any remain in the hands of the duke
in that state; and they sent again to Florence to beg that republic to join with them in destroying
the common firebrand, showing that the risk was lessened and that they ought not to wait for
another opportunity.
But the Florentines, from hatred, for sundry reasons, of the Vitelli and Orsini, not only would
not ally themselves, but sent Nicolo Machiavelli, their secretary, to offer shelter and assistance
to the duke against his enemies. The duke was found full of fear at Imola, because, against
everybody’s expectation, his soldiers had at once gone over to the enemy and he found himself
2. disarmed and war at his door. But recovering courage from the offers of the Florentines, he
decided to temporize before fighting with the few soldiers that remained to him, and to
negotiate for a reconciliation, and also to get assistance. This latter he obtained in two ways, by
sending to the King of France for men and by enlisting men-at-arms and others whom he turned
into cavalry of a sort: to all he gave money.
Notwithstanding this, his enemies drew near to him, and approached Fossombrone, where they
encountered some men of the duke and, with the aid of the Orsini and Vitelli, routed them.
When this happened, the duke resolved at once to see if he could not close the trouble with
offers of reconciliation, and being a most perfect dissembler he did not fail in any practices to
make the insurgents understand that he wished every man who had acquired anything to keep it,
as it was enough for him to have the title of prince, whilst others might have the principality.
And the duke succeeded so well in this that they sent Signor Pagolo to him to negotiate for a
reconciliation, and they brought their army to a standstill. But the duke did not stop his
preparations, and took every care to provide himself with cavalry and infantry, and that such
preparations might not be apparent to the others, he sent his troops in separate parties to
every part of the Romagna. In the meanwhile there came also to him five hundred French
lancers, and although he found himself sufficiently strong to take vengeance on his enemies in
open war, he considered that it would be safer and more advantageous to outwit them, and for
this reason he did not stop the work of reconciliation.
And that this might be effected the duke concluded a peace with them in which he confirmed
their former covenants; he gave them four thousand ducats at once; he promised not to injure
the Bentivogli; and he formed an alliance with Giovanni; and moreover he would not force them
to come personally into his presence unless it pleased them to do so. On the other hand, they
promised to restore to him the duchy of Urbinoand other places seized by them, to serve him
in all his expeditions, and not to make war against or ally themselves with any one without his
permission.
This reconciliation being completed, Guido Ubaldo, the Duke of Urbino, again fled to Venice,
having first destroyed all the fortresses in his state; because, trusting in the people, he did not
wish that the fortresses, which he did not think he could defend, should be held by the enemy,
since by these means a check would be kept upon his friends. But the Duke Valentino, having
completed this convention, and dispersed his men throughout theRomagna, set out for Imola at
the end of November together with his French men-at-arms: thence he went to Cesena, where
he stayed some time to negotiate with the envoys of the Vitelli and Orsini, who had assembled
with their men in the duchy of Urbino, as to the enterprise in which they should now take part;
but nothing being concluded,Oliverotto da Fermo was sent to propose that if the duke wished
to undertake an expedition against Tuscany they were ready; if he did not wish it, then they
would besiegeSinigalia. To this the duke replied that he did not wish to enter into war with
Tuscany, and thus become hostile to the Florentines, but that he was very willing to proceed
against Sinigalia.
3. It happened that not long afterwards the town surrendered, but the fortress would not yield to
them because the castellan would not give it up to any one but the duke in person; therefore
they exhorted him to come there. This appeared a good opportunity to the duke, as, being
invited by them, and not going of his own will, he would awaken no suspicions. And the more to
reassure them, he allowed all the French men-at-arms who were with him in Lombardy to
depart, except the hundred lancers under Mons. di Candales, his brother-in-law. He
left Cesena about the middle of December, and went to Fano, and with the utmost cunning and
cleverness he persuaded the Vitelli and Orsini to wait for him at Sinigalia, pointing out to them
that any lack of compliance would cast a doubt upon the sincerity and permanency of the
reconciliation, and that he was a man who wished to make use of the arms and councils of his
friends. But Vitellozzo remained very stubborn, for the death of his brother warned him that he
should not offend a prince and afterwards trust him; nevertheless, persuaded by Pagolo Orsini,
whom the duke had corrupted with gifts and promises, he agreed to wait.
Upon this the duke, before his departure from Fano, which was to be on 30th December 1502,
communicated his designs to eight of his most trusted followers, among whom were Don
Michele and the Monsignor d’Euna, who was afterwards cardinal; and he ordered that, as soon
as Vitellozzo, Pagolo Orsini, the Duke di Gravina, and Oliverotto should arrive, his followers in
pairs should take them one by one, entrusting certain men to certain pairs, who should
entertain them until they reached Sinigalia; nor should they be permitted to leave until they
came to the duke’s quarters, where they should be seized.
The duke afterwards ordered all his horsemen and infantry, of which there were more than two
thousand cavalry and ten thousand footmen, to assemble by daybreak at theMetauro, a river five
miles distant from Fano, and await him there. He found himself, therefore, on the last day of
December at the Metauro with his men, and having sent a cavalcade of about two hundred
horsemen before him, he then moved forward the infantry, whom he accompanied with the rest
of the men-at-arms.
Fano and Sinigalia are two cities of La Marca situate on the shore of the Adriatic Sea, fifteen
miles distant from each other, so that he who goes towards Sinigalia has the mountains on his
right hand, the bases of which are touched by the sea in some places. The city of Sinigalia is
distant from the foot of the mountains a little more than a bow-shot and from the shore about a
mile. On the side opposite to the city runs a little river which bathes that part of the walls
looking towards Fano, facing the high road. Thus he who draws near to Sinigalia comes for a
good space by road along the mountains, and reaches the river which passes by Sinigalia. If he
turns to his left hand along the bank of it, and goes for the distance of a bow-shot, he arrives at
a bridge which crosses the river; he is then almost abreast of the gate that leads into Sinigalia,
not by a straight line, but transversely. Before this gate there stands a collection of houses with
a square to which the bank of the river forms one side.
The Vitelli and Orsini having received orders to wait for the duke, and to honour him in person,
sent away their men to several castles distant from Sinigalia about six miles, so that room could
be made for the men of the duke; and they left in Sinigalia only Oliverottoand his band, which
consisted of one thousand infantry and one hundred and fifty horsemen, who were quartered in
4. the suburb mentioned above. Matters having been thus arranged, the Duke Valentino left
for Sinigalia, and when the leaders of the cavalry reached the bridge they did not pass over, but
having opened it, one portion wheeled towards the river and the other towards the country,
and a way was left in the middle through which the infantry passed, without stopping, into the
town.
Vitellozzo, Pagolo, and the Duke di Gravina on mules, accompanied by a few horsemen, went
towards the duke; Vitellozo, unarmed and wearing a cape lined with green, appeared very
dejected, as if conscious of his approaching death—a circumstance which, in view of the ability
of the man and his former fortune, caused some amazement. And it is said that when he parted
from his men before setting out for Sinigalia to meet the duke he acted as if it were his last
parting from them. He recommended his house and its fortunes to his captains, and advised his
nephews that it was not the fortune of their house, but the virtues of their fathers that should
be kept in mind. These three, therefore, came before the duke and saluted him respectfully, and
were received by him with goodwill; they were at once placed between those who were
commissioned to look after them.
But the duke noticing that Oliverotto, who had remained with his band in Sinigalia, was
missing—for Oliverotto was waiting in the square before his quarters near the river, keeping his
men in order and drilling them—signalled with his eye to Don Michelle, to whom the care
of Oliverotto had been committed, that he should take measures that Oliverottoshould not
escape. Therefore Don Michele rode off and joined Oliverotto, telling him that it was not right
to keep his men out of their quarters, because these might be taken up by the men of the duke;
and he advised him to send them at once to their quarters and to come himself to meet the
duke. And Oliverotto, having taken this advice, came before the duke, who, when he saw him,
called to him; and Oliverotto, having made his obeisance, joined the others.
So the whole party entered Sinigalia, dismounted at the duke’s quarters, and went with him into
a secret chamber, where the duke made them prisoners; he then mounted on horseback, and
issued orders that the men of Oliverotto and the Orsini should be stripped of their arms. Those
of Oliverotto, being at hand, were quickly settled, but those of theOrsini and Vitelli, being at a
distance, and having a presentiment of the destruction of their masters, had time to prepare
themselves, and bearing in mind the valour and discipline of the Orsinian and Vitellian houses,
they stood together against the hostile forces of the country and saved themselves.
But the duke’s soldiers, not being content with having pillaged the men of Oliverotto, began to
sack Sinigalia, and if the duke had not repressed this outrage by killing some of them they would
have completely sacked it. Night having come and the tumult being silenced, the duke prepared
to kill Vitellozzo and Oliverotto; he led them into a room and caused them to be strangled.
Neither of them used words in keeping with their past lives:Vitellozzo prayed that he might ask
of the pope full pardon for his sins; Oliverotto cringed and laid the blame for all injuries against
the duke on Vitellozzo. Pagolo and the Duke diGravina Orsini were kept alive until the duke
heard from Rome that the pope had taken the Cardinal Orsino, the Archbishop of Florence, and
Messer Jacopo da Santa Croce. After which news, on 18th January 1502, in the castle of Pieve,
they also were strangled in the same way.