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Modern Times, Modern Spaces:
Interaction Genres and Multiminding in Network-Based Work
Dawna I. Ballard

University of Texas at Austin, Moody College of Communication
Chronemics...
study of time as it is bound to
human communication
Time talks. Space speaks. Hall,1959, 1966, 1983

The Silent Language
basic underlying cultural assumption
deepest level of culture that contains taken-for-granted and institutionalized beliefs and values
seldom rise to the conscious level for examination and discussion
Task vs Relational
distractions, privacy, inclusion in
work life
INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL
ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS 
COMMUNICATION
STRUCTURES
Activity 
Coordination 
 
Workplace 
Technologies 
 
Feedback  
Cycles 
 
DIMENSIONS OF
TEMPORAL EXPERIENCE 
 
ENACTMENTS
Flexibility 
Linearity 
Pace
Punctuality 
Delay 
Scheduling 
Separation
 
CONSTRUALS
Scarcity 
Urgency
Past Time Focus 
Present Time Focus
Future Time Focus
SYSTEM
CHARACTERISTICS
Industry Norms 
Occupational
Norms
Organizational
Culture
Work Group
Norms
INDIVIDUAL
CHARACTERISTICS
 
Social Identity
 
Home‐Work Conflicts 
 
Personality 
Demographics 
 
 
 
OUTCOMES
 
Communication Load
Interdepartmental
Relationships
Job Satisfaction
 
 = influences 
‐‐  = moderates 
12 dimensions
Separation…availability of attentional resources in time and space
small time scales (e.g., hourly, daily)
Proxemics...
study of space as it is bound to
human communication
Then things changed…globally.
Interaction work (McKinsey, 2012)
relies upon complex communication and coordination with others, yet requires independent judgment
CHRONEMICS
PROXEMICS
Synchronous
Asynchronous
ConnectingCommuting
Remote
ContemplatingChoosing
culling
same time
different time
our time
my time
my space
Colocated
our space
same spacedifferent space
Interaction Genres, circa 2008 (Austin, TX)
Separation (2x2) = 4 interaction genres
Space = Co-located versus Remote
Time = Synchronous versus Asynchronous
“socially recognized type of communicative actions…that are habitually enacted by members of a community to realize particular social
purposes…” (Orlikowski & Yates, 1994)
Then things changed more…circa 2012, globally
Interaction work (McKinsey, 2012)
relies upon complex communication and coordination with others, yet requires independent judgment
Minding (circa 2008, Silicon Valley CA)
attention management strategy
considers broader time scales (e.g., from hourly to annually)
beyond tasking (central to industrial work)
Hall, 1959 (anthropology) vs. Thompson, 1967 (historian)
CHRONEMICS
PROXEMICS
Synchronous
Asynchronous
ConnectingCommuting
Remote
ContemplatingChoosing
culling
same time
different time
our time
my time
my space
Colocated
our space
same spacedifferent space
Interaction Genres, circa 2008 (Austin, TX)
Separation (2x2) = 4 interaction genres
Space = Co-located versus Remote
Time = Synchronous versus Asynchronous
“socially recognized type of communicative actions…that are habitually enacted by members of a community to realize particular social
purposes…” (Orlikowski & Yates, 1994)
CHRONEMICS
PROXEMICS
Synchronous
Asynchronous
ConnectingCommuting
Remote
ContemplatingChoosing
culling
same time
different time
our time
my time
my space
Colocated
our space
same spacedifferent space
Interaction Genres, circa 2014
Together
across space
space of flows
Continuous
over time
timeless time
Separation (2x2) = 4 interaction genres
Space = Co-located versus Remote
Time = Synchronous versus Asynchronous
“socially recognized type of communicative actions…that are habitually enacted by members of a community to realize particular social
purposes…” (Orlikowski & Yates, 1994)
Contemplating Spatially = Co-located

Temporally = Asynchronous
Choosing Spatially = Remote 

Temporally = Asynchronous
Commuting Spatially = Remote 

Temporally = Synchronous
Coworking Spatially = Co-located

Temporally = Synchronous
(Multi)Minding Spatially = Together

Temporally = Continuous
to mind (v.)
1. to bring (an object or idea) to mind; remember 2. a. to become aware of;
notice b. to have in mind as a goal or purpose; intend 3. to attend to 4. to be
careful about 5. to care about; be concerned about 6. to take care or charge of;
look after

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MMINDDING - Dawna Ballard

  • 1. Modern Times, Modern Spaces: Interaction Genres and Multiminding in Network-Based Work Dawna I. Ballard University of Texas at Austin, Moody College of Communication
  • 2. Chronemics... study of time as it is bound to human communication
  • 3. Time talks. Space speaks. Hall,1959, 1966, 1983 The Silent Language basic underlying cultural assumption deepest level of culture that contains taken-for-granted and institutionalized beliefs and values seldom rise to the conscious level for examination and discussion
  • 4. Task vs Relational distractions, privacy, inclusion in work life
  • 5. INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL ORGANIZATIONAL ENVIRONMENTS  COMMUNICATION STRUCTURES Activity  Coordination    Workplace  Technologies    Feedback   Cycles    DIMENSIONS OF TEMPORAL EXPERIENCE    ENACTMENTS Flexibility  Linearity  Pace Punctuality  Delay  Scheduling  Separation   CONSTRUALS Scarcity  Urgency Past Time Focus  Present Time Focus Future Time Focus SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS Industry Norms  Occupational Norms Organizational Culture Work Group Norms INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS   Social Identity   Home‐Work Conflicts    Personality  Demographics        OUTCOMES   Communication Load Interdepartmental Relationships Job Satisfaction    = influences  ‐‐  = moderates  12 dimensions
  • 6. Separation…availability of attentional resources in time and space small time scales (e.g., hourly, daily)
  • 7. Proxemics... study of space as it is bound to human communication
  • 8. Then things changed…globally. Interaction work (McKinsey, 2012) relies upon complex communication and coordination with others, yet requires independent judgment
  • 9. CHRONEMICS PROXEMICS Synchronous Asynchronous ConnectingCommuting Remote ContemplatingChoosing culling same time different time our time my time my space Colocated our space same spacedifferent space Interaction Genres, circa 2008 (Austin, TX) Separation (2x2) = 4 interaction genres Space = Co-located versus Remote Time = Synchronous versus Asynchronous “socially recognized type of communicative actions…that are habitually enacted by members of a community to realize particular social purposes…” (Orlikowski & Yates, 1994)
  • 10. Then things changed more…circa 2012, globally Interaction work (McKinsey, 2012) relies upon complex communication and coordination with others, yet requires independent judgment
  • 11. Minding (circa 2008, Silicon Valley CA) attention management strategy considers broader time scales (e.g., from hourly to annually) beyond tasking (central to industrial work) Hall, 1959 (anthropology) vs. Thompson, 1967 (historian)
  • 12. CHRONEMICS PROXEMICS Synchronous Asynchronous ConnectingCommuting Remote ContemplatingChoosing culling same time different time our time my time my space Colocated our space same spacedifferent space Interaction Genres, circa 2008 (Austin, TX) Separation (2x2) = 4 interaction genres Space = Co-located versus Remote Time = Synchronous versus Asynchronous “socially recognized type of communicative actions…that are habitually enacted by members of a community to realize particular social purposes…” (Orlikowski & Yates, 1994)
  • 13. CHRONEMICS PROXEMICS Synchronous Asynchronous ConnectingCommuting Remote ContemplatingChoosing culling same time different time our time my time my space Colocated our space same spacedifferent space Interaction Genres, circa 2014 Together across space space of flows Continuous over time timeless time Separation (2x2) = 4 interaction genres Space = Co-located versus Remote Time = Synchronous versus Asynchronous “socially recognized type of communicative actions…that are habitually enacted by members of a community to realize particular social purposes…” (Orlikowski & Yates, 1994)
  • 14. Contemplating Spatially = Co-located Temporally = Asynchronous
  • 15. Choosing Spatially = Remote Temporally = Asynchronous
  • 16. Commuting Spatially = Remote Temporally = Synchronous
  • 17. Coworking Spatially = Co-located Temporally = Synchronous
  • 18. (Multi)Minding Spatially = Together Temporally = Continuous
  • 19. to mind (v.) 1. to bring (an object or idea) to mind; remember 2. a. to become aware of; notice b. to have in mind as a goal or purpose; intend 3. to attend to 4. to be careful about 5. to care about; be concerned about 6. to take care or charge of; look after