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第三章 需求与供给
1. 2 、需求曲线 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 价格 P   元 量 Q 斤 D 。 a 。 b
1 、需求理论 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1. 3 、影响需求的因素: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1.4 、需求量的变动和需求的变动 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 价格 P   元 量 Q 斤 D 。 a 。 b P 0 Q 0 P 1 Q 1
1.4.2  需求的变动 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 P   Q D 0 P 0 Q 0 Q 1 D 1 Q 2 D 2
小结: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2 、供给理论 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2. 2 、供给曲线 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 价格 P   元 量 Q 斤 S 。 a 。 b
2 . 3 、影响供给的因素: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2.4 、供给量的变动和供给的变动 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 价格 P   元 量 Q 斤 S 。 a 。 b P1 Q1 P2 Q2
2.4.2  供给的变动 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 P   Q S 0 P 0 Q 0 Q 1 S 1 Q 2 S 2
3  市场均衡
玉米片的需求和供给 结合前面的知识,从这张表格、你能得到什么样的结论 向上 短缺 0 20 1 E 向上 短缺 7 15 2 D 中立 均衡 12 12 3 C 向下 过剩 16 10 4 B 向下 过剩 18 9 5 A 对价格 的压力 市场 状态 供给量 (百万 / 年) 需求量 (百万盒 / 年) 价格 (美元 / 盒)  
3.1  市场均衡 ,[object Object],市场均衡发生在供给和需求力量达到平衡的价格与数量的点上。 在这个点上,买者所愿意购买的数量正好等于卖者所愿意出售的数量。
3.2  均衡价格 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],P Q D S P 0 Q 0
需求量与供给量、需求价格与供给价格同时相等,两者缺一不可。 ,[object Object],P Q D S P 0 Q 0 P Q D S P 0 Q 0 P1 Q1
3. 3 、供求定理 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4 、价格机制与价格政策 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.2 、价格政策 ,[object Object]
4.2.1  支持价格 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4.2.2  限制价格   政府为了限制某些生活必需品的物价上涨而规定的这些产品的最高价格。
限制价格的利与弊 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
5 、需求弹性 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
弹性系数( E d ) 用公式来表示: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
5.3   需求价格弹性的分类 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],P Q D1
二 需求有无限弹性  E =   ,[object Object],[object Object],P Q D2
三 单位需求弹性  E = 1 ,[object Object],D3
四 需求缺乏弹性  E < 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],D4
五 需求富有弹性  E > 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],D5
5.  4 、影响需求价格弹性的因素 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
5.5 、需求价格弹性理论的运用 ,[object Object],[object Object]
5.5.1  需求富有弹性  E > 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
小结: 对需求富有弹性的商品, E > 1 ,需求量变动的比率大于价格变动的比率。 价格下调 , 总收益增加 , 对生产者有利 ; 价格上调 , 总收益减少 , 对生产者不利。  “ 薄利多销”
5.5.2  需求缺乏弹性  E < 1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
小结: 对需求缺乏弹性的商品, E < 1 , 需求量变动的比率小于价格变动的比率。 价格上调 , 总收益增加 , 对生产者有利 ; 价格下调 , 总收益减少 , 对生产者不利。  “ 谷贱伤农”
[object Object],[object Object]
6 、  供给弹性 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
供给的弹性系数( E S ) 用公式来表示: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
供给价格弹性的几何意义与分类 S O P Q P S O P S O P S Q O P S S O P Q Q E=o E=∞ E=1 0<E<1 E>1
思考题 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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