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인천대학교
실험 없는 실험실
화학과 201800367 이종환
화학과 201800386 황은호
1
2023학년도 1학기
LINC 3.0 캡스톤디자인 경진대회
에너지 효율 개선을 위한 Singlet Fission 현상 탐구
2
Contents
1. Intro
2. What is Singlet Fission?
3. Purpose of Research
4. Computational Details
5. Result : Energy Correction / Structural Effect / Conformational Effect /
/ Solvation Effect & Methods
6. Conclusion
7. Future
3
Intro
4
▶ Concept of Singlet Fission (SF)
- External Stimulus(ex. Light)에 의해 생성된 하나의 Exciton이 2개의 Triplet으로 분열되는 현상
- 기존 태양전지의 에너지 전환 한계 (33%)를 극복함으로써 다양한 태양광 장치의 효율을 증진시키는데 기여할 것으로 기대
MIT의 Marc Baldo 교수는 Pentacene을 이용하여 126%의 Quantum Yield를 나타내는 태양전지를 개발하여 보고 (2013)
What is Singlet Fission?
W. Shockley and H. J. Queisser, App. Phys. 1961, 32, 510
THOMPSON, Nicholas J., et al. 2013, 103.26.
5
▶ SF Materials
- π - Conjugation이 형성된 Chromophores와 이들의 Derivatives
- Chromophores가 Covalently linked된 Dimers
- Conjugated polymers
What is Singlet Fission?
D. Casanova, Chemical reviews. 2018, 118(15), 7164-7207
6
▶ Bis-PBI
- Perylene Bisimide (PBI) : Absorption & Fluorescence properties를 쉽게 조절 가능
/ 우수한 Photostability / Self-assembly features
- Bis-PBI : PBI Monomer를 Linker로 연결한 Dimer
Linker에 따라 Bis-PBI 1 (Terphenyl) / Bis-PBI 2 (Biphenyl) / Bis-PBI 3 (Binaphthyl)로 분류
(‘Hong et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 17, 7845–7857‘ 논문 참조)
- 해당 연구에 따르면 Bis-PBI 2에서 SF가 잘 일어나고 Bis-PBI 3의 경우 Solvent의 Polarity가 증가함에 따라 SF가 잘 일어나는 것을 확인
What is Singlet Fission?
Hong et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 17, 7845–7857
7
▶ Key Point
- 양자화학 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 다양한 변수에 따라 Singlet Fission이 일어나는 속도 변화 비교
Purpose of Research
▶ Details
- Energy Correction과 Singlet Fission Rate Calculation을 위한 Python Script 작성
- Structural Effect : Structural Properties와 Singlet Fission Rate 사이의 상관관계 규명
- Conformational Effect : Linker의 배향에 따라 존재할 수 있는 Conformer 탐색 및 그들의 Singlet Fission Rate 비교
- Solvation Effect : Solvent의 종류가 Singlet Fission Rate에 미치는 영향 규명
- Methods : 양자화학 시뮬레이션 중 적절한 Exchange – Correlation Method 선정
8
▶ Options
- Simulation Package : Q-Chem 5.2
- Target : S0 state (Ground state)
- Jobtype : Geometry Optimization / Single Point (SP) / Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT)
/ Constrained Density Functional Theory (CDFT) / Restricted Active Space Spin Flip (RAS-SF)
/ AIMD (Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics)
- Exchange – Correlation Method : CAMB3LYP & WB97XD
- Basis set : 6-31G*
- Dispersion : DFT_D2 (Empirical grimme)
- Solvent model : PCM – CPCM
⇒ Target : Energy Level → Single Fission Rate
Computational Details
▶ Factors
- What Structure? : Distance between the monomers, Angle, etc.
- Which Conformer? : Vertical vs Lying vs Distant
- Which Solvent? : Toluene (Tol, 𝝐 = 𝟐. 𝟒) vs Trichloroethylene (TCE, 𝝐 = 𝟕. 𝟓) vs Benzonitrile (BCN, 𝝐 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓)
- Which Methods? : CAMB3LYP vs WB97XD
9
▶ Restricted Active Space Spin Flip (RAS-SF)
- Spin Flip을 고려하여 Ground State(𝑺𝟎)부터 Multiexciton State(ME)까지 이르는 다양한 State들의 Energy level을 계산
이를 이용해 𝑺𝟏 state와 ME state 사이의 Energy Level 차이, 즉 Singlet Fission Rate를 구할 수 있음
- 하지만 Dynamic Correlation을 포함하지 않아 계산의 정확도가 낮다는 한계점이 존재
∴ 계산의 정확도를 높일 수 있는 다른 방안이 필요
Results : Energy Correction
J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016, 120, 34, 19070–19077
𝑟1 = NAC 2
𝑒−𝛼𝛽Δ𝐸SF =
𝛾
Δ𝐸
2
𝑒−𝛼𝛽Δ𝐸SF
▶ Semi-Empirical Energy Correction
- USC의 Krylov 교수는 추가적인 DFT Calculation을 통해 Semi-Empirical하게 RAS-SF를 보정할 수 있는 방법을 제안 (2016)
10
▶ Coding using Python
- Energy Correction을 자동적으로 수행할 수 있는 Python Script를 작성
Results : Energy Correction
11
▶ Analysis of Structure
- AIMD를 통해 다양한 Structure를 얻고 각각에 대한 Singlet Fission Rate 비교
- Rate가 가장 빠른 것과 느린 것을 비교해보았을 때 Rate가 빨라질수록 Angle과 Distance가 커지는 경향성
하지만 Rate가 중간 정도인 Structure까지 고려하면 이러한 경향성이 유지되지 않음
∴ 단순히 수학적으로 구조를 Quantification함으로써 Singlet Fission rate를 예측하기 어려움
Results : Structural Effect
12
Results : Structural Effect
Index_290 Index_140
3.723 nm
3.548 nm
13
▶ Conformers of Bis-PBI
- Bis-PBI의 Linker가 Monomer에 대하여 어떤 배향을 하는지에 따라 다양한 Conformers가 존재할 수 있음
→ 3가지의 Conformers (Vertical, Lying, Distant) 상정
Results : Conformational Effect
Vertical Lying
Distant
14
▶ Energy Comparison
Results : Conformational Effect
Bis-PBI2 Bis-PBI3
CAMB3LYP WB97XD CAMB3LYP WB97XD
Vertical Lying Distant Vertical Lying Distant Vertical Lying Distant Vertical Lying Distant
Gas 0.00 3.53 14.67 0.00 3.58 12.66 4.38 0.00 13.99 3.55 0.00 13.25
Tol 0.00 1.42 14.40 0.38 0.00 12.56 2.43 0.00 10.95 1.94 0.00 13.62
TCE 0.00 0.06 13.98 1.51 0.00 13.47 1.51 0.00 9.50 0.95 0.00 12.40
BCN 0.45 0.00 14.27 1.92 0.00 13.92 1.16 0.00 8.96 0.58 0.00 11.98
* Unit : kcal/mol
- Bis-PBI2 : Polarity가 커질수록 Lying이 Stabilization
Bis-PBI3 : Polarity가 커질수록 Vertical과 Lying 사이의 Energy Gap이 감소하지만 여전히 Lying이 우세
Distant : Bis-PBI2와 Bis-PBI3 모두에서 High energy
∴ 상온에서는 Vertical과 Lying이 쉽게 상호변환 될 수 있고 Distant는 불가
Distant는 Light에 의해 자극을 받는 경우에만 가능한 Conformer
15
Results : Conformational Effect
▶ Singlet Fission Rate Comparison
- Vertical : (CAMB3LYP) -8.0 ~ -13.4 / (WB97XD) -7.6 ~ -12.1
Lying : (CAMB3LYP) -8.6 ~ -12.5 / (WB97XD) -8.2 ~ -12.4
Distant : (CAMB3LYP) -6.2 ~ -8.2 / (WB97XD) -5.9 ~ -7.5
∴ Distant가 가장 Singlet Fission Rate가 빠른 Conformer에 해당
(평상시) Vertical과 Lying이 혼재 → (외부 자극) Distant 가능해져서 Singlet Fission 속도 증가
16
▶ Bis-PBI2 : CAM-B3LYP
- Vertical : Gas < BCN < TCE < Tol
Lying : BCN ~ TCE < Tol ~ Gas
Distant : Gas < Tol < TCE < BCN
- (Vertical, Lying)
실험결과와 상이한 계산결과 도출
이는 S1 State가 아닌 S0 State로 계산했기 때문으로 추정
(Distant)
실험결과와 일치
Results : Solvation Effect & Methods
17
Results : Solvation Effect & Methods
▶ Bis-PBI2 : WB97XD
- Vertical : Tol < BCN < TCE < Gas
Lying : Tol < Gas < BCN < TCE
Distant : Gas < Tol < TCE < BCN
- (Vertical, Lying)
실험결과와 상이한 계산결과 도출
이는 S1 State가 아닌 S0 State로 계산했기 때문으로 추정
(Distant)
실험결과와 일치
∴ Solvation Effect와 Methods의 영향 모두 명확히 확인할 수 없었음
18
▶ Conclusion and Solutions
- Structural Effect : 단순히 수학적으로 구조를 Quantification함으로써 Singlet Fission rate를 예측하기 어려움
→ Electronic Properties를 반영하는 Exciton Coupling을 통해 Structural Quantification
- Conformational Effect : 상온에서는 Vertical과 Lying이 쉽게 상호변환 될 수 있고 Distant는 불가
Distant가 가장 Singlet Fission Rate가 빠른 Conformer에 해당
- Solvation Effect : (Vertical, Lying) 실험결과와 상이한 계산결과 도출
(Distant) 실험결과와 일치
→ Full CI와 같은 More Complex Calculation을 도입
- Methods : 두 Methods 모두 실험 결과를 완벽하게 설명하지 못했으므로 어느 것이 더 나은 Method라고 판단하기 어려움
→ ADC, CCSD 등과 같은 Highly Accurate Calculation을 통해 CAMB3LYP와 WB97XD 중 더 나은 Method 결정
Conclusion
19
Future
20
Acknowledgement

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230806_캡스톤디자인 경진대회.pptx

  • 1. 인천대학교 실험 없는 실험실 화학과 201800367 이종환 화학과 201800386 황은호 1 2023학년도 1학기 LINC 3.0 캡스톤디자인 경진대회 에너지 효율 개선을 위한 Singlet Fission 현상 탐구
  • 2. 2 Contents 1. Intro 2. What is Singlet Fission? 3. Purpose of Research 4. Computational Details 5. Result : Energy Correction / Structural Effect / Conformational Effect / / Solvation Effect & Methods 6. Conclusion 7. Future
  • 4. 4 ▶ Concept of Singlet Fission (SF) - External Stimulus(ex. Light)에 의해 생성된 하나의 Exciton이 2개의 Triplet으로 분열되는 현상 - 기존 태양전지의 에너지 전환 한계 (33%)를 극복함으로써 다양한 태양광 장치의 효율을 증진시키는데 기여할 것으로 기대 MIT의 Marc Baldo 교수는 Pentacene을 이용하여 126%의 Quantum Yield를 나타내는 태양전지를 개발하여 보고 (2013) What is Singlet Fission? W. Shockley and H. J. Queisser, App. Phys. 1961, 32, 510 THOMPSON, Nicholas J., et al. 2013, 103.26.
  • 5. 5 ▶ SF Materials - π - Conjugation이 형성된 Chromophores와 이들의 Derivatives - Chromophores가 Covalently linked된 Dimers - Conjugated polymers What is Singlet Fission? D. Casanova, Chemical reviews. 2018, 118(15), 7164-7207
  • 6. 6 ▶ Bis-PBI - Perylene Bisimide (PBI) : Absorption & Fluorescence properties를 쉽게 조절 가능 / 우수한 Photostability / Self-assembly features - Bis-PBI : PBI Monomer를 Linker로 연결한 Dimer Linker에 따라 Bis-PBI 1 (Terphenyl) / Bis-PBI 2 (Biphenyl) / Bis-PBI 3 (Binaphthyl)로 분류 (‘Hong et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 17, 7845–7857‘ 논문 참조) - 해당 연구에 따르면 Bis-PBI 2에서 SF가 잘 일어나고 Bis-PBI 3의 경우 Solvent의 Polarity가 증가함에 따라 SF가 잘 일어나는 것을 확인 What is Singlet Fission? Hong et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 17, 7845–7857
  • 7. 7 ▶ Key Point - 양자화학 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 다양한 변수에 따라 Singlet Fission이 일어나는 속도 변화 비교 Purpose of Research ▶ Details - Energy Correction과 Singlet Fission Rate Calculation을 위한 Python Script 작성 - Structural Effect : Structural Properties와 Singlet Fission Rate 사이의 상관관계 규명 - Conformational Effect : Linker의 배향에 따라 존재할 수 있는 Conformer 탐색 및 그들의 Singlet Fission Rate 비교 - Solvation Effect : Solvent의 종류가 Singlet Fission Rate에 미치는 영향 규명 - Methods : 양자화학 시뮬레이션 중 적절한 Exchange – Correlation Method 선정
  • 8. 8 ▶ Options - Simulation Package : Q-Chem 5.2 - Target : S0 state (Ground state) - Jobtype : Geometry Optimization / Single Point (SP) / Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) / Constrained Density Functional Theory (CDFT) / Restricted Active Space Spin Flip (RAS-SF) / AIMD (Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics) - Exchange – Correlation Method : CAMB3LYP & WB97XD - Basis set : 6-31G* - Dispersion : DFT_D2 (Empirical grimme) - Solvent model : PCM – CPCM ⇒ Target : Energy Level → Single Fission Rate Computational Details ▶ Factors - What Structure? : Distance between the monomers, Angle, etc. - Which Conformer? : Vertical vs Lying vs Distant - Which Solvent? : Toluene (Tol, 𝝐 = 𝟐. 𝟒) vs Trichloroethylene (TCE, 𝝐 = 𝟕. 𝟓) vs Benzonitrile (BCN, 𝝐 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟓) - Which Methods? : CAMB3LYP vs WB97XD
  • 9. 9 ▶ Restricted Active Space Spin Flip (RAS-SF) - Spin Flip을 고려하여 Ground State(𝑺𝟎)부터 Multiexciton State(ME)까지 이르는 다양한 State들의 Energy level을 계산 이를 이용해 𝑺𝟏 state와 ME state 사이의 Energy Level 차이, 즉 Singlet Fission Rate를 구할 수 있음 - 하지만 Dynamic Correlation을 포함하지 않아 계산의 정확도가 낮다는 한계점이 존재 ∴ 계산의 정확도를 높일 수 있는 다른 방안이 필요 Results : Energy Correction J. Phys. Chem. C, 2016, 120, 34, 19070–19077 𝑟1 = NAC 2 𝑒−𝛼𝛽Δ𝐸SF = 𝛾 Δ𝐸 2 𝑒−𝛼𝛽Δ𝐸SF ▶ Semi-Empirical Energy Correction - USC의 Krylov 교수는 추가적인 DFT Calculation을 통해 Semi-Empirical하게 RAS-SF를 보정할 수 있는 방법을 제안 (2016)
  • 10. 10 ▶ Coding using Python - Energy Correction을 자동적으로 수행할 수 있는 Python Script를 작성 Results : Energy Correction
  • 11. 11 ▶ Analysis of Structure - AIMD를 통해 다양한 Structure를 얻고 각각에 대한 Singlet Fission Rate 비교 - Rate가 가장 빠른 것과 느린 것을 비교해보았을 때 Rate가 빨라질수록 Angle과 Distance가 커지는 경향성 하지만 Rate가 중간 정도인 Structure까지 고려하면 이러한 경향성이 유지되지 않음 ∴ 단순히 수학적으로 구조를 Quantification함으로써 Singlet Fission rate를 예측하기 어려움 Results : Structural Effect
  • 12. 12 Results : Structural Effect Index_290 Index_140 3.723 nm 3.548 nm
  • 13. 13 ▶ Conformers of Bis-PBI - Bis-PBI의 Linker가 Monomer에 대하여 어떤 배향을 하는지에 따라 다양한 Conformers가 존재할 수 있음 → 3가지의 Conformers (Vertical, Lying, Distant) 상정 Results : Conformational Effect Vertical Lying Distant
  • 14. 14 ▶ Energy Comparison Results : Conformational Effect Bis-PBI2 Bis-PBI3 CAMB3LYP WB97XD CAMB3LYP WB97XD Vertical Lying Distant Vertical Lying Distant Vertical Lying Distant Vertical Lying Distant Gas 0.00 3.53 14.67 0.00 3.58 12.66 4.38 0.00 13.99 3.55 0.00 13.25 Tol 0.00 1.42 14.40 0.38 0.00 12.56 2.43 0.00 10.95 1.94 0.00 13.62 TCE 0.00 0.06 13.98 1.51 0.00 13.47 1.51 0.00 9.50 0.95 0.00 12.40 BCN 0.45 0.00 14.27 1.92 0.00 13.92 1.16 0.00 8.96 0.58 0.00 11.98 * Unit : kcal/mol - Bis-PBI2 : Polarity가 커질수록 Lying이 Stabilization Bis-PBI3 : Polarity가 커질수록 Vertical과 Lying 사이의 Energy Gap이 감소하지만 여전히 Lying이 우세 Distant : Bis-PBI2와 Bis-PBI3 모두에서 High energy ∴ 상온에서는 Vertical과 Lying이 쉽게 상호변환 될 수 있고 Distant는 불가 Distant는 Light에 의해 자극을 받는 경우에만 가능한 Conformer
  • 15. 15 Results : Conformational Effect ▶ Singlet Fission Rate Comparison - Vertical : (CAMB3LYP) -8.0 ~ -13.4 / (WB97XD) -7.6 ~ -12.1 Lying : (CAMB3LYP) -8.6 ~ -12.5 / (WB97XD) -8.2 ~ -12.4 Distant : (CAMB3LYP) -6.2 ~ -8.2 / (WB97XD) -5.9 ~ -7.5 ∴ Distant가 가장 Singlet Fission Rate가 빠른 Conformer에 해당 (평상시) Vertical과 Lying이 혼재 → (외부 자극) Distant 가능해져서 Singlet Fission 속도 증가
  • 16. 16 ▶ Bis-PBI2 : CAM-B3LYP - Vertical : Gas < BCN < TCE < Tol Lying : BCN ~ TCE < Tol ~ Gas Distant : Gas < Tol < TCE < BCN - (Vertical, Lying) 실험결과와 상이한 계산결과 도출 이는 S1 State가 아닌 S0 State로 계산했기 때문으로 추정 (Distant) 실험결과와 일치 Results : Solvation Effect & Methods
  • 17. 17 Results : Solvation Effect & Methods ▶ Bis-PBI2 : WB97XD - Vertical : Tol < BCN < TCE < Gas Lying : Tol < Gas < BCN < TCE Distant : Gas < Tol < TCE < BCN - (Vertical, Lying) 실험결과와 상이한 계산결과 도출 이는 S1 State가 아닌 S0 State로 계산했기 때문으로 추정 (Distant) 실험결과와 일치 ∴ Solvation Effect와 Methods의 영향 모두 명확히 확인할 수 없었음
  • 18. 18 ▶ Conclusion and Solutions - Structural Effect : 단순히 수학적으로 구조를 Quantification함으로써 Singlet Fission rate를 예측하기 어려움 → Electronic Properties를 반영하는 Exciton Coupling을 통해 Structural Quantification - Conformational Effect : 상온에서는 Vertical과 Lying이 쉽게 상호변환 될 수 있고 Distant는 불가 Distant가 가장 Singlet Fission Rate가 빠른 Conformer에 해당 - Solvation Effect : (Vertical, Lying) 실험결과와 상이한 계산결과 도출 (Distant) 실험결과와 일치 → Full CI와 같은 More Complex Calculation을 도입 - Methods : 두 Methods 모두 실험 결과를 완벽하게 설명하지 못했으므로 어느 것이 더 나은 Method라고 판단하기 어려움 → ADC, CCSD 등과 같은 Highly Accurate Calculation을 통해 CAMB3LYP와 WB97XD 중 더 나은 Method 결정 Conclusion