2.2 Overview of FireWire
FireWire was originally developed by Apple (in 1987) as an extended serial bus technology intended to replace expensive parallel peripheral buses such as PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) and ISA (Industry Standard Architecture bus). Over the time, FireWire has evolved into a versatile method for interconnecting wide variety of high-bandwidth consumer electronic devices, peripherals and computers. FireWire is the only existing technology that supports a shared-medium daisy-chained topology and has built-in power distribution. It is believed that a shared-medium is necessary to support ad hoc installation of nodes and reduce cabling costs compared to dedicated medium technologies (such as switched Ethernet or ATM). Each FireWire node is a part of the repeat path. Nodes may have one or more ports to support branching and hence tree topologies. A FireWire cable consists of three pairs of wires, two for data transmission and one for power conductors as shown in Figure 5. All FireWire standards employ shielded twisted pair (STP) cabling. IEEE 1394b also uses plastic optic fiber (POF) and multimode fiber (MMF) for added bandwidth and distance. A FireWire cable cross-section is approximately 5 millimeters in diameter.
The number of nodes on a FireWire serial bus is limited to 63. Upto 1024 serial buses can be bridged together in a single network. The standard for FireWire bridges was still under development at the time of this writing [16]. There exist three versions of the FireWire standard, IEEE 1394-1995 [14], IEEE 1394a [13], and IEEE 1394b [12]. Each standard has successively increased the bandwidth and the reach of the serial bus network. Each standard has also improved upon the bus arbitration mechanism. Table 1 gives a performance summary of the three FireWire standards. Performance of IEEE 1394 has been studied analytically in [20]. References [11] and [17] describe methods of transmitting IP packets over FireWire. In [9], IP over FireWire was compared to IP over Gigabit Ethernet, and it was found that throughput was very similar. Reference [27] provides a detailed capacity utilization analysis of IEEE 1394 FireWire. The rest of this
Power wires
Outer jacket
Outer shield
Signal pair shield
Twisted signal pairs
Power wires
Outer jacket
Outer shield
Signal pair shield
Twisted signal pairs
chapter presents the Firewire architecture and performance issues. Bus arbitration mechanisms are described in detail.
Figure 5. FireWire cable cross-section, taken from [1]
2.3 Basic operation of FireWire
Prior to the normal operation of FireWire a bus configuration phase must take place. Bus configuration is responsible for the “plug-and-play” feature of the network and occurs whenever a node is added to or removed from the bus. This phase includes tree identification and self identification. During tree identification, nodes exchange a series of handshake signals to establish a parent / child relationship among them.
This document summarizes an academic research study on autonomous arbitration systems in single car communication buses. It begins with an abstract that outlines increased demands for efficiency in electronic systems and the need for digital control systems and networking. It then discusses how today's vehicles have around 70-80 electronic control units that require organized digital bus communication between controllers. The document examines requirements for an efficient vehicle communication system, including reliability, flexibility, security and determinism. It proceeds to provide details on FireWire protocols and their use as a model for digital bus communication standards.
Simulation of IEEE 802.16e Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract : Growth in technology has led to unprecedented demand for high speed Internet access. IEEE
802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) is a wireless communication standard with high data transfer rates and good
performance. It not only is efficient as compared to its counterpart technologies today (Wi-Fi and 3G), but also
lays the foundation for 4G mobile communication. In 4G wireless communication systems, bandwidth is a
precious resource, and service providers are continuously met with the challenge of accommodating more users
within a limited allocated bandwidth. To increase data rate of wireless medium with higher performance,
Mobile WiMAX uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). This paper describes the
simulation of the physical layer of IEEE 802.16e using Simulink in Matlab 7.0 (R2010a). The system
performance is evaluated considering the Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and Bit error rate (BER) parameters.
Keywords: 802.16e, OFDMA, Mobile WiMAX.
- The document is a chapter from a textbook on computer networking that discusses the network layer. It covers topics like virtual circuit networks, datagram networks, the operation of routers, IP, routing algorithms, and routing in the Internet.
- Routers examine header fields to forward packets to the appropriate output port based on the destination address and routing tables. Routing algorithms determine the path packets take between source and destination.
- Virtual circuit networks use call setup and connection state in routers to provide guaranteed services, while datagram networks like the Internet forward packets based only on destination addresses for simple operation.
Frame Relay is a packet-switched protocol that operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. It was originally designed for ISDN interfaces but is now used over various network interfaces. Frame Relay is more efficient than X.25 and offers higher performance without retransmission capabilities. Frame Relay uses data terminal equipment (DTE) connected to data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) via physical and link layer connections to transmit data packets over wide area networks.
The document discusses key aspects of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks including:
1) IEEE 802.11 standards such as 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n which specify protocols for wireless LANs and have varying maximum bandwidths and modulation techniques.
2) Wireless network components like access points, bridges, and clients that connect devices to the network.
3) Network configuration settings including channel, fragmentation threshold, network type (infrastructure vs. ad-hoc), SSID, and authentication that determine how the network operates.
What Is Wide Area Network (WAN): Live WAN Network Examples : NotesSubhajit Sahu
Highlighted notes while studying the Course:
Advanced Computer Networks
Article: What Is Wide Area Network (WAN): Live WAN Network Examples
By: SoftwareTestingHelp
About SoftwareTestingHelp
Helping our community since 2006! Most popular portal for Software professionals with 100 million+ visits and 300,000+ followers! You will absolutely love our tutorials on QA Testing, Development, Software Tools and Services Reviews and
more!
Comparative study of various voip applications in 802.11 a wireless network s...ijmnct
Today, Voice over Wireless Local Area Network (VOWLAN) is the most accepted Internet application.
There are a large number of literatures regarding the performance of various WLAN networks. Most of
them focus on simulations and modeling, but there are also some experiments with real networks. This
paper explains the comparison of performance of two different VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
applications over the same IEEE 802.11a wireless network. Radio link standard 802.11a have maximum
transmission rate of 54Mbps. First protocol is session initiation protocol (SIP) and second is H.323
protocol. First one has an agent called SIP proxy. Second have a gateway reflects the characteristics of a
Switched Circuit Network (SCN). With this comparison we have required to obtain a better understanding
of wireless network suitability for voice communication in IP network.
This document summarizes an academic research study on autonomous arbitration systems in single car communication buses. It begins with an abstract that outlines increased demands for efficiency in electronic systems and the need for digital control systems and networking. It then discusses how today's vehicles have around 70-80 electronic control units that require organized digital bus communication between controllers. The document examines requirements for an efficient vehicle communication system, including reliability, flexibility, security and determinism. It proceeds to provide details on FireWire protocols and their use as a model for digital bus communication standards.
Simulation of IEEE 802.16e Physical LayerIOSR Journals
Abstract : Growth in technology has led to unprecedented demand for high speed Internet access. IEEE
802.16e (Mobile WiMAX) is a wireless communication standard with high data transfer rates and good
performance. It not only is efficient as compared to its counterpart technologies today (Wi-Fi and 3G), but also
lays the foundation for 4G mobile communication. In 4G wireless communication systems, bandwidth is a
precious resource, and service providers are continuously met with the challenge of accommodating more users
within a limited allocated bandwidth. To increase data rate of wireless medium with higher performance,
Mobile WiMAX uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA). This paper describes the
simulation of the physical layer of IEEE 802.16e using Simulink in Matlab 7.0 (R2010a). The system
performance is evaluated considering the Signal to noise ratio (SNR) and Bit error rate (BER) parameters.
Keywords: 802.16e, OFDMA, Mobile WiMAX.
- The document is a chapter from a textbook on computer networking that discusses the network layer. It covers topics like virtual circuit networks, datagram networks, the operation of routers, IP, routing algorithms, and routing in the Internet.
- Routers examine header fields to forward packets to the appropriate output port based on the destination address and routing tables. Routing algorithms determine the path packets take between source and destination.
- Virtual circuit networks use call setup and connection state in routers to provide guaranteed services, while datagram networks like the Internet forward packets based only on destination addresses for simple operation.
Frame Relay is a packet-switched protocol that operates at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model. It was originally designed for ISDN interfaces but is now used over various network interfaces. Frame Relay is more efficient than X.25 and offers higher performance without retransmission capabilities. Frame Relay uses data terminal equipment (DTE) connected to data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE) via physical and link layer connections to transmit data packets over wide area networks.
The document discusses key aspects of IEEE 802.11 wireless networks including:
1) IEEE 802.11 standards such as 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n which specify protocols for wireless LANs and have varying maximum bandwidths and modulation techniques.
2) Wireless network components like access points, bridges, and clients that connect devices to the network.
3) Network configuration settings including channel, fragmentation threshold, network type (infrastructure vs. ad-hoc), SSID, and authentication that determine how the network operates.
What Is Wide Area Network (WAN): Live WAN Network Examples : NotesSubhajit Sahu
Highlighted notes while studying the Course:
Advanced Computer Networks
Article: What Is Wide Area Network (WAN): Live WAN Network Examples
By: SoftwareTestingHelp
About SoftwareTestingHelp
Helping our community since 2006! Most popular portal for Software professionals with 100 million+ visits and 300,000+ followers! You will absolutely love our tutorials on QA Testing, Development, Software Tools and Services Reviews and
more!
Comparative study of various voip applications in 802.11 a wireless network s...ijmnct
Today, Voice over Wireless Local Area Network (VOWLAN) is the most accepted Internet application.
There are a large number of literatures regarding the performance of various WLAN networks. Most of
them focus on simulations and modeling, but there are also some experiments with real networks. This
paper explains the comparison of performance of two different VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
applications over the same IEEE 802.11a wireless network. Radio link standard 802.11a have maximum
transmission rate of 54Mbps. First protocol is session initiation protocol (SIP) and second is H.323
protocol. First one has an agent called SIP proxy. Second have a gateway reflects the characteristics of a
Switched Circuit Network (SCN). With this comparison we have required to obtain a better understanding
of wireless network suitability for voice communication in IP network.
Ethernet is a family of networking technologies commonly used in LANs, MANs and WANs. It was first standardized in 1983 at 10 Mbps and has since been updated to support higher speeds up to 10 Gbps. Fast Ethernet runs at 100 Mbps using the same frame format as standard Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet runs at 1 Gbps while maintaining compatibility. Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates at 10 Gbps while keeping the same frame format as prior standards.
Communication Networks basics and very important topicKAUSHIKKADIUM
This document discusses multiple access protocols used in communication networks. It describes Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) used in Ethernet local area networks and CSMA/CA used in wireless LANs. It also covers channelization techniques like Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The document focuses on the evolution of Ethernet standards over time and provides details about the standard Ethernet protocol, including its frame format, addressing scheme, access method of CSMA/CD with 1-persistent, and Manchester line coding.
Introduction to the Network Layer: Network layer services, packet switching, network layer performance, IPv4 addressing, forwarding of IP packets, Internet Protocol, ICMPv4, Mobile IP Unicast Routing: Introduction, routing algorithms, unicast routing protocols. Next generation IP: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 protocol, ICMPv6 protocol, transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Introduction to the Transport Layer: Introduction, Transport layer protocols (Simple protocol, Stop-and-wait protocol, Go-Back-n protocol, Selective repeat protocol, Bidirectional protocols), Transport layer services, User datagram protocol, Transmission control protocol
The document provides an overview of the ISO OSI model and its 7 layers, describing the functions of each layer. It then discusses several topics related to computer networks, including the ISO/OSI model (layers and functions), ISDN (architecture and usage), LAN protocols (such as Ethernet), framing in the data link layer and its importance, and the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard.
This document provides information about Cisco and the CCNA certification. It discusses Cisco as a company and their networking products. The CCNA certification focuses on routing, switching, security, service provider, and voice communication skills. The CCNA exam contains questions in drag and drop and simulation formats. The document also summarizes different types of computer networks, common networking devices, cable types, topologies and more.
Frame relay is a standardized wide area network technology that uses packet switching to transmit data over digital telecommunications channels. It provides cost-efficient transmission of intermittent data between local area networks and across wide area networks. Frame relay encapsulates data into variable-sized frames and leaves error correction to end points, speeding up transmission. It offers permanent virtual circuits to make connections appear dedicated without paying for a full-time leased line. Frame relay operates using fractional or full T-carrier systems and provides transmission between ISDN and ATM network speeds.
This document discusses Ethernet networking concepts and technologies. It provides an overview of the history and development of Ethernet, including the ALOHA network and the development of Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 standards. The key differences between Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 are described, such as frame formats, transceiver issues, and topological support. Manchester encoding is explained as a method used in Ethernet to detect transmission errors. Details are also given about the datalink layer, address formats, and the various 10 Mbps Ethernet specifications defined by IEEE 802.3.
Routers forward data packets between networks while switches operate at the data link layer and forward packets within a local area network. Hubs simply broadcast all incoming data to all ports. The document provides answers to common CCNA interview questions about networking fundamentals like IP addressing, routing, switching, protocols and Cisco router components.
A local area network (LAN) uses wired connections to connect devices within a limited geographic area like a building or campus. Ethernet became the dominant wired LAN technology using carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) to regulate shared access to the transmission medium. Ethernet has evolved from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps standards to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Key components of wired LANs include network adapters, cabling, connectors, switches/hubs, and software protocols. Other historical wired LAN technologies like Token Ring and Token Bus used token passing for medium access but have been largely replaced by Ethernet.
This document describes a custom network protocol designed to improve throughput performance compared to traditional TCP/IP protocols. The custom protocol uses a simplified 8-byte header containing only essential fields like source/destination addresses and port numbers, and sequence number. Tests of the custom protocol transferring a 10MB file between nodes achieved throughputs up to 902kbps, significantly higher than when using smaller packet sizes. By removing unnecessary TCP/IP header fields and processing, the custom protocol reduces overhead and improves throughput.
Here are the key aspects of peer-to-peer system architecture:
1. Decentralized network with no central authoritative server. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources.
2. Dynamic membership - peers can join and leave the network at any time.
3. Self-organizing - peers must discover each other and organize routing/searches with no central coordination.
4. Distributed hash table (DHT) - peers store and retrieve data from each other based on file hash/attribute keys in a DHT overlay network.
5. Incentive mechanisms - some systems use incentives/credits to encourage sharing and prevent free-riding.
6. Caching/replication - popular content
IEEE 1394, also known as FireWire, is a serial bus architecture for high-speed data transfer using a 6-conductor connector. It supports both asynchronous and isochronous applications and has a maximum cable length of 72 meters when daisy chained. Later standards like IEEE 1394a added features like asynchronous streaming and power saving modes. IEEE 1394b introduced FireWire 800 which increased speeds to 800 Mbps but required a new 9-conductor beta connector. Later standards aimed to combine FireWire with Ethernet over existing network cables.
This document discusses OFDM and the IEEE 802.16e physical layer standard. It provides an overview of OFDM concepts and how it works as a multi-carrier transmission technique. It then describes key aspects of the IEEE 802.16e standard including the different physical layer specifications for fixed, portable, and mobile WiMAX. It also discusses channel coding, modulation, cyclic prefix, and other elements of the OFDM signal transmission chain in the WiMAX system model.
The IEEE 802 is a family of IEEE standards dealing with Local Area Networks and Metropolitan Area Networks. The IEEE 802 family of standards is maintained by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC).
The most widely used standards are for the Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs (802.1), Ethernet family (802.3), Token Ring (802.5) and Wireless LAN (802.11).
The document describes a Virtex-4 FPGA implementation of a Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) Media Access Control (MAC) solution that provides full compliance with the IEEE 802.17 standard for RPR networks. The implementation utilizes the Virtex-4 FPGA to create a compact dual-ring RPR MAC that requires only 11,000 slices and 80 block RAMs. The document also provides background on RPR networks and discusses applications like metro networks and wireless backhaul.
Traffic engineering is one of the major issues that has to be addressed in Metro Ethernet networks for quality of service and efficient resource utilization. This paper aims at understanding the relevant issues and outlines novel algorithms for multipoint traffic engineering in Metro Ethernet. We present an algorithmic solution for traffic engineering in Metro Ethernet using optimal multiple spanning trees. This iterative approach distributes traffic across the network uniformly without overloading network resources. We also introduce a new traffic specification model for Metro Ethernet, which is a hybrid of two widely used traffic specification models, the pipe and hose models.
Network protocols govern communications between computers by establishing rules for access methods, topologies, cabling, and data transfer speeds. Some common protocols described are Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, LocalTalk, Token Ring, FDDI, ATM, and Gigabit Ethernet, which vary in cable type, speed, and topology supported. Network diagramming software can be used to visually represent different network protocols.
This document summarizes the key aspects of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses three categories of routing protocols: proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. Proactive protocols maintain routing tables through regular table updates, while reactive protocols find routes on demand through route discovery. Common proactive protocols described include DSDV and OLSR, while reactive protocols like AODV are now more widely used due to lower overhead. Hybrid routing protocols incorporate aspects of both approaches.
The document discusses network protocols and the OSI model. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its 5 layers. For each layer, it outlines the main responsibilities and protocols that are part of that layer such as IP, ICMP, DHCP, TCP, and others. It also discusses some common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Finally, it covers issues with using TCP over wireless networks and some proposed solutions to improve its performance.
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following Select a real o.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following:
Select a real or hypothetical crisis, such as a natural disaster (hurricane, tornado, flooding, or earthquake), a catastrophic building failure, or an act of terrorism.
Discuss resource management based on ethical approaches used during crisis management.
Consider issues such as patient triage or current as well as incoming patients, supply, and personnel availability.
Discuss and develop an authoritative chain of command for crisis management.
Include such responsibilities as Incident Commander, Communications Officer, and other members of the chain of command for the incident.
Discuss the importance and implementation of community communication, involvement, and coordination.
Discuss the necessary policies for personnel management and safety.
Include provisions for lock-down status and family communication abilities.
Outline the steps for supply chain management, both for personnel and the supplies needed to provide care.
.
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly wri.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly written and includes the following:
The attendance of an AA meeting. Describe the meeting's atmosphere, the participants and their appearances, details on the group discussion, engagement, timeframe, the pros and cons of the meeting, and other helpful information.
.
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Ethernet is a family of networking technologies commonly used in LANs, MANs and WANs. It was first standardized in 1983 at 10 Mbps and has since been updated to support higher speeds up to 10 Gbps. Fast Ethernet runs at 100 Mbps using the same frame format as standard Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet runs at 1 Gbps while maintaining compatibility. Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates at 10 Gbps while keeping the same frame format as prior standards.
Communication Networks basics and very important topicKAUSHIKKADIUM
This document discusses multiple access protocols used in communication networks. It describes Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) used in Ethernet local area networks and CSMA/CA used in wireless LANs. It also covers channelization techniques like Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). The document focuses on the evolution of Ethernet standards over time and provides details about the standard Ethernet protocol, including its frame format, addressing scheme, access method of CSMA/CD with 1-persistent, and Manchester line coding.
Introduction to the Network Layer: Network layer services, packet switching, network layer performance, IPv4 addressing, forwarding of IP packets, Internet Protocol, ICMPv4, Mobile IP Unicast Routing: Introduction, routing algorithms, unicast routing protocols. Next generation IP: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 protocol, ICMPv6 protocol, transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Introduction to the Transport Layer: Introduction, Transport layer protocols (Simple protocol, Stop-and-wait protocol, Go-Back-n protocol, Selective repeat protocol, Bidirectional protocols), Transport layer services, User datagram protocol, Transmission control protocol
The document provides an overview of the ISO OSI model and its 7 layers, describing the functions of each layer. It then discusses several topics related to computer networks, including the ISO/OSI model (layers and functions), ISDN (architecture and usage), LAN protocols (such as Ethernet), framing in the data link layer and its importance, and the IEEE 802.11 wireless networking standard.
This document provides information about Cisco and the CCNA certification. It discusses Cisco as a company and their networking products. The CCNA certification focuses on routing, switching, security, service provider, and voice communication skills. The CCNA exam contains questions in drag and drop and simulation formats. The document also summarizes different types of computer networks, common networking devices, cable types, topologies and more.
Frame relay is a standardized wide area network technology that uses packet switching to transmit data over digital telecommunications channels. It provides cost-efficient transmission of intermittent data between local area networks and across wide area networks. Frame relay encapsulates data into variable-sized frames and leaves error correction to end points, speeding up transmission. It offers permanent virtual circuits to make connections appear dedicated without paying for a full-time leased line. Frame relay operates using fractional or full T-carrier systems and provides transmission between ISDN and ATM network speeds.
This document discusses Ethernet networking concepts and technologies. It provides an overview of the history and development of Ethernet, including the ALOHA network and the development of Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 standards. The key differences between Ethernet II and IEEE 802.3 are described, such as frame formats, transceiver issues, and topological support. Manchester encoding is explained as a method used in Ethernet to detect transmission errors. Details are also given about the datalink layer, address formats, and the various 10 Mbps Ethernet specifications defined by IEEE 802.3.
Routers forward data packets between networks while switches operate at the data link layer and forward packets within a local area network. Hubs simply broadcast all incoming data to all ports. The document provides answers to common CCNA interview questions about networking fundamentals like IP addressing, routing, switching, protocols and Cisco router components.
A local area network (LAN) uses wired connections to connect devices within a limited geographic area like a building or campus. Ethernet became the dominant wired LAN technology using carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) to regulate shared access to the transmission medium. Ethernet has evolved from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps standards to meet increasing bandwidth demands. Key components of wired LANs include network adapters, cabling, connectors, switches/hubs, and software protocols. Other historical wired LAN technologies like Token Ring and Token Bus used token passing for medium access but have been largely replaced by Ethernet.
This document describes a custom network protocol designed to improve throughput performance compared to traditional TCP/IP protocols. The custom protocol uses a simplified 8-byte header containing only essential fields like source/destination addresses and port numbers, and sequence number. Tests of the custom protocol transferring a 10MB file between nodes achieved throughputs up to 902kbps, significantly higher than when using smaller packet sizes. By removing unnecessary TCP/IP header fields and processing, the custom protocol reduces overhead and improves throughput.
Here are the key aspects of peer-to-peer system architecture:
1. Decentralized network with no central authoritative server. Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources.
2. Dynamic membership - peers can join and leave the network at any time.
3. Self-organizing - peers must discover each other and organize routing/searches with no central coordination.
4. Distributed hash table (DHT) - peers store and retrieve data from each other based on file hash/attribute keys in a DHT overlay network.
5. Incentive mechanisms - some systems use incentives/credits to encourage sharing and prevent free-riding.
6. Caching/replication - popular content
IEEE 1394, also known as FireWire, is a serial bus architecture for high-speed data transfer using a 6-conductor connector. It supports both asynchronous and isochronous applications and has a maximum cable length of 72 meters when daisy chained. Later standards like IEEE 1394a added features like asynchronous streaming and power saving modes. IEEE 1394b introduced FireWire 800 which increased speeds to 800 Mbps but required a new 9-conductor beta connector. Later standards aimed to combine FireWire with Ethernet over existing network cables.
This document discusses OFDM and the IEEE 802.16e physical layer standard. It provides an overview of OFDM concepts and how it works as a multi-carrier transmission technique. It then describes key aspects of the IEEE 802.16e standard including the different physical layer specifications for fixed, portable, and mobile WiMAX. It also discusses channel coding, modulation, cyclic prefix, and other elements of the OFDM signal transmission chain in the WiMAX system model.
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The document describes a Virtex-4 FPGA implementation of a Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) Media Access Control (MAC) solution that provides full compliance with the IEEE 802.17 standard for RPR networks. The implementation utilizes the Virtex-4 FPGA to create a compact dual-ring RPR MAC that requires only 11,000 slices and 80 block RAMs. The document also provides background on RPR networks and discusses applications like metro networks and wireless backhaul.
Traffic engineering is one of the major issues that has to be addressed in Metro Ethernet networks for quality of service and efficient resource utilization. This paper aims at understanding the relevant issues and outlines novel algorithms for multipoint traffic engineering in Metro Ethernet. We present an algorithmic solution for traffic engineering in Metro Ethernet using optimal multiple spanning trees. This iterative approach distributes traffic across the network uniformly without overloading network resources. We also introduce a new traffic specification model for Metro Ethernet, which is a hybrid of two widely used traffic specification models, the pipe and hose models.
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This document summarizes the key aspects of routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It discusses three categories of routing protocols: proactive, reactive, and hybrid protocols. Proactive protocols maintain routing tables through regular table updates, while reactive protocols find routes on demand through route discovery. Common proactive protocols described include DSDV and OLSR, while reactive protocols like AODV are now more widely used due to lower overhead. Hybrid routing protocols incorporate aspects of both approaches.
The document discusses network protocols and the OSI model. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer. It then discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and its 5 layers. For each layer, it outlines the main responsibilities and protocols that are part of that layer such as IP, ICMP, DHCP, TCP, and others. It also discusses some common routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP. Finally, it covers issues with using TCP over wireless networks and some proposed solutions to improve its performance.
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I need a 7 pg research essay on the following Select a real o.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following:
Select a real or hypothetical crisis, such as a natural disaster (hurricane, tornado, flooding, or earthquake), a catastrophic building failure, or an act of terrorism.
Discuss resource management based on ethical approaches used during crisis management.
Consider issues such as patient triage or current as well as incoming patients, supply, and personnel availability.
Discuss and develop an authoritative chain of command for crisis management.
Include such responsibilities as Incident Commander, Communications Officer, and other members of the chain of command for the incident.
Discuss the importance and implementation of community communication, involvement, and coordination.
Discuss the necessary policies for personnel management and safety.
Include provisions for lock-down status and family communication abilities.
Outline the steps for supply chain management, both for personnel and the supplies needed to provide care.
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I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly written and includes the following:
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I need a 1 page professional bio.
My cover letter and resume is attached.
As an experienced and motivated professional with exceptional leadership and interpersonal abilities, I am prepared to significantly contribute to your organization’s goals in this role.
My background lies in workforce and economic development, managing operations, teams, conflict resolution, and processes to propel revenue increases while realizing enhanced corporate success and productivity. From establishing and implementing visionary business strategies to driving employees to achieve peak performance levels, I excel at directing strategic enhancements to outperform open objectives while communicating openly and effectively with staff and management teams.
Highlights of my experience include the following:
Ø Excelling as the Manager of the workforce development team with the Shelby County Alternative Schools for the past 10 years, federal grant management, identifying employment opportunities for youth and adult offenders, educating and supporting clients through vocational training initiatives, evaluating client work interests and aptitudes, and connecting clients with eligible and appropriate employment programs.
Ø Assisting program participants in identifying anger, recognizing aggressive behavior triggers, and learning tension and anger management techniques.
Ø Coaching and mentoring staff to ensure outstanding job performances and maximum program effectiveness. (virtual and face-to-face)
Ø Scheduling and coordinating opportunities for training, recreation, and leisure activities tailored to participants ‘preferences and age-appropriateness
Ø Encouraging an atmosphere supportive of constructive feedback and performance evaluation/improvement
Ø Adept at establishing goals and driving achievement through education, training, communication, and resource utilization
Ø Maintaining detailed records and reports to document participant progress and status
Ø Demonstrating solid time management, interpersonal, and organizational skills, as well as Microsoft Office proficiency.
Ø Compiling and analyzing client data obtained through records, tests, interviews, and other professional sources, determining clients’ suitability for various job opportunities and vocational training programs
Ø Facilitating and leading both individual and group orientation sessions and educating participants on requirements for participation in agency- sponsored programs
Ø Establishing solid and trusting relationships through exceptional relationship-building skills; utilizing solid communication and interpersonal abilities to secure employer and client trust
My proven dedication to optimizing workforce development and employment success through my expert knowledge of learning, development, and conflict resolution strategies will contribute immensely to the success of your-team.
.
I need 100 words response for this two discussion forum1 discu.docxeugeniadean34240
Colin Kaepernick protested racial violence by kneeling during the national anthem, giving up his NFL career. Business ethics studies right and wrong conduct in business. There are misconceptions that certain cultures are lazy or dependent on government assistance due to deep-rooted fears from slavery and racial violence. Cultural diversity presents ethical challenges, like enforcing attendance policies that conflict with compassion for an employee's family health issues, or making sales offers that increase customer debt. Practitioners must balance cultural sensitivity with their organizations' ethical codes and policies.
I need 200 words response for each discussion post.Guided Respon.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 200 words response for each discussion post.
Guided Response: Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings. Support your initial and subsequent posts by citing at least two scholarly and peer-reviewed sources in addition to the course text. The Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.) table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types.
Forum 1)One psychosocial issue that could cause a serious issue in the school setting to me would be Bullying. Bullying can scare a person’s ability to feel be ant to bully and be mean to someone because they may act different or look different to them, beautiful, safe, and secure about who they are, and be lasting ongoing issue that will last forever by making them feel insecure, and not wanted along while feeling like no one cares about them. Bullying is a form of abuse, aggressiveness, coercion, force. There are other things that bullies do to feel like they are important or better than everyone else, like be dominated, intimidating, or threatening. “Bullying in schools, particularly bias-based bullying, is an important issue for many reasons, but chief among them include evidence that victims being bullied experience both short and long term consequences, including poor school performance, depression, and increased health problems” (Martin, M. E. (2018).
I believe that the services of all three would be required because the bully would be evaluated three different times on his behavior and other things that no one may know about. Each of them has their own specialty that would fit working with the bully and being able to determine what is the issue or problem that makes the bully act out of character the way he or she does.
“An analysis of this phenomenon in schools, according to different authors [1,7.8, reveals that children involved in bullying behavior can play different roles; (a) aggressors/intimidators; (b) victim; (c) aggressors who are also victims and (d) passive observers. These observers are neither directly involved as aggressors nor as victims. As such, they can play a number of different roles: they can defend the victims, thus reducing this type of behavior; they can support the aggressors, actively reinforcing intimidation; children who merely observe are neutral or indifferent”. (www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov) (Links to an external site.) . There should something put into place that will stop individuals with aggressive behavior to stop bullying other individuals who just want to be themselves and live their lives. It leads to most children feeling depressed and wanting to end their lives because of it, and it happens in our society today children ending their lives because they are being targeted by bullies. Rules should also be put into place for the bullies to let them know what will happen if they continue to bully others.
REFERENCES:
Martin, M. E. (2018). Introduction to human services: Through the eyes of practice settings .
I need 3 pages discussion for an intersection (Attached image).docxeugeniadean34240
I need 3 pages discussion for an intersection (Attached image)
North Harbor Drive and Harbor Island Drive intersection, San Diego CA 92111 US
Please address the following:
a. Right of Way Issues
b. Utility Relocation
c. Air Quality Conformity
d. Title VI Considerations
e. Visual / Landscape Considerations
f. Required Permits
g. Stormwater Management
h. Cultural Resources
i. Risk Management Plan
j. Transportation Management Plan (TMP)
k. Transit Services
If you think any other better ideas, please address them as well.
University Level
Please no plagiarism
I also attached an example, you can follow it to get ideas to write about
.
I need 1page write up on Hypothesis & Methods Proposal,Due on .docxeugeniadean34240
I need 1page write up on Hypothesis & Methods Proposal,
Due on 3rd Feb 7PM PST
Please see attached doc for details on title, notes and questions to be answered.
Please cite everything, You might need the previous APA paper (attached image), but not sure. so please review
.
I need 2-3 pages written about the sieve of Eratosthenes. Starti.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 2-3 pages written about the sieve of Eratosthenes. Starting from the Eratosthenes-legendre sieve going to Eratosthenes general sieve, while giving some detailed formulas and explanations for each, using some lemma and examples. And finishing with some applications.
The work has to be authentic and original (not copied), with the references stated where its used on the paper and at the end
.
I need 120 words for each question. Please ensure to post individual.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 120 words for each question. Please ensure to post individual reference with each question
Unit 1
Q 1;
Identify two organizational structures used in health care. What are the central characteristics of each? To what extent is bureaucracy necessary in health care organizations? Explain.
Q 2;
How does a doctorally prepared nurse work across and between levels of an organization? What are the challenges and/or rewards to be gained? Does one outweigh the other?
Resources
Delmatoff, J., & Lazarus, I. R. (2014). The most effective leadership style for the new landscape of healthcare.
Journal of Healthcare Management, 59
(4), 245-249. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=97206195&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Arbab Kash, B., Spaulding, A., Johnson, C. E., & Gamm, L. (2014). Success factors for strategic change initiatives: A qualitative study of healthcare administrators' perspectives.
Journal of Healthcare Management, 59
(1), 65-81. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=94059299&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Kritsonis, A. (2004/2005). Comparison of change theories.
International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 8
(1) 1-7. URL:
http://qiroadmap.org/?wpfb_dl=12
Suter, E., Goldman, J., Martimianakis, T., Chatalalsingh, C., Dematteo, D. J., & Reeves, S. (2013). The use of systems and organizational theories in the interprofessional field: Findings from a scoping review.
Journal of Interprofessional Care, 27
(1), 57-64. doi:10.3109/13561820.2012.739670 URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=84423842&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Narayana, E. A. (1992). Bureaucratization of non-governmental organizations: An analysis of employees' perceptions and attitudes.
Public Administration and Development, 12
(2), 123-137. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/194674953?accountid=7374
Klemsdal, L. (2013). From bureaucracy to learning organization: Critical minimum specification design as space for sensemaking.
Systemic Practice & Action Research
,
26
(1), 39-52. doi:10.1007/s11213-012-9267-3 URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=84739308&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit 2
Q 1:
What are three payment structures used in the health care industry across the care continuum? How are they similar? How are they different? Is there a single problem that transverses all three of the identified payment structures? Explain.
Q 2:
Identify a significant problem with one of the three payment structures used in the health care industry across the care continuum (from DQ 1) and propose a solution from one of the other two payment structures.
Resources
.
I need 10-12 slides Presentation with detailed speaker notes. Instru.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 10-12 slides Presentation with detailed speaker notes. Instruction is given below. It is a Religion Class. No Plagiarism Please. Due in 24 hours.
Wk 3 - Christianity Presentation
Create
a 10- to 12-slide presentation comparing
2
of the following branches of Christianity:
Catholic
Orthodox
Protestant
Include
a brief history of the 2 religious traditions and a comparison of their approaches to the Bible. Some concepts to include are:
Examples of art
Central symbols of the faith
Rituals and core beliefs
Ethics role in the faith
You might consider visiting one or more of these churches in person or exploring church websites to add to your own experiences.
.
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C . www.innone.docxeugeniadean34240
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
L o g i c M o d e l W o r k b o o k
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
L o g i c M o d e l W o r k b o o k
T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s
P a g e
Introduction - How to Use this Workbook .....................................................................2
Before You Begin .................................................................................................................3
Developing a Logic Model .................................................................................................4
Purposes of a Logic Model ............................................................................................... 5
The Logic Model’s Role in Evaluation ............................................................................ 6
Logic Model Components – Step by Step ....................................................................... 6
Problem Statement: What problem does your program address? ......................... 6
Goal: What is the overall purpose of your program? .............................................. 7
Rationale and Assumptions: What are some implicit underlying dynamics? ....8
Resources: What do you have to work with? ......................................................... 9
Activities: What will you do with your resources? ................................................ 11
Outputs: What are the tangible products of your activities? ................................. 13
Outcomes: What changes do you expect to occur as a result of your work?.......... 14
Outcomes Chain ....................................................................................... 16
Outcomes vs. Outputs ............................................................................. 17
Logic Model Review ...........................................................................................................18
Appendix A: Logic Model Template
Appendix B: Worksheet: Developing an Outcomes Chain
Logic Model Workbook
Page 2
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
I n t r o d u c t i o n - H o w t o U s e t h i s W o r k b o o k
Welcome to Innovation Network’s Logic Model Workbook. A logic model is a commonly-used
tool to clarify and depict a program within an organization. You may have heard it described as
a logical framework, theory of change, or program matrix—but the purpose is usually the same:
to graphically depict your program, initiative, project or even the sum total of all of your
organization’s work. It also serves as a
foundation for program planning and
evaluation.
This workbook is a do-it-yourself guide to
the concepts and use of the logic model. It
describes the steps necessary for you to
create logic models fo.
I like to tie my learning to Biblical Principles. On Virtuous Le.docxeugeniadean34240
I like to tie my learning to Biblical Principles. On Virtuous Leadership, I think about what leader in the Bible do I know that stands out as a virtuous leader. Although there are many, one that stands out to me is Nehemiah. Nehemiah's brother and others said that they had been to Jerusalem and the Wall has been broken down, and the gates were burned. Nehemiah listened and took this news personally as if he was the wounded party. In other words, it broke his heart to hear this news.
He then took personal responsibility, prayed, and asked God to forgive him and his people for not obeying his commands. Then he took personal action, and at great danger to himself, he appeared before the King sad - remember that no King wants a sad cupbearer. When the King saw how sad Nehemiah was, he asked him why, and Nehemiah explained the state of his city walls and asked permission to go and fix them. He went and fixed the walls. He got involved in the work as a servant leader and getting the people what they needed. They had a city again with walls and a gate, and most importantly, they had protection!
We can see in this story that a servant leader is someone who takes personal responsibility for what has gone wrong and sets out to fix it, but not only does he/she fix the problem, the servant leader gets involved in the work and works alongside his workers to get the job done right. By doing so, the servant leader demonstrates his care for his workers and organization.
Share a story of a servant leader either in the Bible or someone you know.
.
I just want one paragraph.!!C.W.Mills described ‘sociological im.docxeugeniadean34240
I just want one paragraph.!!
C.W.Mills described ‘sociological imagination’ as an ability to understand “the intersection of one's own biography and other biographies with history and the present social structure you find yourself and others in.” In short, it is the ability to understand the private in public terms. Essentially, Mills is describing an ability to discern patterns in social events and view personal experiences in light of those patterns. To highlight that, he uses two terms – “the personal troubles of milieu” and “the public issues of social structure.” ‘Troubles’ happen to us as individuals, and are a private matter of individual choices and biography. ‘Issues’ are public matters that transcend the individual, and have to do with societal structures and processes.
Here is the Question!!!
1- For this discussion, I want you to select one of the following health/medical issues, and offer a thoughtful reflection on it as both a hypothetical ‘personal trouble’ and a ‘public issue.’
- ADHD; obesity; eating disorder; infertility; Alzheimer’s disease; COVID.
.
i just need serious help answering the question. I have answered mos.docxeugeniadean34240
i just need serious help answering the question. I have answered most of them but the following posted questions are giving me problem.
# 1.1
(1 pts.) In the textbook case, what information led Dr. Tobin to conclude that Shaun Boyden's sexual attraction to children was not a passing fancy? '
A) the fact that he reported having the urges since adolescence
B) the fact that his wife was unaware of his problem
C) the fact that he was never caught in the past
D) the fact that he had a relatively normal sexual development
# 1.2
(1 pts.) Charlie has opted to have psychosurgery performed in order to change his pedophilic patterns. Which of the following procedures will Charlie have done?
A) prefrontal lobotomy
B) hypothalamotomy
C) castration
D) vasectomy
# 1.3
(1 pts.) Dr. Walters is instructing Harry to imagine that he has just "flashed" his genitals at an unsuspecting woman on the street. After the woman responds in horror, Harry is to imagine that all of his closest friends jump out of a nearby alley and start laughing at him. Dr. Walters is using the technique known as
A) systematic desensitization.
B) cognitive restructuring.
C) covert conditioning.
D) behavior modification.
# 1.4
(1 pts.) Who is most likely to be the target of a frotteurist's desires?
A) a person from work
B) a life-long friend
C) a shopper at the mall
D) a close relative
# 1.9
(1 pts.) Based on the information presented in the textbook case, Shaun Boyden might be considered a ______ since he had a normal history of sexual development and interests.
A) child rapist
B) preference molester
C) situational molester
D) generalized molester
# 1.12
(1 pts.) Joe becomes sexually aroused when he views sexually explicit photographs. He also gets really turned on when his lover undresses in front of him. Joe's behavior might be described as
A) fetishistic.
B) frotteuristic.
C) voyeuristic.
D) normal.
# 1.21
(1 pts.) John gets nauseous when he thinks about having sexual intercourse and he actively avoids the sexual advances of others. John might be diagnosed as having
A) male erectile disorder.
B) sexual aversion disorder.
C) dyspareunia.
D) inhibited male orgasm disorder.
# 1.27
(1 pts.) Five-year-old Timmy has older sisters who dress him up occasionally and call him "Timbelina" since they really wanted a little sister instead of a little brother. If this pattern continues it is possible that Tim might develop
A) sexual masochism.
B) sexual sadism.
C) pedophilia.
D) transvestic fetishism.
# 1.29
(1 pts.) Carol is extremely interested in sex but does not experience the vaginal changes that ordinarily precede sexual intercourse. Carol may have
A) sexual aversion disorder.
B) hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
C) inhibited female orgasm disorder.
D) female sexual arousal disorder.
# 1.32
(1 pts.) John is in a p.
I Headnotes and indexes are copyrighted and may not be duplica.docxeugeniadean34240
I Headnotes and indexes are copyrighted and may not be duplicated by photocopying, printing.
I or other means without the express permission of the publishers. 1 -800-351-0917
43 Fla. L. Weekly S512 SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA
Committee later submitted a revised proposal in response to comments. While we
generally approve the Committee's revisions, the revised proposal would have allowed
twenty days[ ratherthan ten, to serve a reply brief. In order to maintain consistency with
otherprovisions in rule 9.146(g)(3)(B), we haverevised the Committee's proposal such
that parties are allowed twenty days to respond after the last initial brief, and ten days
to respond after the last answer brief.
3Wehave revised the Committee's proposal to refer specifically to requirements for
electronic service in Rule ofJudicial Administration 2.516(b).
"See CoastalDev. ofN. Fla.,Inc. v. City ofJacksonville Beach, 788 So. 2d 204,205
footnotes.
(a) Florida Supreme Court.
(111887-present: Fenelonv. State. 594 So. 2d 292 (Fla. 1992).
{211846-1886: Livingston v. L 'Engle, 22 Fla. 427 (1886).
J ±' C-fl&LL/fl 1
n.3(Fla.20CII); Fla. Power &Light Co. v.CityofDania,76l So.2d 1089,1094 (Fla.
2000) ("No statewide criterion exists at this time."); see also Broward Cty. v. G.B. V.
Intern., Ltd.
Anstead,J.)
, 787 So. 2d 838, 849-53 (Fla. 2001) (Pariente, J., dissenting, joined by
(LEWIS, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.) I dissent
because there is no need to amend the rule with regard to joinder on
appeal. This amendment is likely to generate more confusion than
clarity. I concur with the remainder ofthe amendments.
! * * *
I ■
! ..■■■■
Rules of Appellate Procedure—Amendment—Uniform Citation
System
IN RE: AMENDMENTS TO FLORIDA RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE
9.800. Supreme Court of Florida. Case No. SC17-999. October 25,2018. Original
Proceeding—Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure. Counsel: Courtney Rebecca
Brewer, Ch lir, Appellate CourtRules Committee, Tallahassee, Kristin A. Norse, Past
Chair, App sllate Court Rules Committee, Tampa; and Joshua E. Doyle, Executive
Director, and Heather Savage Telfer, Staff Liaison, The Florida Bar, Tallahassee, for
Petitioner.
(PER CUjRIAM.) This matter is before the Court for consideration of
proposed, amendments to Florida Rule ofAppellate Procedure 9.800
(Uniforn
Fla. Cons t.
TheFlorida Bar's Appellate CourtRules Committee (Committee)
proposes
uniform
proposal
Citation System). We havejurisdiction. See art. V, § 2(a),
amendments to rule 9.800 to substantially update the
citation formats provided in that rule. The Committee's
to amend the rule was first presented to the Court in the
Commirt 5e' s regular-cycle report ofproposed rule amendments in In
re Amendments to the Florida Rules ofAppellate Procedure—2017
Regular-Cycle Report, No. SC17-152 (Fla. report filed Jan. 31,
2017).' The Court, on its own motion, entered an order directing that
the proposed amendments to rule 9.800 be .
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
2.2 Overview of FireWireFireWire was originally developed by.docx
1. 2.2 Overview of FireWire
FireWire was originally developed by Apple (in 1987) as an
extended serial bus technology intended to replace expensive
parallel peripheral buses such as PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect) and ISA (Industry Standard Architecture bus).
Over the time, FireWire has evolved into a versatile method for
interconnecting wide variety of high-bandwidth consumer
electronic devices, peripherals and computers. FireWire is the
only existing technology that supports a shared-medium daisy-
chained topology and has built-in power distribution. It is
believed that a shared-medium is necessary to support ad hoc
installation of nodes and reduce cabling costs compared to
dedicated medium technologies (such as switched Ethernet or
ATM). Each FireWire node is a part of the repeat path. Nodes
may have one or more ports to support branching and hence tree
topologies. A FireWire cable consists of three pairs of wires,
two for data transmission and one for power conductors as
shown in Figure 5. All FireWire standards employ shielded
twisted pair (STP) cabling. IEEE 1394b also uses plastic optic
fiber (POF) and multimode fiber (MMF) for added bandwidth
and distance. A FireWire cable cross-section is approximately 5
millimeters in diameter.
The number of nodes on a FireWire serial bus is limited to 63.
Upto 1024 serial buses can be bridged together in a single
network. The standard for FireWire bridges was still under
development at the time of this writing [16]. There exist three
versions of the FireWire standard, IEEE 1394-1995 [14], IEEE
1394a [13], and IEEE 1394b [12]. Each standard has
successively increased the bandwidth and the reach of the serial
bus network. Each standard has also improved upon the bus
arbitration mechanism. Table 1 gives a performance summary of
2. the three FireWire standards. Performance of IEEE 1394 has
been studied analytically in [20]. References [11] and [17]
describe methods of transmitting IP packets over FireWire. In
[9], IP over FireWire was compared to IP over Gigabit Ethernet,
and it was found that throughput was very similar. Reference
[27] provides a detailed capacity utilization analysis of IEEE
1394 FireWire. The rest of this
Power wires
Outer jacket
Outer shield
Signal pair shield
Twisted signal pairs
Power wires
Outer jacket
Outer shield
Signal pair shield
Twisted signal pairs
chapter presents the Firewire architecture and performance
issues. Bus arbitration mechanisms are described in detail.
Figure 5. FireWire cable cross-section, taken from [1]
2.3 Basic operation of FireWire
Prior to the normal operation of FireWire a bus configuration
phase must take place. Bus configuration is responsible for the
“plug-and-play” feature of the network and occurs whenever a
node is added to or removed from the bus. This phase includes
tree identification and self identification. During tree
identification, nodes exchange a series of handshake signals to
establish a parent / child relationship among them, and to
determine the root node. The root node claims the bus
ownership, and plays an important role in bus arbitration and
several bus management activities. Usually tree identification
3. fails if there is a loop in the topology. IEEE 1394b provides a
solution to this problem by selective disabling of links [12].
Bus configuration also establishes the topology of the network.
During self identification each node in the serial bus is assigned
a unique address called “self id”, which ranges between 1 and
63. A detailed study of bus configuration in FireWire is given in
[1].
Table 1. Summary of FireWire standards
IEEE 1394
IEEE 1394a
IEEE 1394b
Internode distance
4.5 meters (max)
4.5 meters (max)
100 meters (max)
Maximum hops
16
63
63
Physical medium
STP
STP
STP, POF, MMF
Cable bandwidth
100, 200, 400 Mbps
100, 200, 400 Mbps
Up to 1.6 Gbps
Loop prevention
No
No
Yes
Arbitration
Large idle gaps
4. Small idle gaps
No idle gaps
All FireWire data transactions are packet based and can be
broadly classified as asynchronous or isochronous.
Asynchronous transactions are guaranteed in delivery and
require an acknowledgement from the receiver. They are unicast
in nature. Isochronous transactions are guaranteed in time with
a specific bandwidth reserved for them on the serial bus. Up to
80% of the bus bandwidth can be allocated for isochronous
transactions. Bandwidth is allocated in portions of 125
microsecond intervals, called cycles. Isochronous transactions
are multicast in nature, addressed to one or more nodes based
on a channel number. FireWire supports another transaction
service called asynchronous streaming, which is guaranteed
neither in time nor in delivery. Asynchronous streaming can be
unicast or multicast. FireWire data packets are variable in size.
Maximum data payload size depends upon the type of
transaction and the bandwidth of the FireWire serial bus.
Figures 6 and 7 show different packet formats in FireWire.
Asynchronous stream and isochronous packets follow the same
format.
destination id
t1
rt
tcode
pri
source id
destination offset
data block
data CRC
.
.
.
msb (transmitted first)
5. lsb (transmitted last)
0
16
22
24
28
31
Destination id includes 6 bit node id (for 63 nodes) and 10 bit
bus id (for 1024 buses).
Tcode represents transaction type,
pri
represents priority (this field is not used),
destination offset represents address location within target nod
e. Other fields are
protocol specific.
destination offset
packet type
-
specific data
header CRC
data block
destination id
t1
rt
tcode
pri
source id
destination offset
data block
data CRC
.
.
.
msb (transmitted first)
lsb (transmitted last)
0
6. 16
22
24
28
31
Destination id includes 6 bit node id (for 63 nodes) and 10 bit
bus id (for 1024 buses).
Tcode represents transaction type,
pri
represents priority (this field is not used),
destination offset represents address location within target nod
e. Other fields are
protocol specific.
destination offset
packet type
-
specific data
header CRC
data block
Figure 6. FireWire asynchronous stream and isochronous packet
format, taken from [1]
data length
tag
channel
tcode
sy
header CRC
data block
data block
data CRC
.
.
.
7. msb (transmitted first)
lsb (transmitted last)
0
16
18
24
28
31
Tag represents data format (protocol specific), channel represen
ts channel address,
tcode
represents transaction code (asynchronous, isochronous, data
pac
ket, control packet
etc.), sy represents synchronization code (application specific)
.
data length
tag
channel
tcode
sy
header CRC
data block
data block
data CRC
.
.
.
msb (transmitted first)
lsb (transmitted last)
0
16
18
24
28
31
8. Tag represents data format (protocol specific), channel represen
ts channel address,
tcode
represents transaction code (asynchronous, isochronous, data
pac
ket, control packet
etc.), sy represents synchronization code (application specific)
.
Figure 7. FireWire asynchronous packet format, taken from [1]
FireWire architecture is built upon a four-layer protocol stack
as shown in Figure 8. The physical layer implements bus
arbitration, defines electrical signaling for data transmission
and mechanical interface for cables and connectors. The link
layer provides address and channel number decoding and CRC
generation and verification for transmitted and received
packets. The transaction layer provides request-response
services for asynchronous transactions. Isochronous
transactions operate independent of this layer. The bus
management layer provides support for several bus management
activities and bus configuration. FireWire requires three
primary bus management nodes for normal operation. They are
cycle master, Isochronous Resource Manager (IRM), and bus
manager. The cycle master generates and broadcasts cycle start
packet every 125 microseconds. A cycle start packet denotes the
beginning of the periodic 125-microsecond interval. The root
node plays the role of cycle master. The IRM manages serial
bus isochronous bandwidth and also allocates multicast channel
numbers. The bus manager manages cable power distribution
and publishes the topology map and the speed map of the serial
bus. A speed map is necessary since FireWire can support
nodes/cables of different bandwidth capacity in a single
network. Usually, all nodes are capable of performing these bus
management activities. However, the operational bus
management nodes are elected during the bus configuration
9. phase.
2.4 Bus arbitration in FireWire
FireWire employs a request / grant arbitration mechanism to
control access to the shared-medium network. A simple
arbitration scheme works as follows:
· Nodes that wish to transmit a packet request the bus owner for
permission.
· The bus owner selects a best request based upon certain
criteria and issues a grant to the corresponding node.
· Only the granted node transmits its packet, the other nodes
continue to request until they receive a grant from the bus
owner.
In IEEE 1394-1995 [14] and IEEE 1394a [13] the bus owner is
always the root node. In IEEE 1394b [12] all arbitrating nodes
perform the role of bus owner in a round-robin basis. A detailed
description of FireWire bus arbitration is given in the following
sections.
Physical Layer
Link Layer
Transaction Layer
Node
Controller
Cycle Master
IRM
Bus Manager
Bus Management
Layer
Bus
10. Management
Interface
Transfer Interface
Asynchronous
Isochronous
Software Driver
Serial Bus
Physical Layer
Link Layer
Transaction Layer
Node
Controller
Cycle Master
IRM
Bus Manager
Bus Management
Layer
Bus
Management
Interface
Transfer Interface
Asynchronous
Isochronous
Software Driver
Serial Bus
Figure 8. FireWire protocol stack, taken from [1]
2.4.1 Bus arbitration in IEEE 1394 and IEEE 1394a FireWire
The basic arbitration mechanisms employed in IEEE 1394 and
IEEE 1394a are the same, with a few arbitration enhancements
proposed in the latter [13]. Figure 9 shows a FireWire data
transmission interface (physical layer) with two twisted pairs
TPA and TPB that are crosswired within the cable (between
nodes). Data transmission in IEEE 1394a FireWire is done via
data / strobe signaling. Binary data is transferred across one
11. twisted pair and the strobe signal across the other [12]. The
strobe signal changes if the data stays the same. This makes
data transfer operation essentially half-duplex. Bus arbitration
is performed using arbitration signals. Arbitration signals are
not clocked data but rather are steady state signals across the
twisted pairs [1]. Arbitration signaling can be bi-directional.
Two connected nodes are permitted to drive their lines at the
same time. In Figure 9, twisted pairs TPA and TPB have arrows
at both ends, which indicates that both the lines must be driven
simultaneously for data transmission or arbitration signaling.
TPA
TPA
TPB
TPB
Arbitration
Logic
Repeater
TX/RX
Logic
Arbitration
Logic
Repeater
TX/RX
Logic
TPA
TPA
TPB
TPB
Arbitration
Logic
Repeater
TX/RX
Logic
Arbitration
12. Logic
Repeater
TX/RX
Logic
Figure 9. IEEE 1394 and IEEE 1394a data transmission
interface
When a node wishes to perform a data transaction it must
arbitrate for the bus. Bus arbitration can be isochronous or
asynchronous depending upon the type of transaction.
Arbitrations are based upon the periodic 125-microsecond cycle,
the start of which is indicated by a broadcast cycle start packet.
Isochronous arbitrations can begin immediately after nodes
detect the cycle start packet. Only those nodes that have
reserved a specific bandwidth on the bus can perform
isochronous arbitration. An arbitrating node signals a request
towards its parent. Each parent in turn repeats the request
upwards towards its parent until the request reaches the root
node. When both parent and child arbitrate for the bus, the
parent overrides the child’s request. The root issues a grant
signal for the received request, which in turn is repeated
downwards until it reaches the requesting node. When the root
receives multiple requests (i.e. on several ports) the request at
the lowest numbered port is granted. The winning node
transmits its isochronous data. The next isochronous arbitration
can begin only after all nodes detect a specific amount of idle
bus time, the isochronous gap, to make sure that the previous
data transmission has completed. Every node can perform only
one successful isochronous arbitration in a cycle. The end of
isochronous arbitrations is marked by a larger bus idle time.
This idle gap time is called the subaction gap. At the detection
of a subaction gap nodes can begin their asynchronous
arbitrations.
Asynchronous arbitrations also employ the same request / grant
signaling as used in isochronous arbitrations. After completion
13. of an asynchronous data transmission, the next arbitration can
begin only after all nodes detect a subaction gap. This ensures
that asynchronous nodes receive their acknowledgements before
a new arbitration begins. An acknowledgement packet does not
require arbitration and can be sent immediately on the receipt of
an asynchronous packet. Asynchronous transactions are divided
into fairness intervals. Every node can successfully arbitrate
maximum of once during an asynchronous fairness interval.
When a node completes a data transaction it must give up any
further arbitration in the current fairness interval. This ensures
equal and fair sharing of the FireWire bandwidth between
asynchronous nodes. When all arbitrating asynchronous nodes
complete their data transmission, the bus goes idle for a long
arbitration reset gap. This gap indicates the end of a fairness
interval and the beginning of a new one. The arbitration reset
gap is larger than the subaction gap. Figure 10 shows a typical
arbitration sequence in IEEE 1394 and IEEE 1394a FireWire.
IEEE 1394a proposes acknowledge accelerated arbitration and
fly-by arbitration that reduce the idle bus period to some extent
[13]. Every FireWire node transmits data packets (both
isochronous and asynchronous) on all active ports. Intermediate
nodes repeat the packet on all ports except on the one on which
it was received. Data packets are stripped by the
Cycle
start
=
Isochronous Transactions
=
Asynchronous Transactions (Ack included)
=
Arbitration request/grant overhead
Isochronous gap
Subaction gap
Arbitration reset gap
Cycle N
Cycle
14. start
=
Isochronous Transactions
=
Asynchronous Transactions (Ack included)
=
Arbitration request/grant overhead
Isochronous gap
Subaction gap
Arbitration reset gap
Cycle N
end nodes in the network (no destination stripping is permitted).
Figure 10. Arbitration sequence in IEEE 1394 and IEEE 1394a
2.4.2 Bus arbitration in IEEE 1394b FireWire
Earlier versions of FireWire alternate between arbitration and
data transmission that were separated by distinct idle bus times.
Idle bus occupancy vastly reduced the performance of FireWire.
IEEE 1394b employs a new beta mode signaling that helps
arbitration requesting to be overlapped with data transmission
[12]. Arbitration overlapping completely eliminates the idle bus
occupancy seen in the previous standards. Beta mode signaling
is a version of 8b/10b signaling protocol that is used in Gigabit
Ethernet and Fibre Channel specifications. Beta mode signaling
does not require both signal pairs for unidirectional data
transfer. The signal pairs TPA and TPB can transmit data
separately and continuously in opposite directions as shown in
Figure 11. TPA and TPB have arrows at opposite ends, which
indicates that only one of the lines need to be driven for data
transmission or arbitration signaling. This full-duplex nature of
the IEEE 1394b bus enables overlapping of arbitration with data
transmission. In IEEE 1394b arbitration signals are not steady
line states across the twisted pairs but rather are 10-bit symbols
16. last node to transmit a packet that does not require an
acknowledgement acts as the next bus owner. The node claiming
bus ownership is called the BOSS (Bus Owner Supervisor
Selector). A node that transmits an isochronous packet, an
acknowledgement packet, or an asynchronous stream packet
becomes the BOSS and is responsible for making the next
arbitration decision. When a node wishes to perform a data
transaction it sends out an arbitration request token towards the
BOSS. Arbitration tokens are sent out on any active port that is
not transmitting (repeating) a data packet. Arbitration tokens
propagate in the opposite direction from a data packet. As in
IEEE 1394a, IEEE 1394b arbitrations are divided into
isochronous and asynchronous intervals. Both isochronous and
asynchronous intervals alternate between “even” and “odd”
arbitration phases. The concept of an arbitration phase is similar
to the fairness interval scheme seen in IEEE 1394a. Any node
that has transmitted an asynchronous / isochronous packet in the
current phase can arbitrate only for the next / opposite phase.
Each asynchronous phase is a fairness interval. In IEEE 1394a,
two fairness intervals were separated by an idle bus period,
called an arbitration reset gap. However, in IEEE 1394b the
BOSS explicitly advances fairness intervals by sending out an
“arbitration reset token” that specifies the beginning and the
phase of a new fairness interval. When the BOSS sees no
pending asynchronous requests for the current phase, it
advances the phase by sending an ASYNC_EVEN / ODD token
corresponding to the new phase.
Isochronous arbitrations begin when nodes see a cycle start
token. When there are no pending isochronous arbitrations the
BOSS begins an asynchronous arbitration interval by sending
out an ASYNC_EVEN / ODD token. Each node transmits
request tokens based upon the current phase and its transaction
type. Arbitration request tokens are classified as isochronous or
asynchronous and are also prioritized. Intermediate nodes
always forward the highest priority request token to the next
17. node. The BOSS issues a grant token towards the highest
priority request that it receives. When the BOSS receives two or
more requests of the same priority then the request at the lowest
port number is granted. Each grant token identifies the current
phase and transaction type of the granted request. Every
intermediate node can keep the grant for itself or forward it to
other nodes based upon the priority of its own request and other
requests. A detailed description of IEEE 1394b arbitration is
given in [12]. Figure 12 shows a typical arbitration sequence in
IEEE 1394b FireWire. It can be seen that successive
isochronous and asynchronous packet transactions are separated
only by a small arbitration grant overhead. The arbitration grant
overhead is the time taken by a grant token to reach the source
node and
Cycle
start
Cycle N
Arbitration requesting is overlapped with data transmission.
=
Isochronous Transactions
=
Asynchronous Transactions (Ack included)
=
Arbitration grant overhead
Cycle
start
Cycle N
Arbitration requesting is overlapped with data transmission.
=
Isochronous Transactions
=
Asynchronous Transactions (Ack included)
=
Arbitration grant overhead
the amount of overhead depends upon the propagation and the
18. repeat path delays.
Figure 12. Arbitration sequence in IEEE 1394b
2.5 Performance limitations in FireWire
Though IEEE 1394b offers a higher throughput by completely
eliminating the idle bus occupancy seen in earlier versions it
still has certain performance limitations, which are discussed in
this section.
2.5.1 Lack of spatial reuse
IEEE 1394b envisions the entire network as a single logical
serial bus. Every node transmits (repeats) incoming packets on
all out-going ports and destination stripping of data packets is
not possible. FireWire does not permit concurrent packet
transmissions (spatial reuse) over distinct segments of the
network. For example, Figure 13 shows an N node FireWire
video network with nodes linked in a daisy-chained fashion. In
this example, node 2 is sending traffic to node 1 and node 4 to
node 6. Though these transmissions occupy non-overlapped
(distinct) segments of the network, FireWire does not permit
them to occur simultaneously. FireWire bus arbitration
schedules these transactions to occur one after one. This limits
the throughput of FireWire to single link capacity. To increase
the effective throughput of FireWire and to improve its
scalability beyond the 63-node limit, it is necessary to
incorporate spatial reuse in FireWire. The idea of supporting
spatial reuse in large (wide area) daisy-chained networks is not
new. An emerging technology that supports this concept is
Cisco’s SRP [26]. The scope of SRP is a metropolitan area ring
topology network with a limited size of 32 to 64 nodes. SRP
nodes store and forward incoming packets and have layer 3
routing capabilities. Congestion and fairness control is
accomplished by a distributed control mechanism where control
19. packets are continuously propagated between adjacent nodes in
opposite direction from the data packets. Each data transaction
involves a processing overhead (packet scheduling) and a store-
and-forward overhead at every node. One goal of this thesis is
to incorporate spatial reuse feature in IEEE 1394b while
preserving the simple repeat path functionality (physical layer)
and the request/grant bus arbitration model of FireWire.
…
N
2
1
FireWire medium
3
4
5
6
To Sensor Fusion
Traffic
Traffic
…
N
2
1
FireWire medium
3
4
5
6
To Sensor Fusion
Traffic
Traffic
Figure 13. Lack of spatial reuse in FireWire
2.5.2 Lack of support for priority traffic
FireWire provides QoS guarantees for real-time traffic (like
20. packet video) by isochronous bandwidth reservation.
Isochronous nodes reserve a fixed amount of bandwidth on a per
cycle basis. This service is not suitable for high-resolution
variable bit-rate (VBR) encoded video like MPEG-2 and MPEG-
4. Figures 14 and 15 show the rate snapshot of an MPEG-2 and
an MPEG-4 video, respectively. The MPEG-2 video rate is 25
frames per second with a mean data rate of about 5 Mbps. The
MPEG-4 video rate is 25 frames per second with a mean data
rate of about 0.766 Mbps. The isochronous bandwidth
reservation scheme lacks the flexibility to react to the rate
variations as seen in MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 video traffic.
Reserving a bandwidth corresponding to the peak bit-rate will
result in a waste of resources. A real-time priority based packet
scheduling mechanism will be more suitable for widely used
VBR video and will provide efficient use of computing
resources [25]. The priority mechanisms in IEEE 1394b
FireWire (i.e., the request token priorities) provide a means for
alternating between isochronous and asynchronous arbitrations
and ensuring bandwidth fairness. It is necessary to incorporate
a priority service in FireWire so that QoS for packet video and
mission critical applications can be provided by mapping traffic
in different priority classes.
0
5
10
15
20
25
012345678910
Time (sec)
Rate (Mbps)
Figure 14. Rate plot for MPEG-2 video
0
21. 0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0123456789101112
Time (sec)
Rate (Mbps)
Figure 15. Rate plot for MPEG-4 video
CHAPTER 3
SPATIAL REUSE FIREWIRE PROTOCOL (SFP)
Spatial reuse FireWire Protocol (SFP) is a request/grant bus
arbitration protocol architected for an acyclic daisy-chained
network (bus) topology. SFP preserves the simple repeat path
architecture of IEEE 1394b FireWire while providing two
significant improvements. 1) SFP increases the aggregate
throughput of the network by spatial reuse of bandwidth by
simultaneous data transport in multiple, distinct segments of the
network. 2) SFP provides support for priority traffic, which
forms the basis for real-time scheduling towards improved QoS
support for packet video. This chapter describes the design
principles of SFP.
3.1 Overview of bus arbitration in SFP
The core of SFP is the bus arbitration mechanism used for
controlled access to the shared-medium network. A simple SFP
arbitration scheme works as follows:
· Arbitration requesting: Nodes that wish to perform a data
transaction broadcast a request packet (or “request”) that is
cached by every node in the network. Request packets are
22. informative, they contain details about the source and
destination nodes involved in a transaction and other data
packet properties (such as packet size, priority, etc.)
· Bus owner arbitration decision: The current bus owner (i.e. the
arbitration decision making node)examines the multiple requests
in its cache and “selects” a group of “compatible” requests. The
request selection procedure is described in section 3.4. Two
requests are compatible if their corresponding data transactions
occupy non-overlapped segments of the network. For example,
in Figure 16, the transactions ‘A’ and ‘B’ are compatible. The
source nodes corresponding to the selected compatible requests
are “granted” (permitted) bus access. The knowledge of
multiple requests and the informative nature of requests enable
the bus owner to make an “intelligent” arbitration decision. The
arbitration decision encompasses several “selection”
constraints, such as maximizing the throughput of the network,
providing support for high priority traffic and ensuring fairness
among like priority nodes.
· Arbitration granting: The bus owner broadcasts a grant packet
with information about the “granted” nodes. Nodes that
explicitly see a grant for them (in the grant packet) can transmit
their data packet concurrently. The grant packet also identifies
the destination nodes, which are supposed to strip the next data
packet that they receive. Destination stripping enables spatial
reuse by limiting bandwidth consumption to the used segments
of the network. This work assumes only unicast packets. One of
the granted nodes explicitly identified as the next bus owner (in
the grant packet) takes-up its role at the end of data
transmission.
TPA
TPA
TPB
24. the cable, but operate as two independent half-duplex lines (i.e.
there is a TPA-TPA link and a TPB-TPB link between adjacent
nodes). Standard FireWire cabling can be used in SFP. TPB is
called the request line and is dedicated to carrying arbitration
requests. TPA or data line exclusively carries data traffic (and
also grant packets) between nodes. TPA and TPB are driven by
separate half-duplex transmitter/receiver logic. It is expected
that TPA and TPB can independently and concurrently carry
traffic between nodes. A signaling method similar to beta mode
signaling in IEEE 1394b is assumed. SFP will combine power
distribution with communication, but power distribution issues
are beyond the scope of this work.
Request line
Data
1
2
3
4
5
6
Data line
Request
Data
1
2
3
4
5
6
Request
SFP node
Cycle n
(even)
Cycle n+1
26. mode and blocking mode. When a node operates in repeat mode,
it repeats an incoming packet towards its neighbor. When
operating in blocking mode, nodes strip the next incoming
packet. Blocking mode enables destination stripping of a data
packet without the requirement of destination address lookup (a
delay overhead) at every node. Normally, nodes always operate
in repeat mode. Blocking mode operation is permitted only
when nodes see their address explicitly identified in the
“destination address list” of a grant packet. Blocking mode
nodes switch to repeat mode immediately on stripping the next
incoming data packet. Grant packets are always repeated while a
data packet can be repeated or stripped. Each node has
knowledge of the simple network topology and data packets are
always routed towards the destination. A node can source data
in one port and concurrently receive (strip) a packet from
another port. A network configuration phase as seen in FireWire
is assumed in SFP. Network configuration plays a key role in
node addressing, topology discovery, and establishment of a
root node. The SFP root node plays an important role in various
bus management activities and fault tolerance (like assuming
the role of bus owner in the failure of one). This work does not
study network configuration and fault tolerance issues in detail.
It is assumed that there is no loss of arbitration request and
grant packets. Network recovery methods used in IEEE 1394b
can be easily extended to SFP.
3.3 Arbitration requesting
Arbitration requests in SFP are not 10-bit tokens as used in
IEEE 1394b, but rather are distinct packets of information. For
every data packet a node wishes to transmit, it must broadcast a
request packet claiming access to the shared data line. Each
request packet contains the following fields of information:
· Source id: Address of the node from which the data packet
originates. Nodes are addressed 1 to N, N being the number of
nodes in the network
27. · Destination id: Address of the node to which a data packet is
destined.
· Packet phase: Phase of arbitration. Can be Current or Next.
The arbitration phase ensures fairness among like priority
nodes.
· Packet size: Size (in bytes) of the data packet for which the
request is made.
· Priority: Priority of the data packet for which the request is
made. SFP supports three priority classes High, Medium, and
Low.
Arbitration request packets are transmitted on the request line
(TPB). Since TPB operates in a half-duplex mode there is a
need for controlled access to it to prevent packet collisions.
This is accomplished by the synchronous request transfer
mechanism.
Synchronous request transfer: It is assumed that all nodes in an
SFP network are synchronized to a common clock. This
synchronization takes place during the network configuration
phase before the normal network operations begin. It is
expected that each node run an arbitration cycle master whose
time cycle continuously alternates between even and odd
request intervals. Since the nodes are synchronized, the cycle
changes occur in all nodes at the same time. At the start of an
even request interval, even numbered (addressed) nodes can
transmit newly received request packets (if any) to their right
and left neighbors. At the start of an odd request interval, odd
numbered nodes can transmit newly received request packets to
their neighbors. Every node caches the request it receives and
also retransmits it to the neighbors in the appropriate request
interval. Nodes do not retransmit an incoming request that is
28. already present in their cache. It can be observed that at any
point in time a node may have a maximum of three new request
packets to transmit (its own request packet and the packets from
its left and right neighbors). So, the duration of a request
interval (even and odd) must be long enough to accommodate
three request packet transmissions. Request interval length also
depends upon the worst-case hop delay in the network. The
duration of a request interval, Treq, is,
prop
req
req
T
D
R
L
T
max
3
+
ú
û
ù
ê
ë
é
=
. (1)
In (1), Lreq is the size of a request packet in bits, R is the
bandwidth of the SFP link in bits per second, Dmax is the
maximum internode distance in meters, and
29. prop
T
is the propagation delay of electrical signals (5 nanoseconds per
meter). In SFP, arbitration requesting is never blocked by data
traffic and occurs continuously and independent of data
transmissions. Nodes can transmit a request packet and a data
packet concurrently on their respective lines. Figure 18 shows
arbitration requesting in SFP. Nodes 2, 4, and 6 transmit their
request packets at cycle n (even request interval). Nodes 1,3,
and 5 transmit their request packets at cycle n+1 (odd request
interval). A more sophisticated approach could be employed for
request transfer between nodes. However, the basic idea is to
support unblocked arbitration that is overlapped with data
transmission. The continuous nature of arbitration combined
with the request caching enables the bus owner to have a global
knowledge of all arbitrating nodes. This knowledge is necessary
to make an “intelligent” arbitration decision. The arbitration
decision procedure is described in
…
N
2
1
SFP medium
3
4
5
6
Transaction A
Transaction B
Transaction C
…
N
2
1
30. SFP medium
3
4
5
6
Transaction A
Transaction B
Transaction C
section 3.4.
Figure 18. Arbitration requesting in SFP
3.3.1 Support for priority traffic
In SFP, every data packet is prioritized and the bus owner
ensures expedited bus access to high priority packets. SFP
provides support for three priority classes, High, Medium,and
Low. Each node implements three priority queues (transmit
buffers) corresponding to the three classes of priority. Nodes
enqueue packets to be transmitted in appropriate buffers based
on priority. This work assumes infinite capacity for all three
transmit buffers and hence no buffer overflows. However, in a
real environment buffers may be limited in size and new
transmit packets may be dropped due to buffer overflow.
Arbitration requesting can be done for only one buffered data
packet at a time (i.e. for the head-of-line packet in the highest
non-empty priority queue). After a node arbitrates for the bus it
cannot send another request packet (for an additional data
packet) until the previous packet transmission is triggered
(started). However arbitration for a Low / Medium priority
packet may be preempted if a higher priority data packet is
enqueued. If arbitration is preempted, a new request packet
corresponding to the higher priority data packet is sent out. A
new request overrides the old (lower priority) cache entry.
31. Figure 19 illustrates the arbitration scheduler algorithm
executed in every SFP node. The statement WAIT (“event”)
specifies that the arbitration scheduler holds (or performs no
action) until the appropriate event is detected. The first IF block
(lines 2-5) describes the High priority arbitration. It can be seen
that after a High priority arbitration is done, the next arbitration
is put on hold until a grant is received and the High priority
packet transmit is triggered. The second (lines 6-10) and the
third (lines 11-15) ELSE IF blocks describe the Medium and
Low priority arbitrations, respectively. It can be seen that
Medium/Low priority arbitrations result in a packet transmit (if
a grant is received) or a new arbitration (if a higher priority
packet is enqueued).
ALGORITHM Arbitration Scheduler
1. While (TRUE) do
2. If (High priority transmit buffer has packets) then
3. Send request packet with priority field = High
4. WAIT (until a grant for the request is received)
5. Trigger packet transmit
6. Else if (Medium priority transmit buffer has packets) then
7. Send request packet with priority field = Medium
8. WAIT (until a grant for the request is received or a
High priority packet is enqueued)
9. If (grant for the request is received) then
10. Trigger packet transmit
11. Else if (Low priority transmit buffer has packets) then
32. 12. Send request packet with priority field = Low
13. WAIT (until a grant for the request is received or a
High/Medium priority packet is
enqueued)
14. If (grant for the request is received) then
15. Trigger packet transmit
Figure 19. Arbitration scheduler algorithm
3.3.2 Fair sharing of bandwidth
Arbitration requesting in SFP alternates between Current and
Next arbitration phases. The arbitration phase ensures fairness
among nodes of the same priority class. Every node that has
transmitted a packet (of any priority) in the Current phase can
arbitrate only for the Next phase. Arbitration phase is
independent of packet priority. Each node implements an
Arbitration_status flag. If this flag is set to TRUE, Current
phase requesting is done and if set to FALSE, Next phase
requesting is done. To start all nodes have Arbitration_status
flag set to TRUE. As soon as a node transmits a data packet it
sets Arbitration_status flag to FALSE. This flag is again set to
TRUE when the bus owner indicates arbitration reset (i.e.
changes the phase of arbitration). The change of phase
information is included in the grant packet that the bus owner
broadcasts. The bus owner performs an arbitration reset when it
sees no requests for the Current phase. When the bus owner
performs an arbitration reset, the old requests that are already
present in the cache automatically get updated to the Current
phase. Nodes are not required to send a new request packet to
update the change of arbitration phase. Among requests of the
same priority class, bus owner provides higher precedence (in
bus access) to Current requests than to Next requests.
33. 3.4 Bus owner
The bus owner is responsible for making the arbitration
decision. The Bus owner is not a fixed node. SFP nodes take
turns in playing the role of bus owner and there is always an
active (only one) bus owner. After taking the arbitration
decision, the present bus owner explicitly relays control to a
node that will be its successor in the network. The transfer of
control information (address of the next bus owner) is included
in the grant packet that it broadcasts. In the absence of new
requests, the bus owner retains its control. In case of
unexpected network conditions (like loss of a grant packet
carrying the transfer of control message) the root node assumes
the role of bus owner after detecting a specific amount of
network idle time. Immediately after the network configuration
the root node is initially assigned the role of the bus owner.
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