2/11/15, 7:21 PMPublic Anthropology | Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn From It
Page 1 of 7https://www.publicanthropology.net/pages/background/bys5ex/background-1st.php
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OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2015 SPRING
Introduction. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
Public Anthropology’s Community Action Website Project helps to provide students with key skills they need to be successful in
their future careers: critical thinking, effective communication, and active citizenship. The Project encourages (1) critical thinking
regarding an ethical issue, (2) a sharing of ideas among students from different universities, (3) improved writing skills, and (4) active citizenship
– a sense that students working together can facilitate change.
Let's begin. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
THE ISSUE
The rules for regulating research are regularly updated. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, is
presently trying to complete a new set of regulations (see e.g. http://chronicle.com/article/Overhaul-of-Rules-for-Human/137811/). After
reading the material below, you will be asked to address in your Op-Ed (or opinion piece) two questions regarding how much,
or how little, governmental regulation of research is appropriate. Good luck.
There are four steps to this skill development process:
(1) READ: You should carefully read the background material to gain an idea of the issue you will be writing about. If you rush
through the material, you will probably do poorly -- grade wise -- on this writing assignment.
(2) DECIDE: You will then take a stand on the issue discussed and, critically, develop an effective argument in support of your
position.
(3) PREPARE: Before you write your Op-Ed (or opinion) piece, you should carefully look at the criteria others will use in evaluating
your piece (see below) as well as examples of model Op-Eds from leading North American newspapers. These should provide a sense
of how to frame and phrase your own Op-Ed.
(4) WRITE: You should write your Op-Ed in a word processing program – such as WORD – and cut and paste your Op-Ed into the
space provided on the website.
RELATION TO READING: Why a Public Anthropology?
Why a Public Anthropology? begins with the sentence: "Cultural Anthropology has the potential to change the world." The first chapter highlights
three anthropologists who actively addressed important social concerns -- Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, and Paul Farmer. The second chapter then
describes in some detail cultural anthropology's potential for addressing a range of problems. But how does one proceed in an ethically positive
way in addressing these problems, in trying to bring change?
In sections 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8, the book asks whether cultural an.
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2012 FALLIntroduction. . .____________________.docxMARRY7
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2012 FALL
Introduction. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
Public Anthropology’s Community Action Website Project helps to provide students with key skills they need to be successful in their future careers: critical thinking, effective communication, and active citizenship.
The Project encourages (1) critical thinking regarding an ethical issue, (2) a sharing of ideas among students from different universities, (3) improved writing skills, and (4) active citizenship – a sense that students working together can facilitate change.
Let's begin. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
THE ISSUE
The rules for regulating research are regularly updated. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, is now in the process of completing a new set of regulations
(see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/
)
.
After reading the material below, you will be asked to address in your Op-Ed (or opinion piece) two questions regarding how much, or how little, governmental regulation of research is appropriate.
There are four steps to this skill development process:
(1) READ:
You should carefully read the background material to gain an idea of the issue you will be writing about. If you rush through the material, you will probably do poorly -- grade wise -- on this writing assignment.
(2) DECIDE:
You will then take a stand on the issue discussed and, critically, develop an effective argument in support of your position.
(3) PREPARE:
Before you write your Op-Ed (or opinion) piece, you should carefully look at the criteria others will use in evaluating your piece (see below) as well as examples of model Op-Eds from leading North American newspapers. These should provide a sense of how to frame and phrase your own Op-Ed.
(4) WRITE:
You should write your Op-Ed in a word processing program – such as WORD – and cut and paste your Op-Ed into the space provided on the website.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
In writing your Op-Ed, you are strongly encouraged to ONLY use the information provided below (especially the four case studies). Yes, there are lots of links in the following materials. But they are mainly provided so you appreciate the statements being made are well documented.
Writing your Op-Ed is primarily an exercise in critical thinking, not in collecting data from the web to support this or that position. Given the information as reliable as we can make it – given the demands of this assignment – what do you view as a reasonable stance? How do you reason with the information provided to a thoughtful position regarding freedom versus regulation in research?
A BIT OF HISTORY:
THE BELMONT REPORT
(see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report
) of 1979 constitutes the foundation for regulating research across all parts of the United States government. Quoting from the report itself:
On .
Group 151.) Do you think people grade harder on their peers or.docxjosephineboon366
Group 15:
1.) Do you think people grade harder on their peers or easier as opposed to a teacher? Why? If you could change one thing about this project what would it be?
2.) IRBs by nature are slow processes, as they are made of voluntary members and are methodical in looking at any single proposal, described last week as resulting in a tedious process to get approval for even very simple experiments. Why would the system be formed this way? What is good about it? What is bad about it?
3.) There are some fields, like medicine or psychology, where the line between ethical and unethical can be obvious. Less pronounced are the dangers from fields like cultural anthropology in which research may pose a less obvious risk to the well being of a population. What risks may be present in this kind of research? Where is the line between ethical and unethical or is there one?
Group 16:
1.) Reflecting on our ever growing connectedness as a human race, do you think we will ever adopt a set of "universal morals" to govern not only one country, but all of human society? Is such a set of international moral codes even achievable? And in what ways do we see small scale ideas of this (Such as the UN) in action in our present time?
2.) How is it that people with incredibly similar cultures can have very different beliefs?
3.) According to Sapir and Whorf, a person's vocabulary can reflect upon his or her physical and social environment. In what ways could your vocabulary reflect your own physical and social environment, specifically?
.
This document provides a critical analysis of two research articles that use different methodologies and paradigms. The first article uses quantitative methods and a post-positivistic paradigm, while the second uses qualitative methods and a constructivist paradigm. Each article is analyzed based on its methodology, research questions, theoretical frameworks, definitions, limitations, significance, methods and procedures, quality and rigor, and researcher positionality. The analysis finds that while the articles have different purposes, they both fit within the conceptual frameworks of their respective fields.
This document discusses think tanks, their proliferation in the modern world, and how they perform their roles. It defines think tanks as institutions that pursue research in public policy, are largely funded by endowments and grants, and aim to improve public awareness of issues and influence government policy. The document then examines factors behind the growth of think tanks, such as distrust in government and a need for independent expertise. It also classifies think tanks based on their affiliations and orientations, such as academic, advocacy, or contract research organizations. The document concludes by looking at how think tanks like Brookings Institution perform their roles through staff, funding, and pursuing rigorous independent academic research to analyze and influence public policy.
Throughout The Study Of Diseases Researchers Have DevelopedKate Subramanian
The document discusses strategies researchers have used to study and control diseases. It notes that to decrease disease occurrence, researchers must understand incidence rates and analyze new case counts. It provides polio as an example of a once-feared disease that is now preventable through immunization. The document also discusses homeostasis and how the immune system and disease states can disrupt or restore homeostasis. It describes the pathophysiological impacts of disease on body systems.
ENG122 Composition II Research Paper Guidelines ASHF.docxYASHU40
ENG122: Composition II
Research Paper Guidelines
ASHFORD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, LOWER DIVISION
VERSION 2013 (FALL)
P A G E | 1
ENGLISH 122: COMPOSITION II
~ Ancillary Materials ~
Research Paper Guidelines
INTRODUCTION
To write the Final Research Paper for this course, you must choose
one writing prompt and develop a position. Your thesis statement
forms the basis of your position and guides your argument to a
logical conclusion. The thesis statement will answer any
question(s) presented in the writing prompt in one to two clear
sentences.
In the body of the paper, you will examine issues that are relevant
to your thesis statement and use research to support your claims
about those issues. Each claim or assertion must be supported by
scholarly research in the form of summaries, paraphrased
information, or direct quotes from published, credible sources.
Each paragraph should address one topic that directly supports
your thesis statement.
Research is an analytical process, so you are expected to discuss multiple viewpoints and to present
research results in an impersonal manner. It is also important to remember that a persuasive essay
does not simply report information or summarize sources; it uses research to develop an
argument and/or prove a point.
At the end of your paper, you will need to provide a conclusion that features a closing argument, a
paper summary, and a rephrased thesis statement.
PROMPTS: ARTS, MEDIA, AND PHILOSOPHY
1. Should organized religious groups be allowed to act as political advocates or should they
focus only on the spiritual needs of people? Is it possible to strike a balance? Research all
sides of this debate and defend a single position in your persuasive essay.
2. The word “hero” is culturally-specific and is often applied to sports figures, celebrities, and
cultural icons. Define how the term is currently and most commonly used in mass media, and
decide if you agree or disagree with who is considered heroic. If you agree with its current
usage, explain to readers why you feel it is appropriately applied. If you disagree, make the
case for the people you would define as heroic and explain your reasoning.
3. In 2012, three of the top-grossing action films featured female heroes: The Hunger Games,
Breaking Dawn, and Brave (IMDB, n.d., “Most Popular Feature Films Released in 2012”). Do
you believe it’s noteworthy that so many recent films have female heroes, or do you believe
that female role models have always been present in American movies? Explain your position
through examples and analysis of these characters. Finally, are these depictions important?
It is important that
you select a single
writing prompt
that interests you.
You will spend the
next five weeks
researching and
writing about that
subject.
ENG122: Composition II
Research Paper Guidelines
ASHFORD UNIVERSITY, ...
Cause And Effect Of Air Pollution Essay.pdfApril Lynn
(DOC) Pollution - Cause and Effect Essay | Nine Co - Academia.edu. What Are Main Causes Of Air Pollution. 002 Cause And Effect Essay On Pollution Air Causes Effects Solutions .... Narrative Essay: Causes of pollution essay. Effect of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals | Prana Air. Air pollution essay writing diagram - homeworktidy.x.fc2.com. Causes of Air Pollution Essay - Pippa Lawrence. School Essay: Air pollution essay. ️ Essay about air pollution cause and effect. Pollution causes and .... Cause and effect of air pollution essay – The Friary School. Essays about air pollution causes effects - writefiction581.web.fc2.com. Pollution Essay | Pollution | Air Pollution. School Essay: Causes of air pollution essay. Write An Essay On Air Pollution - Essay on Air Pollution: Causes .... Air Pollution Essay | Air Pollution | Atmosphere Of Earth.
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2012 FALLIntroduction. . .____________________.docxMARRY7
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2012 FALL
Introduction. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
Public Anthropology’s Community Action Website Project helps to provide students with key skills they need to be successful in their future careers: critical thinking, effective communication, and active citizenship.
The Project encourages (1) critical thinking regarding an ethical issue, (2) a sharing of ideas among students from different universities, (3) improved writing skills, and (4) active citizenship – a sense that students working together can facilitate change.
Let's begin. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
THE ISSUE
The rules for regulating research are regularly updated. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, is now in the process of completing a new set of regulations
(see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/
)
.
After reading the material below, you will be asked to address in your Op-Ed (or opinion piece) two questions regarding how much, or how little, governmental regulation of research is appropriate.
There are four steps to this skill development process:
(1) READ:
You should carefully read the background material to gain an idea of the issue you will be writing about. If you rush through the material, you will probably do poorly -- grade wise -- on this writing assignment.
(2) DECIDE:
You will then take a stand on the issue discussed and, critically, develop an effective argument in support of your position.
(3) PREPARE:
Before you write your Op-Ed (or opinion) piece, you should carefully look at the criteria others will use in evaluating your piece (see below) as well as examples of model Op-Eds from leading North American newspapers. These should provide a sense of how to frame and phrase your own Op-Ed.
(4) WRITE:
You should write your Op-Ed in a word processing program – such as WORD – and cut and paste your Op-Ed into the space provided on the website.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
In writing your Op-Ed, you are strongly encouraged to ONLY use the information provided below (especially the four case studies). Yes, there are lots of links in the following materials. But they are mainly provided so you appreciate the statements being made are well documented.
Writing your Op-Ed is primarily an exercise in critical thinking, not in collecting data from the web to support this or that position. Given the information as reliable as we can make it – given the demands of this assignment – what do you view as a reasonable stance? How do you reason with the information provided to a thoughtful position regarding freedom versus regulation in research?
A BIT OF HISTORY:
THE BELMONT REPORT
(see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report
) of 1979 constitutes the foundation for regulating research across all parts of the United States government. Quoting from the report itself:
On .
Group 151.) Do you think people grade harder on their peers or.docxjosephineboon366
Group 15:
1.) Do you think people grade harder on their peers or easier as opposed to a teacher? Why? If you could change one thing about this project what would it be?
2.) IRBs by nature are slow processes, as they are made of voluntary members and are methodical in looking at any single proposal, described last week as resulting in a tedious process to get approval for even very simple experiments. Why would the system be formed this way? What is good about it? What is bad about it?
3.) There are some fields, like medicine or psychology, where the line between ethical and unethical can be obvious. Less pronounced are the dangers from fields like cultural anthropology in which research may pose a less obvious risk to the well being of a population. What risks may be present in this kind of research? Where is the line between ethical and unethical or is there one?
Group 16:
1.) Reflecting on our ever growing connectedness as a human race, do you think we will ever adopt a set of "universal morals" to govern not only one country, but all of human society? Is such a set of international moral codes even achievable? And in what ways do we see small scale ideas of this (Such as the UN) in action in our present time?
2.) How is it that people with incredibly similar cultures can have very different beliefs?
3.) According to Sapir and Whorf, a person's vocabulary can reflect upon his or her physical and social environment. In what ways could your vocabulary reflect your own physical and social environment, specifically?
.
This document provides a critical analysis of two research articles that use different methodologies and paradigms. The first article uses quantitative methods and a post-positivistic paradigm, while the second uses qualitative methods and a constructivist paradigm. Each article is analyzed based on its methodology, research questions, theoretical frameworks, definitions, limitations, significance, methods and procedures, quality and rigor, and researcher positionality. The analysis finds that while the articles have different purposes, they both fit within the conceptual frameworks of their respective fields.
This document discusses think tanks, their proliferation in the modern world, and how they perform their roles. It defines think tanks as institutions that pursue research in public policy, are largely funded by endowments and grants, and aim to improve public awareness of issues and influence government policy. The document then examines factors behind the growth of think tanks, such as distrust in government and a need for independent expertise. It also classifies think tanks based on their affiliations and orientations, such as academic, advocacy, or contract research organizations. The document concludes by looking at how think tanks like Brookings Institution perform their roles through staff, funding, and pursuing rigorous independent academic research to analyze and influence public policy.
Throughout The Study Of Diseases Researchers Have DevelopedKate Subramanian
The document discusses strategies researchers have used to study and control diseases. It notes that to decrease disease occurrence, researchers must understand incidence rates and analyze new case counts. It provides polio as an example of a once-feared disease that is now preventable through immunization. The document also discusses homeostasis and how the immune system and disease states can disrupt or restore homeostasis. It describes the pathophysiological impacts of disease on body systems.
ENG122 Composition II Research Paper Guidelines ASHF.docxYASHU40
ENG122: Composition II
Research Paper Guidelines
ASHFORD UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, LOWER DIVISION
VERSION 2013 (FALL)
P A G E | 1
ENGLISH 122: COMPOSITION II
~ Ancillary Materials ~
Research Paper Guidelines
INTRODUCTION
To write the Final Research Paper for this course, you must choose
one writing prompt and develop a position. Your thesis statement
forms the basis of your position and guides your argument to a
logical conclusion. The thesis statement will answer any
question(s) presented in the writing prompt in one to two clear
sentences.
In the body of the paper, you will examine issues that are relevant
to your thesis statement and use research to support your claims
about those issues. Each claim or assertion must be supported by
scholarly research in the form of summaries, paraphrased
information, or direct quotes from published, credible sources.
Each paragraph should address one topic that directly supports
your thesis statement.
Research is an analytical process, so you are expected to discuss multiple viewpoints and to present
research results in an impersonal manner. It is also important to remember that a persuasive essay
does not simply report information or summarize sources; it uses research to develop an
argument and/or prove a point.
At the end of your paper, you will need to provide a conclusion that features a closing argument, a
paper summary, and a rephrased thesis statement.
PROMPTS: ARTS, MEDIA, AND PHILOSOPHY
1. Should organized religious groups be allowed to act as political advocates or should they
focus only on the spiritual needs of people? Is it possible to strike a balance? Research all
sides of this debate and defend a single position in your persuasive essay.
2. The word “hero” is culturally-specific and is often applied to sports figures, celebrities, and
cultural icons. Define how the term is currently and most commonly used in mass media, and
decide if you agree or disagree with who is considered heroic. If you agree with its current
usage, explain to readers why you feel it is appropriately applied. If you disagree, make the
case for the people you would define as heroic and explain your reasoning.
3. In 2012, three of the top-grossing action films featured female heroes: The Hunger Games,
Breaking Dawn, and Brave (IMDB, n.d., “Most Popular Feature Films Released in 2012”). Do
you believe it’s noteworthy that so many recent films have female heroes, or do you believe
that female role models have always been present in American movies? Explain your position
through examples and analysis of these characters. Finally, are these depictions important?
It is important that
you select a single
writing prompt
that interests you.
You will spend the
next five weeks
researching and
writing about that
subject.
ENG122: Composition II
Research Paper Guidelines
ASHFORD UNIVERSITY, ...
Cause And Effect Of Air Pollution Essay.pdfApril Lynn
(DOC) Pollution - Cause and Effect Essay | Nine Co - Academia.edu. What Are Main Causes Of Air Pollution. 002 Cause And Effect Essay On Pollution Air Causes Effects Solutions .... Narrative Essay: Causes of pollution essay. Effect of Air Pollution on Plants and Animals | Prana Air. Air pollution essay writing diagram - homeworktidy.x.fc2.com. Causes of Air Pollution Essay - Pippa Lawrence. School Essay: Air pollution essay. ️ Essay about air pollution cause and effect. Pollution causes and .... Cause and effect of air pollution essay – The Friary School. Essays about air pollution causes effects - writefiction581.web.fc2.com. Pollution Essay | Pollution | Air Pollution. School Essay: Causes of air pollution essay. Write An Essay On Air Pollution - Essay on Air Pollution: Causes .... Air Pollution Essay | Air Pollution | Atmosphere Of Earth.
A very famous philosopher Aristotle - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Free Essay 22 | Plato | Aristotle. Aristotle Essay Argument. Aristotles essay main philosphy. 아리스토텔레스 설득의 3요소(로고스,파토스,에토스) High School Ela, Teaching High School .... Aristotles Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 .... Explain Aristotles Concept of the Prime Mover Essay - sludgeport240.web .... Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words. Aristotle's Ethics - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Essay About Aristotle | emr.ac.uk. Aristotle. Aristotle`s formula for essay writing. Aristotle's function argument - Free Essay Example | PapersOwl.com. Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1. Презентация на тему: "PRESENTA TİON ABOUT ARİSTOTLE. Aristotle is a .... Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1. Aristotle Essay | Virtue | Aristotle | Free 30-day Trial | Scribd. OCR RELIGIOUS STUDIES- Plato and Aristotle ESSAY PLANS | Teaching Resources. Aristotle essay - City Centre Hotel Phnom Penh. Essay on aristotles political theory. ⇉Aristotle Research Paper Aristotle Aristotle Essay Example | GraduateWay. Essays on Plato and Aristotle: By Ackrill, J. L. 9780198236412 | eBay. Aristotle Essay: Aristotle and His Own Science of Logic. Aristotle notes - PHDessay.com. Great Philosopher Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written ....
This document provides an overview of the course content and assignments for BSHS 302 Complete Class. The key points are:
1) The course covers the history, goals, and common intervention strategies of human services. Assignments include a paper on the nature of human services, an annotated bibliography on issues in the child welfare system, and a presentation on social issues facing the elderly.
2) Students will interview a human services provider and reflect on how the agency applies core competencies and meets career goals.
3) A final paper requires examining a global social issue or vulnerable population and macro-level interventions from the perspective of human rights organizations.
1Running Head FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS2FUTURE AT T.docxnovabroom
1
Running Head: FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
2
FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
Future at the Veteran Affairs
Name
Institution
Due Date
Future at the Veteran Affairs
In the field of social work, it is usually difficult to determine the key principles that one is supposed to live by since this is a line of profession that has diverse applications that all have different entities to them. Similar to personal life skills and personal decisions that one makes to their own lives, social work is part and parcel of how one goes about it on a daily basis Appling all the required code of ethics under the stipulations under NASW (Barsky, 2017). However, there is much more to it than following regulations and settings, it is also paramount to make one’s own choices at all times that best fit the situation. However, at times these choices might require more than thought and experience. Thus, this is where the adoption and application of the skills and knowledge obtained from research can come in handy.
As a social worker, I have been able to understand the methodologies of collecting vital information that is key in determining if a patient or a participant in a program is actually benefiting. This makes it possible to offer better care to the individual and also present my findings to the rest of the team in order to make the necessary changes needed to make the process more efficient. Skills such as the analysis of data/information will be vital in using past records to determine how care is being offered at the VA and how if can ensure this is effectively done (Leonard, 2009). One of the key strategies that I intend in applying as a social worker is the strategy of using a logic model and applying the outcome evaluation strategy in determining the effectiveness of a program or how well the care is being offered and how the vets will be perceiving it. The best form of applying this strategy will be by initiation a regular data collection strategy that will be looking at gaining better understanding of the state o the participants on a regular basis and following up with them even after the program. not only will this offer more commitment to the vets, but it will also make it possible to track the record and performance of the institution.
Working with veterans is not an easy task neither for it requires utmost respect and dedication as well as an increased level of understanding what one is dealing with. As a social worker, the first and most effective skill that would be beneficial will be my communication skills. Having an in-depth connection and interaction with a vet would make it possible to understand them better and also be able to create a better relation (Trevithick, Richards, Ruch & Moss, 2004). On the other hand, understanding the human psychology would also be crucial in tackling cases of PTSD and substance abuse. Gaining a better understanding to mental health and psychiatric aspects through the adoption of the evidenc.
1Running Head FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS2FUTURE AT T.docxeugeniadean34240
1
Running Head: FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
2
FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
Future at the Veteran Affairs
Name
Institution
Due Date
Future at the Veteran Affairs
In the field of social work, it is usually difficult to determine the key principles that one is supposed to live by since this is a line of profession that has diverse applications that all have different entities to them. Similar to personal life skills and personal decisions that one makes to their own lives, social work is part and parcel of how one goes about it on a daily basis Appling all the required code of ethics under the stipulations under NASW (Barsky, 2017). However, there is much more to it than following regulations and settings, it is also paramount to make one’s own choices at all times that best fit the situation. However, at times these choices might require more than thought and experience. Thus, this is where the adoption and application of the skills and knowledge obtained from research can come in handy.
As a social worker, I have been able to understand the methodologies of collecting vital information that is key in determining if a patient or a participant in a program is actually benefiting. This makes it possible to offer better care to the individual and also present my findings to the rest of the team in order to make the necessary changes needed to make the process more efficient. Skills such as the analysis of data/information will be vital in using past records to determine how care is being offered at the VA and how if can ensure this is effectively done (Leonard, 2009). One of the key strategies that I intend in applying as a social worker is the strategy of using a logic model and applying the outcome evaluation strategy in determining the effectiveness of a program or how well the care is being offered and how the vets will be perceiving it. The best form of applying this strategy will be by initiation a regular data collection strategy that will be looking at gaining better understanding of the state o the participants on a regular basis and following up with them even after the program. not only will this offer more commitment to the vets, but it will also make it possible to track the record and performance of the institution.
Working with veterans is not an easy task neither for it requires utmost respect and dedication as well as an increased level of understanding what one is dealing with. As a social worker, the first and most effective skill that would be beneficial will be my communication skills. Having an in-depth connection and interaction with a vet would make it possible to understand them better and also be able to create a better relation (Trevithick, Richards, Ruch & Moss, 2004). On the other hand, understanding the human psychology would also be crucial in tackling cases of PTSD and substance abuse. Gaining a better understanding to mental health and psychiatric aspects through the adoption of the evidenc.
Week 2 Discussion 1 Here are the instructions The discussion title .docxendawalling
Week 2 Discussion 1 Here are the instructions: The discussion title is Locating resources. The ability to locate and utilize information relative to Health and Human services is an important component of many health and human service jobs. Some of the areas included in HHS program are: Legal/illegal immigrants, Poverty, Violence in The Media, Unemployment, Alcoholism, Gambling, Sexual Harassment, Criminal Justice, Hunger/Homelessness, Mental Illness, Health. Instructions Locate information and relevant reports on an area of poverty from one of these groups. To accomplish this the following was entered into the search engine such as Google and Health and Human services and programs dealing with poverty. The research found a site under the heading of Poverty research Centers. As the interest was focused on discovering what information was available, the research centered on The National Pverty Center. An examination on this site under that heading yielded numerous areas regarding new research opportunities, informing the policy community, and training young researchers. The assignment asks for an exploration of what can be found in several of the areas listed above. Then Identify one area and prepare a descriptive post outlining the information in this site. You may want to experiment with various areas in order to understand the usually large number of resources/programs, but also the kinds of information. This is discussion 1 of week two. Discussion 2 Of week 2 is : Research venues: Instructions are Research can be divided into three broad areas: descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative. Some researchers subsume descriptive research (archrival) as quantitative. For this discussion we are considering it a separate kind, as descriptive research can fall into either area; qualitative or quantitative. The assignment is to prepare a post that is differentiating qualitative, quantitative, and analysis of availability data. Identify those attributes that form the essence of these three research venues. Questions that might want to be considered: What are the differences in types of data/information among the three venues? What are the expected outcomes when using each kind? for example: does using available data enable one to determine cause and effect? Which venue utilizes narrative and observation as a data source? What are some advantage/disadvantages for each research venue? This should be explained in the HHS 460 book by( Monette, Sullivan, Cornell, Dejong. & Hilton 2014) Applied Social Research: A tool for the Human Services (9th Ed.). I need these papers done according to these instructions referencing the textbook. Can someone do this according to these instructions for me? Thanks CelesteM.
...
This document discusses the human sciences and compares them to the natural sciences. It summarizes a case where economists Reinhart and Rogoff published a paper linking high public debt to low economic growth, but their analysis contained a significant error that was later uncovered by a graduate student. This case highlighted differences between the human and natural sciences, such as the human sciences dealing with human behavior which can be unpredictable, while the natural sciences examine non-human phenomena that always behave the same way. The document explores the scope and methods of various human science disciplines and debates how "scientific" they are considered.
'The Hybrid Legal-Scientific Dynamic of Transnational Scientific Institutions', 9 April 2015 Climate Futures Initiative (CFI) seminars series, Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI), Forthcoming, European Journal of International Law, 2015.
ECON315 – Global Economy – Research Paper
Dr. Edouard Mafoua
Research Paper on Non-Western Country
(General Education Assessment for ECON 315: 275 points)
Please click on http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/index.html, and choose your non-Western country such as: 1. Argentina; 2. Bolivia; 3. Brazil; 4. Chile; 5. China; 6. Cuba; 7. Czech Republic; 8. Egypt; 9. Hong Kong; 10. Hungary; 11. India;12. Indonesia; 13. Iraq; 14. Israel; 15. Japan; 16. Korea (North); 17. Korea (South); 18. Malaysia; 19. Mexico; 20. New Zealand; 21. Nigeria; 22. Pakistan; 23. Peru; 24. Poland; 25. Russia; 26. Saudi Arabia; 27. Singapore; 28. South Africa; 29. Taiwan; 30. Tanzania; 31.Thailand. You may choose a non-Western country not listed above. Then, write a double-spaced research paper (minimum: 10 pages or maximum: 15 pages; No Plagiarism!!!) that includes:
Before submitting the entire “Research Paper”, you must turn in the following items at due dates:
A. Research Paper Outline (2 pages maximum: 25 points).
B. Two Progress Reports:
2.1.
Research Paper Draft # 1: History, Political Situation & Economic Situation (25 points).
2.2.
Research Paper Draft # 2
: Key Macroeconomic Variables, Judiciary System & Environment Concerns (25 points).
C. Final Research Paper:
1. History of the Country (20 points): Colonization, independence, revolution, war…
Describe at least four components related to the history of the country.
2. Political Situation (20 points): Government, parties, parliament, congress…
Describe at least four components related to the political situation of the country.
3. Economic Situation (20 points): Exports, imports, foreign direct investment, agriculture, industry, tourism, infrastructure, recession, depression, privatization, nationalization…
Describe at least four components related to the economic situation of the country.
4. Key macroeconomic Variables (20 points): Economic (GNP or GDP) growth, Income (GNP or GDP per capita), Inflation rate, unemployment rate, spending (consumer/government), investment…
Describe at least four key macroeconomic variables.
5. Justice/Judiciary System (20 points): Constitution, laws, regulations, legal reform, Supreme Court, bar…
Describe at least four components related to the justice/judiciary system of the country.
6. Environment Concerns (20 points): Air pollution, water pollution, soil erosion, solid waste, deforestation, desertification…
Describe at least four components related to environment concerns.
7. Health Concerns (20 points): HIV/Aids, health care system, access to health care, tropical diseases, life expectancy…
Describe at least four components related to health concerns.
8. Society/Family/Culture (20 points): Culture, ethnic groups, languages, gender issues, sports, Family size (small vs. large), classes (low, middle, upper), marriage (polygamy vs. monogamy)…
Describe at least four components related to Society, Family, and Culture.
9. Religion .
32 College Essay Format Templates & Examples - TemplateArchive. 19+ Essay Templates in PDF. 011 Essay Example Proper Heading Mla Format Layout L ~ Thatsnotus. College Essay Examples - 9+ in PDF | Examples. 011 Essay Introduction Example Best Ideas Of An Marvelous At Format For ....
CHAPTER 4 ETHICS AND THE INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) PROCESSWilheminaRossi174
This document discusses institutional review boards (IRBs) and their role in reviewing research involving human subjects to ensure ethical standards are upheld. IRBs were established by federal regulations to protect participants in research studies as well as researchers and their institutions. The revised Common Rule provides the federal definitions of research and human subjects. An IRB reviews research proposals, consent forms, and debriefing documents to determine the level of risk involved and whether the study upholds ethical practices like informed consent. The goal of IRB review is to protect all parties involved in research while allowing beneficial research to proceed.
Communicating risks and benefits an evidence based user's guideDr Lendy Spires
This document provides acknowledgements for contributors to the guide "Communicating Risks and Benefits: An Evidence-Based User’s Guide". It thanks Nancy Ostrove and Lee Zwanziger from the FDA for their support in developing the guide. It also thanks Nancy Derr, Elena Ketelhut and the guide's authors and reviewers for their work. Permission is acknowledged from various publishers to reuse figures. The guide aims to make the risk communication research literature more accessible and applicable to practitioners.
Checklist for Preparing a Research Proposal A good resear.docxbissacr
Checklist for Preparing a Research Proposal
A good research proposal should impress someone (e.g., a teacher, a faculty committee, an Institutional
Review Board [IRB], or a funding agency) with the project’s worthiness, feasibility, ethical treatment of
participants and the community, and appropriateness of its design. The following items usually, but not
always, appear in a research proposal.
I. A Title- A title captures the theme or thesis of the proposed project in a nutshell.
II. A Statement of the Project’s Problem or Objective - In this section, you should answer questions
such as
1. What exactly will you study?
2. Why is it worth studying?
3. Does the proposed study have practical significance?
III. Literature Review - In general, a good literature review justifies the pro- posed research.
(See Appendix C for a discussion of literature reviews in research reports. Literature
reviews in research proposals should do the same things that literature reviews in
research reports do.) In a literature review, one normally cites references that appear in
the proposal’s ref- erence section (see later) using a style that is appropriate to one’s
disci- pline (e.g., American Sociological Association style for sociology, American
Psychological Association style for psychology and educa- tion). It is often appropriate to
end the literature review with a state- ment of a research question (or research
questions) or of a hypothesis (or hypotheses) that will guide the research.
The literature review normally accomplishes this goal (of justifica- tion) by addressing
some of the following:
1. What have others said about this topic and related topics?
2. What research, if any, has been done previously on the topic?
3. Have other researchers used techniques that can be adapted for the purposes of the
proposed study?
4. References used
5. Statement of research question or hypothesis
IV. Methods- In a methods section, you should answer questions such as:
1. Whom or what will you study to collect data?
2. How will you select your sample?
3. What, if any, ethical considerations are relevant?
4. What method(s) of data collection will you use—a questionnaire, an interview, an
observation, and/or an available data?
You might also, depending on the nature of the study (e.g., whether it is quantitative or
qualitative), want to answer questions such as
1. What are the key variables in your study?
2. How will you define and measure them?
3. Will you be borrowing someone else’s measures or using a modified form of
measures that have been used before?
4. What kind of data analysis, or comparisons, do you intend to do, or make, with the
data you collect?
V. Plan for Sharing Your Findings- In this section, you will want to answer questions like
these:
1. Will you write up your results in the form of a paper (or book) to be shared with
others?
2. What kinds.
DRUGS New agreement to tackle pharmaceutical pollution p.1AlyciaGold776
DRUGS New agreement to
tackle pharmaceutical
pollution p.164
WORLD VIEW Vaccination
the best way to measure
health care p.165
DUNG OVER Rolling beetles
fooled by look-alike
seeds p.167
Let’s think about cognitive bias
The human brain’s habit of finding what it wants to find is a key problem for research. Establishing
robust methods to avoid such bias will make results more reproducible.
“Ever since I first learned about confirmation bias I’ve been see-ing it everywhere.” So said British author and broadcaster Jon Ronson in So You’ve Been Publicly Shamed (Picador, 2015).
You will see a lot of cognitive bias in this week’s Nature. In a series
of articles, we examine the impact that bias can have on research, and
the best ways to identify and tackle it. One enemy of robust science
is our humanity — our appetite for being right, and our tendency to
find patterns in noise, to see supporting evidence for what we already
believe is true, and to ignore the facts that do not fit.
The sources and types of such cognitive bias — and the fallacies they
produce — are becoming more widely appreciated. Some of the prob-
lems are as old as science itself, and some are new: the IKEA effect, for
example, describes a cognitive bias among consumers who place artifi-
cially high value on products that they have built themselves. Another
common fallacy in research is the Texas sharp-shooter effect — fir-
ing off a few rounds and then drawing a bull’s eye around the bullet
holes. And then there is asymmetrical attention: carefully debugging
analyses and debunking data that counter a favoured hypothesis, while
letting evidence in favour of the hypothesis slide by unexamined.
Such fallacies sound obvious and easy to avoid. It is easy to think that
they only affect other people. In fact, they fall naturally into investiga-
tors’ blind spots (see page 182).
Advocates of robust science have repeatedly warned against cogni-
tive habits that can lead to error. Although such awareness is essential,
it is insufficient. The scientific community needs concrete guidance on
how to manage its all-too-human biases and avoid the errors they cause.
That need is particularly acute in statistical data analysis, where
some of the best-established methods were developed in a time before
data sets were measured in terabytes, and where choices between tech-
niques offer abundant opportunity for errors. Proteomics and genom-
ics, for example, crunch millions of data points at once, over thousands
of gene or protein variants. Early work was plagued by false positives,
before the spread of techniques that could account for the myriad
hypotheses that such a data-rich environment could generate.
Although problems persist, these fields serve as examples of commu-
nities learning to recognize and curb their mistakes. Another example is
the venerable practice of double-blind studies. But more effort is needed,
particularly in what some have called evidence- ...
discussion 1 - BRADYData is something that every researcher need.docxowenhall46084
discussion 1 - BRADY
Data is something that every researcher needs in order to show his work and to justify whether his hypothesis is correct or incorrect. What you are actually researching can sometimes dictate how you need to do your research. There are two different types of research methods and that is quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative is exactly what it sounds like. Take statists and numbers along with results of everything that is being studied and researched to compare them with one another (Brians, 2011). Qualitative is more of a personal experience form of gathering data. Take for instance individuals that go and learn about other cultures. The journals or papers they write ae usually about their experiences and what they have seen. Their perspectives give rise to understanding and influence. It’s important to be able to understand the difference and have good comprehension as it will show you the best war to gather data for your hypothesis or subject you’re studying. Our research is for homeland security so let’s head in that direction.
A case can be had for either research method could be used to figure out which is the best but that is not the question. The question is which I believe is most helpful. Let’s say for instance new laws and regulations have been put in place to ensure that no terrorist get into the country or can attack America again. How are you going to quantify that information unless it has been done in a quantitative method where information is being compared to the time before the laws to the time after to see if the laws have worked?
Now that I have answered the question I would also like to point out that sometimes getting this information requires individuals to have the information from the field itself and to actually make suggestions based on their actual practical applications they have seen. This top couple is descriptive which could be one or the other method of data collection.
DISCUSSION 1 - Justin
Research methods are usually categorized as being either quantitative or qualitative. Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods. Identify which method of research you believe is most useful in homeland security research.
Quantitative methods emphasis on detached observations and documenting the findings in a numerical manner. (Brian, Willnat, Manheim, & Rich, 2011). Quantitative research needs to have specific question and have an idea of what you want you to gain from the research.
Qualitative research, is “based on the researcher’s informed understanding” of the topic being researched (Brians, et al, 2011, p. 2). The difference here would be that qualitative research focuses on the study of people in their own environment and watching events as the “naturally” take place (Brians, et al., 2011, p. 83). Qualitative is an evolution in the study of research as it unfolds and give a larger picture to me in that the observer can see the whole scope of the int.
Cell Phones And Driving Essay. research paper on texting while drivingLatoya White
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I need a 7 pg research essay on the following Select a real o.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following:
Select a real or hypothetical crisis, such as a natural disaster (hurricane, tornado, flooding, or earthquake), a catastrophic building failure, or an act of terrorism.
Discuss resource management based on ethical approaches used during crisis management.
Consider issues such as patient triage or current as well as incoming patients, supply, and personnel availability.
Discuss and develop an authoritative chain of command for crisis management.
Include such responsibilities as Incident Commander, Communications Officer, and other members of the chain of command for the incident.
Discuss the importance and implementation of community communication, involvement, and coordination.
Discuss the necessary policies for personnel management and safety.
Include provisions for lock-down status and family communication abilities.
Outline the steps for supply chain management, both for personnel and the supplies needed to provide care.
.
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly wri.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly written and includes the following:
The attendance of an AA meeting. Describe the meeting's atmosphere, the participants and their appearances, details on the group discussion, engagement, timeframe, the pros and cons of the meeting, and other helpful information.
.
I need a 3 page research paper on Title Addictive being youn.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 3 page research paper on
Title:
Addictive being young and older on Social Media, why activities outdoors can prevent addiction
In the attached zip file, I have provided 10 journals that you need to use for this research paper.
In the word doc, I have shared the topic and sub-topics that you have to use. And it also has guidelines from the teacher for this paper.
Due on Saturday, 13th March 4PM PST
.
I need a 3 page double-spaced 12-point paper on Immunotherapy. the i.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 3 page double-spaced 12-point paper on Immunotherapy. the information must be obtained from at least three original research articles, not from blogs news, etc.. must have work cited page. should include Introductory, Body(divided into smaller sections), Summary or Conclusion, followed by the references. I need this done by April 30, 2021 10:30pm Eastern Daylight Time
.
I need a 2500 word essay on the 1st Battalion 7th Cavalry Regiment. .docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 2500 word essay on the 1st Battalion 7th Cavalry Regiment. The paper needs to start with training the unit before deploying to Vietnam. How they perfected thier new traininf with helicopters. It needs to talk about both LTC Hal Moore and CSM Basil Plumbly. It needs to talk about how the unit remained resilient and how they over came racism and the battle in Vietnam.
.
I need a 200-word paper that answers the following questions:D.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 200-word paper that answers the following questions:
Describe the term Enterprise Architecture (EA), what it means, how it can be used, and the core elements on EA. What are the core elements within EA.?
Now compare EA to Information Systems – are there any similarities, any differences?
.
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This document provides an overview of the course content and assignments for BSHS 302 Complete Class. The key points are:
1) The course covers the history, goals, and common intervention strategies of human services. Assignments include a paper on the nature of human services, an annotated bibliography on issues in the child welfare system, and a presentation on social issues facing the elderly.
2) Students will interview a human services provider and reflect on how the agency applies core competencies and meets career goals.
3) A final paper requires examining a global social issue or vulnerable population and macro-level interventions from the perspective of human rights organizations.
1Running Head FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS2FUTURE AT T.docxnovabroom
1
Running Head: FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
2
FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
Future at the Veteran Affairs
Name
Institution
Due Date
Future at the Veteran Affairs
In the field of social work, it is usually difficult to determine the key principles that one is supposed to live by since this is a line of profession that has diverse applications that all have different entities to them. Similar to personal life skills and personal decisions that one makes to their own lives, social work is part and parcel of how one goes about it on a daily basis Appling all the required code of ethics under the stipulations under NASW (Barsky, 2017). However, there is much more to it than following regulations and settings, it is also paramount to make one’s own choices at all times that best fit the situation. However, at times these choices might require more than thought and experience. Thus, this is where the adoption and application of the skills and knowledge obtained from research can come in handy.
As a social worker, I have been able to understand the methodologies of collecting vital information that is key in determining if a patient or a participant in a program is actually benefiting. This makes it possible to offer better care to the individual and also present my findings to the rest of the team in order to make the necessary changes needed to make the process more efficient. Skills such as the analysis of data/information will be vital in using past records to determine how care is being offered at the VA and how if can ensure this is effectively done (Leonard, 2009). One of the key strategies that I intend in applying as a social worker is the strategy of using a logic model and applying the outcome evaluation strategy in determining the effectiveness of a program or how well the care is being offered and how the vets will be perceiving it. The best form of applying this strategy will be by initiation a regular data collection strategy that will be looking at gaining better understanding of the state o the participants on a regular basis and following up with them even after the program. not only will this offer more commitment to the vets, but it will also make it possible to track the record and performance of the institution.
Working with veterans is not an easy task neither for it requires utmost respect and dedication as well as an increased level of understanding what one is dealing with. As a social worker, the first and most effective skill that would be beneficial will be my communication skills. Having an in-depth connection and interaction with a vet would make it possible to understand them better and also be able to create a better relation (Trevithick, Richards, Ruch & Moss, 2004). On the other hand, understanding the human psychology would also be crucial in tackling cases of PTSD and substance abuse. Gaining a better understanding to mental health and psychiatric aspects through the adoption of the evidenc.
1Running Head FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS2FUTURE AT T.docxeugeniadean34240
1
Running Head: FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
2
FUTURE AT THE VETERAN AFFAIRS
Future at the Veteran Affairs
Name
Institution
Due Date
Future at the Veteran Affairs
In the field of social work, it is usually difficult to determine the key principles that one is supposed to live by since this is a line of profession that has diverse applications that all have different entities to them. Similar to personal life skills and personal decisions that one makes to their own lives, social work is part and parcel of how one goes about it on a daily basis Appling all the required code of ethics under the stipulations under NASW (Barsky, 2017). However, there is much more to it than following regulations and settings, it is also paramount to make one’s own choices at all times that best fit the situation. However, at times these choices might require more than thought and experience. Thus, this is where the adoption and application of the skills and knowledge obtained from research can come in handy.
As a social worker, I have been able to understand the methodologies of collecting vital information that is key in determining if a patient or a participant in a program is actually benefiting. This makes it possible to offer better care to the individual and also present my findings to the rest of the team in order to make the necessary changes needed to make the process more efficient. Skills such as the analysis of data/information will be vital in using past records to determine how care is being offered at the VA and how if can ensure this is effectively done (Leonard, 2009). One of the key strategies that I intend in applying as a social worker is the strategy of using a logic model and applying the outcome evaluation strategy in determining the effectiveness of a program or how well the care is being offered and how the vets will be perceiving it. The best form of applying this strategy will be by initiation a regular data collection strategy that will be looking at gaining better understanding of the state o the participants on a regular basis and following up with them even after the program. not only will this offer more commitment to the vets, but it will also make it possible to track the record and performance of the institution.
Working with veterans is not an easy task neither for it requires utmost respect and dedication as well as an increased level of understanding what one is dealing with. As a social worker, the first and most effective skill that would be beneficial will be my communication skills. Having an in-depth connection and interaction with a vet would make it possible to understand them better and also be able to create a better relation (Trevithick, Richards, Ruch & Moss, 2004). On the other hand, understanding the human psychology would also be crucial in tackling cases of PTSD and substance abuse. Gaining a better understanding to mental health and psychiatric aspects through the adoption of the evidenc.
Week 2 Discussion 1 Here are the instructions The discussion title .docxendawalling
Week 2 Discussion 1 Here are the instructions: The discussion title is Locating resources. The ability to locate and utilize information relative to Health and Human services is an important component of many health and human service jobs. Some of the areas included in HHS program are: Legal/illegal immigrants, Poverty, Violence in The Media, Unemployment, Alcoholism, Gambling, Sexual Harassment, Criminal Justice, Hunger/Homelessness, Mental Illness, Health. Instructions Locate information and relevant reports on an area of poverty from one of these groups. To accomplish this the following was entered into the search engine such as Google and Health and Human services and programs dealing with poverty. The research found a site under the heading of Poverty research Centers. As the interest was focused on discovering what information was available, the research centered on The National Pverty Center. An examination on this site under that heading yielded numerous areas regarding new research opportunities, informing the policy community, and training young researchers. The assignment asks for an exploration of what can be found in several of the areas listed above. Then Identify one area and prepare a descriptive post outlining the information in this site. You may want to experiment with various areas in order to understand the usually large number of resources/programs, but also the kinds of information. This is discussion 1 of week two. Discussion 2 Of week 2 is : Research venues: Instructions are Research can be divided into three broad areas: descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative. Some researchers subsume descriptive research (archrival) as quantitative. For this discussion we are considering it a separate kind, as descriptive research can fall into either area; qualitative or quantitative. The assignment is to prepare a post that is differentiating qualitative, quantitative, and analysis of availability data. Identify those attributes that form the essence of these three research venues. Questions that might want to be considered: What are the differences in types of data/information among the three venues? What are the expected outcomes when using each kind? for example: does using available data enable one to determine cause and effect? Which venue utilizes narrative and observation as a data source? What are some advantage/disadvantages for each research venue? This should be explained in the HHS 460 book by( Monette, Sullivan, Cornell, Dejong. & Hilton 2014) Applied Social Research: A tool for the Human Services (9th Ed.). I need these papers done according to these instructions referencing the textbook. Can someone do this according to these instructions for me? Thanks CelesteM.
...
This document discusses the human sciences and compares them to the natural sciences. It summarizes a case where economists Reinhart and Rogoff published a paper linking high public debt to low economic growth, but their analysis contained a significant error that was later uncovered by a graduate student. This case highlighted differences between the human and natural sciences, such as the human sciences dealing with human behavior which can be unpredictable, while the natural sciences examine non-human phenomena that always behave the same way. The document explores the scope and methods of various human science disciplines and debates how "scientific" they are considered.
'The Hybrid Legal-Scientific Dynamic of Transnational Scientific Institutions', 9 April 2015 Climate Futures Initiative (CFI) seminars series, Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI), Forthcoming, European Journal of International Law, 2015.
ECON315 – Global Economy – Research Paper
Dr. Edouard Mafoua
Research Paper on Non-Western Country
(General Education Assessment for ECON 315: 275 points)
Please click on http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/lo/index.html, and choose your non-Western country such as: 1. Argentina; 2. Bolivia; 3. Brazil; 4. Chile; 5. China; 6. Cuba; 7. Czech Republic; 8. Egypt; 9. Hong Kong; 10. Hungary; 11. India;12. Indonesia; 13. Iraq; 14. Israel; 15. Japan; 16. Korea (North); 17. Korea (South); 18. Malaysia; 19. Mexico; 20. New Zealand; 21. Nigeria; 22. Pakistan; 23. Peru; 24. Poland; 25. Russia; 26. Saudi Arabia; 27. Singapore; 28. South Africa; 29. Taiwan; 30. Tanzania; 31.Thailand. You may choose a non-Western country not listed above. Then, write a double-spaced research paper (minimum: 10 pages or maximum: 15 pages; No Plagiarism!!!) that includes:
Before submitting the entire “Research Paper”, you must turn in the following items at due dates:
A. Research Paper Outline (2 pages maximum: 25 points).
B. Two Progress Reports:
2.1.
Research Paper Draft # 1: History, Political Situation & Economic Situation (25 points).
2.2.
Research Paper Draft # 2
: Key Macroeconomic Variables, Judiciary System & Environment Concerns (25 points).
C. Final Research Paper:
1. History of the Country (20 points): Colonization, independence, revolution, war…
Describe at least four components related to the history of the country.
2. Political Situation (20 points): Government, parties, parliament, congress…
Describe at least four components related to the political situation of the country.
3. Economic Situation (20 points): Exports, imports, foreign direct investment, agriculture, industry, tourism, infrastructure, recession, depression, privatization, nationalization…
Describe at least four components related to the economic situation of the country.
4. Key macroeconomic Variables (20 points): Economic (GNP or GDP) growth, Income (GNP or GDP per capita), Inflation rate, unemployment rate, spending (consumer/government), investment…
Describe at least four key macroeconomic variables.
5. Justice/Judiciary System (20 points): Constitution, laws, regulations, legal reform, Supreme Court, bar…
Describe at least four components related to the justice/judiciary system of the country.
6. Environment Concerns (20 points): Air pollution, water pollution, soil erosion, solid waste, deforestation, desertification…
Describe at least four components related to environment concerns.
7. Health Concerns (20 points): HIV/Aids, health care system, access to health care, tropical diseases, life expectancy…
Describe at least four components related to health concerns.
8. Society/Family/Culture (20 points): Culture, ethnic groups, languages, gender issues, sports, Family size (small vs. large), classes (low, middle, upper), marriage (polygamy vs. monogamy)…
Describe at least four components related to Society, Family, and Culture.
9. Religion .
32 College Essay Format Templates & Examples - TemplateArchive. 19+ Essay Templates in PDF. 011 Essay Example Proper Heading Mla Format Layout L ~ Thatsnotus. College Essay Examples - 9+ in PDF | Examples. 011 Essay Introduction Example Best Ideas Of An Marvelous At Format For ....
CHAPTER 4 ETHICS AND THE INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD (IRB) PROCESSWilheminaRossi174
This document discusses institutional review boards (IRBs) and their role in reviewing research involving human subjects to ensure ethical standards are upheld. IRBs were established by federal regulations to protect participants in research studies as well as researchers and their institutions. The revised Common Rule provides the federal definitions of research and human subjects. An IRB reviews research proposals, consent forms, and debriefing documents to determine the level of risk involved and whether the study upholds ethical practices like informed consent. The goal of IRB review is to protect all parties involved in research while allowing beneficial research to proceed.
Communicating risks and benefits an evidence based user's guideDr Lendy Spires
This document provides acknowledgements for contributors to the guide "Communicating Risks and Benefits: An Evidence-Based User’s Guide". It thanks Nancy Ostrove and Lee Zwanziger from the FDA for their support in developing the guide. It also thanks Nancy Derr, Elena Ketelhut and the guide's authors and reviewers for their work. Permission is acknowledged from various publishers to reuse figures. The guide aims to make the risk communication research literature more accessible and applicable to practitioners.
Checklist for Preparing a Research Proposal A good resear.docxbissacr
Checklist for Preparing a Research Proposal
A good research proposal should impress someone (e.g., a teacher, a faculty committee, an Institutional
Review Board [IRB], or a funding agency) with the project’s worthiness, feasibility, ethical treatment of
participants and the community, and appropriateness of its design. The following items usually, but not
always, appear in a research proposal.
I. A Title- A title captures the theme or thesis of the proposed project in a nutshell.
II. A Statement of the Project’s Problem or Objective - In this section, you should answer questions
such as
1. What exactly will you study?
2. Why is it worth studying?
3. Does the proposed study have practical significance?
III. Literature Review - In general, a good literature review justifies the pro- posed research.
(See Appendix C for a discussion of literature reviews in research reports. Literature
reviews in research proposals should do the same things that literature reviews in
research reports do.) In a literature review, one normally cites references that appear in
the proposal’s ref- erence section (see later) using a style that is appropriate to one’s
disci- pline (e.g., American Sociological Association style for sociology, American
Psychological Association style for psychology and educa- tion). It is often appropriate to
end the literature review with a state- ment of a research question (or research
questions) or of a hypothesis (or hypotheses) that will guide the research.
The literature review normally accomplishes this goal (of justifica- tion) by addressing
some of the following:
1. What have others said about this topic and related topics?
2. What research, if any, has been done previously on the topic?
3. Have other researchers used techniques that can be adapted for the purposes of the
proposed study?
4. References used
5. Statement of research question or hypothesis
IV. Methods- In a methods section, you should answer questions such as:
1. Whom or what will you study to collect data?
2. How will you select your sample?
3. What, if any, ethical considerations are relevant?
4. What method(s) of data collection will you use—a questionnaire, an interview, an
observation, and/or an available data?
You might also, depending on the nature of the study (e.g., whether it is quantitative or
qualitative), want to answer questions such as
1. What are the key variables in your study?
2. How will you define and measure them?
3. Will you be borrowing someone else’s measures or using a modified form of
measures that have been used before?
4. What kind of data analysis, or comparisons, do you intend to do, or make, with the
data you collect?
V. Plan for Sharing Your Findings- In this section, you will want to answer questions like
these:
1. Will you write up your results in the form of a paper (or book) to be shared with
others?
2. What kinds.
DRUGS New agreement to tackle pharmaceutical pollution p.1AlyciaGold776
DRUGS New agreement to
tackle pharmaceutical
pollution p.164
WORLD VIEW Vaccination
the best way to measure
health care p.165
DUNG OVER Rolling beetles
fooled by look-alike
seeds p.167
Let’s think about cognitive bias
The human brain’s habit of finding what it wants to find is a key problem for research. Establishing
robust methods to avoid such bias will make results more reproducible.
“Ever since I first learned about confirmation bias I’ve been see-ing it everywhere.” So said British author and broadcaster Jon Ronson in So You’ve Been Publicly Shamed (Picador, 2015).
You will see a lot of cognitive bias in this week’s Nature. In a series
of articles, we examine the impact that bias can have on research, and
the best ways to identify and tackle it. One enemy of robust science
is our humanity — our appetite for being right, and our tendency to
find patterns in noise, to see supporting evidence for what we already
believe is true, and to ignore the facts that do not fit.
The sources and types of such cognitive bias — and the fallacies they
produce — are becoming more widely appreciated. Some of the prob-
lems are as old as science itself, and some are new: the IKEA effect, for
example, describes a cognitive bias among consumers who place artifi-
cially high value on products that they have built themselves. Another
common fallacy in research is the Texas sharp-shooter effect — fir-
ing off a few rounds and then drawing a bull’s eye around the bullet
holes. And then there is asymmetrical attention: carefully debugging
analyses and debunking data that counter a favoured hypothesis, while
letting evidence in favour of the hypothesis slide by unexamined.
Such fallacies sound obvious and easy to avoid. It is easy to think that
they only affect other people. In fact, they fall naturally into investiga-
tors’ blind spots (see page 182).
Advocates of robust science have repeatedly warned against cogni-
tive habits that can lead to error. Although such awareness is essential,
it is insufficient. The scientific community needs concrete guidance on
how to manage its all-too-human biases and avoid the errors they cause.
That need is particularly acute in statistical data analysis, where
some of the best-established methods were developed in a time before
data sets were measured in terabytes, and where choices between tech-
niques offer abundant opportunity for errors. Proteomics and genom-
ics, for example, crunch millions of data points at once, over thousands
of gene or protein variants. Early work was plagued by false positives,
before the spread of techniques that could account for the myriad
hypotheses that such a data-rich environment could generate.
Although problems persist, these fields serve as examples of commu-
nities learning to recognize and curb their mistakes. Another example is
the venerable practice of double-blind studies. But more effort is needed,
particularly in what some have called evidence- ...
discussion 1 - BRADYData is something that every researcher need.docxowenhall46084
discussion 1 - BRADY
Data is something that every researcher needs in order to show his work and to justify whether his hypothesis is correct or incorrect. What you are actually researching can sometimes dictate how you need to do your research. There are two different types of research methods and that is quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative is exactly what it sounds like. Take statists and numbers along with results of everything that is being studied and researched to compare them with one another (Brians, 2011). Qualitative is more of a personal experience form of gathering data. Take for instance individuals that go and learn about other cultures. The journals or papers they write ae usually about their experiences and what they have seen. Their perspectives give rise to understanding and influence. It’s important to be able to understand the difference and have good comprehension as it will show you the best war to gather data for your hypothesis or subject you’re studying. Our research is for homeland security so let’s head in that direction.
A case can be had for either research method could be used to figure out which is the best but that is not the question. The question is which I believe is most helpful. Let’s say for instance new laws and regulations have been put in place to ensure that no terrorist get into the country or can attack America again. How are you going to quantify that information unless it has been done in a quantitative method where information is being compared to the time before the laws to the time after to see if the laws have worked?
Now that I have answered the question I would also like to point out that sometimes getting this information requires individuals to have the information from the field itself and to actually make suggestions based on their actual practical applications they have seen. This top couple is descriptive which could be one or the other method of data collection.
DISCUSSION 1 - Justin
Research methods are usually categorized as being either quantitative or qualitative. Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods. Identify which method of research you believe is most useful in homeland security research.
Quantitative methods emphasis on detached observations and documenting the findings in a numerical manner. (Brian, Willnat, Manheim, & Rich, 2011). Quantitative research needs to have specific question and have an idea of what you want you to gain from the research.
Qualitative research, is “based on the researcher’s informed understanding” of the topic being researched (Brians, et al, 2011, p. 2). The difference here would be that qualitative research focuses on the study of people in their own environment and watching events as the “naturally” take place (Brians, et al., 2011, p. 83). Qualitative is an evolution in the study of research as it unfolds and give a larger picture to me in that the observer can see the whole scope of the int.
Cell Phones And Driving Essay. research paper on texting while drivingLatoya White
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REFERENCES:
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Unit 1
Q 1;
Identify two organizational structures used in health care. What are the central characteristics of each? To what extent is bureaucracy necessary in health care organizations? Explain.
Q 2;
How does a doctorally prepared nurse work across and between levels of an organization? What are the challenges and/or rewards to be gained? Does one outweigh the other?
Resources
Delmatoff, J., & Lazarus, I. R. (2014). The most effective leadership style for the new landscape of healthcare.
Journal of Healthcare Management, 59
(4), 245-249. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=97206195&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Arbab Kash, B., Spaulding, A., Johnson, C. E., & Gamm, L. (2014). Success factors for strategic change initiatives: A qualitative study of healthcare administrators' perspectives.
Journal of Healthcare Management, 59
(1), 65-81. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=94059299&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Kritsonis, A. (2004/2005). Comparison of change theories.
International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 8
(1) 1-7. URL:
http://qiroadmap.org/?wpfb_dl=12
Suter, E., Goldman, J., Martimianakis, T., Chatalalsingh, C., Dematteo, D. J., & Reeves, S. (2013). The use of systems and organizational theories in the interprofessional field: Findings from a scoping review.
Journal of Interprofessional Care, 27
(1), 57-64. doi:10.3109/13561820.2012.739670 URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=84423842&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Narayana, E. A. (1992). Bureaucratization of non-governmental organizations: An analysis of employees' perceptions and attitudes.
Public Administration and Development, 12
(2), 123-137. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/194674953?accountid=7374
Klemsdal, L. (2013). From bureaucracy to learning organization: Critical minimum specification design as space for sensemaking.
Systemic Practice & Action Research
,
26
(1), 39-52. doi:10.1007/s11213-012-9267-3 URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=84739308&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit 2
Q 1:
What are three payment structures used in the health care industry across the care continuum? How are they similar? How are they different? Is there a single problem that transverses all three of the identified payment structures? Explain.
Q 2:
Identify a significant problem with one of the three payment structures used in the health care industry across the care continuum (from DQ 1) and propose a solution from one of the other two payment structures.
Resources
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I need 10-12 slides Presentation with detailed speaker notes. Instruction is given below. It is a Religion Class. No Plagiarism Please. Due in 24 hours.
Wk 3 - Christianity Presentation
Create
a 10- to 12-slide presentation comparing
2
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Catholic
Orthodox
Protestant
Include
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Examples of art
Central symbols of the faith
Rituals and core beliefs
Ethics role in the faith
You might consider visiting one or more of these churches in person or exploring church websites to add to your own experiences.
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I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C . www.innone.docxeugeniadean34240
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
L o g i c M o d e l W o r k b o o k
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
L o g i c M o d e l W o r k b o o k
T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s
P a g e
Introduction - How to Use this Workbook .....................................................................2
Before You Begin .................................................................................................................3
Developing a Logic Model .................................................................................................4
Purposes of a Logic Model ............................................................................................... 5
The Logic Model’s Role in Evaluation ............................................................................ 6
Logic Model Components – Step by Step ....................................................................... 6
Problem Statement: What problem does your program address? ......................... 6
Goal: What is the overall purpose of your program? .............................................. 7
Rationale and Assumptions: What are some implicit underlying dynamics? ....8
Resources: What do you have to work with? ......................................................... 9
Activities: What will you do with your resources? ................................................ 11
Outputs: What are the tangible products of your activities? ................................. 13
Outcomes: What changes do you expect to occur as a result of your work?.......... 14
Outcomes Chain ....................................................................................... 16
Outcomes vs. Outputs ............................................................................. 17
Logic Model Review ...........................................................................................................18
Appendix A: Logic Model Template
Appendix B: Worksheet: Developing an Outcomes Chain
Logic Model Workbook
Page 2
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
I n t r o d u c t i o n - H o w t o U s e t h i s W o r k b o o k
Welcome to Innovation Network’s Logic Model Workbook. A logic model is a commonly-used
tool to clarify and depict a program within an organization. You may have heard it described as
a logical framework, theory of change, or program matrix—but the purpose is usually the same:
to graphically depict your program, initiative, project or even the sum total of all of your
organization’s work. It also serves as a
foundation for program planning and
evaluation.
This workbook is a do-it-yourself guide to
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Here is the Question!!!
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# 1.1
(1 pts.) In the textbook case, what information led Dr. Tobin to conclude that Shaun Boyden's sexual attraction to children was not a passing fancy? '
A) the fact that he reported having the urges since adolescence
B) the fact that his wife was unaware of his problem
C) the fact that he was never caught in the past
D) the fact that he had a relatively normal sexual development
# 1.2
(1 pts.) Charlie has opted to have psychosurgery performed in order to change his pedophilic patterns. Which of the following procedures will Charlie have done?
A) prefrontal lobotomy
B) hypothalamotomy
C) castration
D) vasectomy
# 1.3
(1 pts.) Dr. Walters is instructing Harry to imagine that he has just "flashed" his genitals at an unsuspecting woman on the street. After the woman responds in horror, Harry is to imagine that all of his closest friends jump out of a nearby alley and start laughing at him. Dr. Walters is using the technique known as
A) systematic desensitization.
B) cognitive restructuring.
C) covert conditioning.
D) behavior modification.
# 1.4
(1 pts.) Who is most likely to be the target of a frotteurist's desires?
A) a person from work
B) a life-long friend
C) a shopper at the mall
D) a close relative
# 1.9
(1 pts.) Based on the information presented in the textbook case, Shaun Boyden might be considered a ______ since he had a normal history of sexual development and interests.
A) child rapist
B) preference molester
C) situational molester
D) generalized molester
# 1.12
(1 pts.) Joe becomes sexually aroused when he views sexually explicit photographs. He also gets really turned on when his lover undresses in front of him. Joe's behavior might be described as
A) fetishistic.
B) frotteuristic.
C) voyeuristic.
D) normal.
# 1.21
(1 pts.) John gets nauseous when he thinks about having sexual intercourse and he actively avoids the sexual advances of others. John might be diagnosed as having
A) male erectile disorder.
B) sexual aversion disorder.
C) dyspareunia.
D) inhibited male orgasm disorder.
# 1.27
(1 pts.) Five-year-old Timmy has older sisters who dress him up occasionally and call him "Timbelina" since they really wanted a little sister instead of a little brother. If this pattern continues it is possible that Tim might develop
A) sexual masochism.
B) sexual sadism.
C) pedophilia.
D) transvestic fetishism.
# 1.29
(1 pts.) Carol is extremely interested in sex but does not experience the vaginal changes that ordinarily precede sexual intercourse. Carol may have
A) sexual aversion disorder.
B) hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
C) inhibited female orgasm disorder.
D) female sexual arousal disorder.
# 1.32
(1 pts.) John is in a p.
I Headnotes and indexes are copyrighted and may not be duplica.docxeugeniadean34240
I Headnotes and indexes are copyrighted and may not be duplicated by photocopying, printing.
I or other means without the express permission of the publishers. 1 -800-351-0917
43 Fla. L. Weekly S512 SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA
Committee later submitted a revised proposal in response to comments. While we
generally approve the Committee's revisions, the revised proposal would have allowed
twenty days[ ratherthan ten, to serve a reply brief. In order to maintain consistency with
otherprovisions in rule 9.146(g)(3)(B), we haverevised the Committee's proposal such
that parties are allowed twenty days to respond after the last initial brief, and ten days
to respond after the last answer brief.
3Wehave revised the Committee's proposal to refer specifically to requirements for
electronic service in Rule ofJudicial Administration 2.516(b).
"See CoastalDev. ofN. Fla.,Inc. v. City ofJacksonville Beach, 788 So. 2d 204,205
footnotes.
(a) Florida Supreme Court.
(111887-present: Fenelonv. State. 594 So. 2d 292 (Fla. 1992).
{211846-1886: Livingston v. L 'Engle, 22 Fla. 427 (1886).
J ±' C-fl&LL/fl 1
n.3(Fla.20CII); Fla. Power &Light Co. v.CityofDania,76l So.2d 1089,1094 (Fla.
2000) ("No statewide criterion exists at this time."); see also Broward Cty. v. G.B. V.
Intern., Ltd.
Anstead,J.)
, 787 So. 2d 838, 849-53 (Fla. 2001) (Pariente, J., dissenting, joined by
(LEWIS, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.) I dissent
because there is no need to amend the rule with regard to joinder on
appeal. This amendment is likely to generate more confusion than
clarity. I concur with the remainder ofthe amendments.
! * * *
I ■
! ..■■■■
Rules of Appellate Procedure—Amendment—Uniform Citation
System
IN RE: AMENDMENTS TO FLORIDA RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE
9.800. Supreme Court of Florida. Case No. SC17-999. October 25,2018. Original
Proceeding—Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure. Counsel: Courtney Rebecca
Brewer, Ch lir, Appellate CourtRules Committee, Tallahassee, Kristin A. Norse, Past
Chair, App sllate Court Rules Committee, Tampa; and Joshua E. Doyle, Executive
Director, and Heather Savage Telfer, Staff Liaison, The Florida Bar, Tallahassee, for
Petitioner.
(PER CUjRIAM.) This matter is before the Court for consideration of
proposed, amendments to Florida Rule ofAppellate Procedure 9.800
(Uniforn
Fla. Cons t.
TheFlorida Bar's Appellate CourtRules Committee (Committee)
proposes
uniform
proposal
Citation System). We havejurisdiction. See art. V, § 2(a),
amendments to rule 9.800 to substantially update the
citation formats provided in that rule. The Committee's
to amend the rule was first presented to the Court in the
Commirt 5e' s regular-cycle report ofproposed rule amendments in In
re Amendments to the Florida Rules ofAppellate Procedure—2017
Regular-Cycle Report, No. SC17-152 (Fla. report filed Jan. 31,
2017).' The Court, on its own motion, entered an order directing that
the proposed amendments to rule 9.800 be .
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
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these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
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these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
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crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
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21115, 721 PMPublic Anthropology Yanomami The Fierce Con.docx
1. 2/11/15, 7:21 PMPublic Anthropology | Yanomami: The Fierce
Controversy and What We Can Learn From It
Page 1 of
7https://www.publicanthropology.net/pages/background/bys5ex/
background-1st.php
Missing Plug-in
Instructions
For
Creating A
Student
Account
Help!
Solution
s
To Seven
Common
Problems
Frequently
2. Asked
Questions
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2015 SPRING
Introduction. . .
_____________________________________________________
__________________________
Public Anthropology’s Community Action Website Project
helps to provide students with key skills they need to be
successful in
their future careers: critical thinking, effective communication,
and active citizenship. The Project encourages (1) critical
thinking
regarding an ethical issue, (2) a sharing of ideas among students
from different universities, (3) improved writing skills, and (4)
active citizenship
– a sense that students working together can facilitate change.
Let's begin. . .
_____________________________________________________
3. __________________________
THE ISSUE
The rules for regulating research are regularly updated. The U.
S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, is
presently trying to complete a new set of regulations (see e.g.
http://chronicle.com/article/Overhaul-of-Rules-for-
Human/137811/). After
reading the material below, you will be asked to address in your
Op-Ed (or opinion piece) two questions regarding how much,
or how little, governmental regulation of research is
appropriate. Good luck.
There are four steps to this skill development process:
(1) READ: You should carefully read the background material
to gain an idea of the issue you will be writing about. If you
rush
through the material, you will probably do poorly -- grade wise
-- on this writing assignment.
(2) DECIDE: You will then take a stand on the issue discussed
and, critically, develop an effective argument in support of your
4. position.
(3) PREPARE: Before you write your Op-Ed (or opinion) piece,
you should carefully look at the criteria others will use in
evaluating
your piece (see below) as well as examples of model Op-Eds
from leading North American newspapers. These should provide
a sense
of how to frame and phrase your own Op-Ed.
(4) WRITE: You should write your Op-Ed in a word processing
program – such as WORD – and cut and paste your Op-Ed into
the
space provided on the website.
RELATION TO READING: Why a Public Anthropology?
Why a Public Anthropology? begins with the sentence:
"Cultural Anthropology has the potential to change the world."
The first chapter highlights
three anthropologists who actively addressed important social
concerns -- Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, and Paul Farmer. The
second chapter then
describes in some detail cultural anthropology's potential for
addressing a range of problems. But how does one proceed in an
ethically positive
5. way in addressing these problems, in trying to bring change?
In sections 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8, the book asks whether cultural
anthropology should move beyond its current ethical stance of
"do no harm" to a
more positive stance of "doing good." These sections emphasize
that "do no harm," when looked at closely, is an ethically
ambiguous position.
There are several cases where anthropologists, while in
principle not desiring to do harm, in fact do considerable harm.
And there are cases where
national governments, in seeking to avoid ethical abuses, over-
regulate research. In strictly regulating research, these
governments limit the
researcher's ability to do good, thereby causing harm in a
different way.
In this assignment, you need to consider how research should
best proceed for the good of all. How much regulation should
there be to avoid
harming research subjects? And how much freedom should there
be so that researchers can produce results that help others?
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
In writing your Op-Ed, you are strongly encouraged to ONLY
6. use the information provided below (especially the five case
studies). Yes, there are
lots of links in the following materials. But they are mainly
provided so you appreciate the statements being made are well
documented.
Writing your Op-Ed is primarily an exercise in critical thinking,
not in collecting data from the web to support this or that
position. Given the
information as reliable as we can make it – given the demands
of this assignment – what do you view as a reasonable stance?
How do you reason
with the information provided to a thoughtful position regarding
freedom versus regulation in research?
http://www.publicanthropology.org/Yanomami/DirectionsForSta
rting.htm
http://www.publicanthropology.org/Yanomami/a-HELP.htm
http://www.publicanthropology.org/CAW/a-FAQs.htm
http://chronicle.com/article/Overhaul-of-Rules-for-
Human/137811/
2/11/15, 7:21 PMPublic Anthropology | Yanomami: The Fierce
Controversy and What We Can Learn From It
7. Page 2 of
7https://www.publicanthropology.net/pages/background/bys5ex/
background-1st.php
A BIT OF HISTORY:
THE BELMONT REPORT (see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report) of 1979
constitutes
the foundation for regulating research across all parts of the
United States government. Quoting from the report itself:
On July 12, 1974, the National Research Act (Pub. L. 93-348)
was signed into law, there-by creating the National Commission
for the
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral
Research. One of the charges to the Commission was to identify
the basic
ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical
and behavioral research involving human subjects and to
develop
guidelines which should be followed to assure that such
research is conducted in accordance with those principles
8. The report emphasized three basic ethical principles:
1. “Respect for Persons. -- Respect for persons incorporates at
least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be
treated
as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished
autonomy are entitled to protection.”
2. “Beneficence. -- Persons are treated in an ethical manner not
only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from
harm,
but also by making efforts to secure their well-being. . . . Two
general rules have been formulated as complementary
expressions of
beneficent actions . . .: (1) do not harm and (2) maximize
possible benefits and minimize possible harms.
3. “Justice. -- Who ought to receive the benefits of research and
[who should] bear its burdens? . . . the exploitation of unwilling
prisoners as research subjects in Nazi concentration camps was
condemned as a particularly flagrant injustice. In this country,
in the
1940's, the Tuskegee syphilis study used disadvantaged, rural
black men to study the untreated course of a disease that is by
no
9. means confined to that population. These subjects were
deprived of demonstrably effective treatment in order not to
interrupt the
project, long after such treatment became generally available.
THE COMMON RULE “In 1991, 14 other Federal departments
and agencies joined HHS in adopting a uniform set of rules for
the protection of
human subjects . . . This uniform set of regulations is the
Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects, informally
known as the ‘Common
Rule’.” To insure these regulations are followed the Department
or Health, Education, and Welfare, now Department of Health
and
Human Services, established the Office for Human Research
Protections (OHRP) (see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/commonrule/index.htm
l
http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ucla/chapter2/page04b.ht
m ).
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BROADS (IRBs): “The Office of
Human Research Protections [OHRP] supervises the
Institutional Review
Boards charged with following the common rule.” Initially,
10. IRBs only covered federally funded research. But over time,
universities extended
the jurisdiction of their IRBs to cover all faculty research
(whether or not it was funded by the government). “The IRB has
the authority to
approve, require modifications in, or disapprove all research
activities that fall within its jurisdiction as specified by both the
federal regulations
and local institutional policy.”
(http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/archive/irb/irb_chapter1.htm).
According to the Code of Federal Regulations §46.111, the
Criteria for IRB approval of research states
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html
#46.111 ). “In order to approve research . . . the IRB shall
determine that
all of the following requirements are satisfied:
(1) Risks to subjects are minimized: . . .
(2) Risks to subjects are reasonable in relation to anticipated
benefits. . .
(3) Selection of subjects is equitable
11. [“in a clinical investigation of a new drug intended for general
use, the researcher should recruit a more or less
representative sample of the population” ,
http://flpublichealthethics.net/index.php/eng/help_for_committe
e_members_and_staff/is_selection_of_subjects_equitable
]
[“The selection process needs to be scrutinized in order to
determine whether some classes (e.g. welfare patients. . .) are
being systematically selected simply because of their easy
availability, their compromised position, or their
manipulability,
rather than for reasons directly related to the problem being
studied” http://research.uthscsa.edu/irb/selection.shtml )
(4) Informed consent will be sought from each prospective
subject
[Informed consent involves gaining the research subject’s
permission to conduct research involving that subject. “The
principle of respect for persons demands that subjects' decisions
whether to become involved in research must be
voluntary and informed”
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html
#46.116]
12. (5) Informed consent will be appropriately documented . . .
(6) When appropriate, the research plan makes adequate
provision for monitoring the data collected to ensure the safety
of subjects.
(7) When appropriate, there are adequate provisions to protect
the privacy of subjects and to maintain the confidentiality of
data.
THE CANADIAN RESEARCH ETHICS BOARD'S (REB'S)
regulations were updated in 2010. The policy statement affirms:
“Respect for
human dignity has been an underlying value of the Tri-Council
Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving
Humans . . . since its
inception. “ It continues “Respect for human dignity requires
that research involving humans be conducted in a manner that is
sensitive to the
inherent worth of all human beings and the respect and
consideration that theyare due.
In this Policy, respect for human dignity is expressed through
three core principles – Respect for Persons, Concern for
Welfare, and
13. Justice.”It continues “Respect for Persons recognizes the
intrinsic value of human beings and the respect and
consideration that they are due. . . .
An important mechanism for respecting participants’ autonomy
in research is the requirement to seek their free, informed and
ongoing consent.
This requirement reflects the commitment that participation in
research . . . should be a matter of choice and that, to be
meaningful, the choice
must be informed. An informed choice is one that is based on as
complete an understanding as is reasonably possible of the
purpose of the
research, what it entails, and its foreseeable risks and potential
benefits, both to the participant and to others. . . . Concern for
Welfare means
that researchers and REBs should aim to protect the welfare of
participants, and, in some circumstances, to promote that
welfare in view of any
foreseeable risks associated with the research. . . . Justice refers
to the obligation to treat people fairly and equitably. Fairness
entails treating all
people with equal respect and concern” (Tri-Council Policy
Statement "Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans"
(http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_We
b.pdf ).
14. REASONING WITH FIVE KEY CASES
Rather than overwhelming you with piles of information, you
are being asked to think carefully about the following five case
studies. Two focus on
the need for research regulation to prevent abuse. Two question
whether the way regulations are now enforced is overly
bureaucratic and
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/commonrule/index.htm
l
http://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ucla/chapter2/page04b.ht
m
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/archive/irb/irb_chapter1.htm
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html
#46.111
http://flpublichealthethics.net/index.php/eng/help_for_committe
e_members_and_staff/is_selection_of_subjects_equitable
http://research.uthscsa.edu/irb/selection.shtml
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html
#46.116
http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/pdf/eng/tcps2/TCPS_2_FINAL_Web
.pdf
15. 2/11/15, 7:21 PMPublic Anthropology | Yanomami: The Fierce
Controversy and What We Can Learn From It
Page 3 of
7https://www.publicanthropology.net/pages/background/bys5ex/
background-1st.php
the need for research regulation to prevent abuse. Two question
whether the way regulations are now enforced is overly
bureaucratic and
unreasonable. Obviously, there is no “right” answer. But you
are requested to think critically about the following five case
studies and come to
your own reasoned conclusion.
CASE ONE: THE GUATEMALA SYPHILIS EXPERIMENT
SOURCE: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The syphilis experiments in Guatemala were United States-led
human experiments conducted in Guatemala from 1946 to 1948,
during the
administration of President Truman and President Juan José
16. Arévalo with the cooperation of some Guatemalan health
ministries and officials.
Doctors infected soldiers, prostitutes, prisoners and mental
patients with syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases,
without the informed
consent of the subjects, and treated most subjects with
antibiotics. This resulted in at least 83 deaths. In October 2010,
the U.S. formally
apologized to Guatemala for conducting these experiments.
Experiments
The experiments were led by United States Public Health
Service physician John Charles Cutler, who later took part in
the late stages of the
Tuskegee syphilis experiment. In archived documents, Dr.
Thomas Parran, Jr., the U.S. Surgeon General at the time of the
experiments,
acknowledged that the Guatemalan work could not be done
domestically, and details were hidden from Guatemalan
officials. . . . A total of about
1500 study subjects were involved although the findings were
never published. . . .
While the Tuskegee experiment followed the natural
17. progression of syphilis in those already infected, in Guatemala
doctors deliberately infected
healthy people with the diseases some of which are fatal if
untreated. The goal of the study seems to have been to
determine the effect of
penicillin in the prevention and treatment of venereal diseases.
The researchers paid prostitutes infected with syphilis to have
sex with prisoners
and some subjects were infected by directly inoculating them
with the bacterium. When the subjects contracted the disease
they were given
antibiotics, although adequate penicillin therapy was prescribed
for 76% of subjects, completion of therapy was documented for
only 26%. Francis
Collins, the current Director of National Institutes of Health,
called the experiments "a dark chapter in history of medicine"
and commented that
modern rules absolutely prohibit conducting human subject
research without informed consent. . . .
Apology and Response
In October 2010, the U.S. government formally apologized and
announced that there was no statute of limitations for the
violation of human
18. rights in that medical research. . . . President Barack Obama
apologized to President Álvaro Colom, who had called these
experiments "a crime
against humanity".
"It is clear from the language of the report that the U.S.
researchers understood the profoundly unethical nature of the
study. In fact
the Guatemalan syphilis study was being carried out just as the
“Doctors’ Trial” was unfolding at Nuremberg (December 1946 –
August 1947), when 23 German physicians stood trial for
participating in Nazi programs to euthanize or medically
experiment on
concentration camp prisoners."
The U.S. government asked the Institute of Medicine to conduct
a review of these experiments. Separately, the Presidential
Commission for the
Study of Bioethical Issues was asked to convene a panel of
international experts to review the current state of medical
research on humans
around the world and ensure that such incidents cannot be
repeated. The Commission report, Ethically Impossible: STD
Research in Guatemala
from 1946 to 1948, published in September 2011, concluded
19. that "the Guatemala experiments involved unconscionable basic
violations of ethics,
even as judged against the researchers' own recognition of the
requirements of the medical ethics of the day."
CASE TWO: STUDYING OLD BONES — PRESERVATION
OR PERVERSION?
SOURCE: TheStar.com, October 09, 2011
by Mary Ormsby
A cross-border battle is brewing over 500-year-old bones
belonging to some of Ontario’s original inhabitants — a case
descendents describe as
academic grave robbing. The Huron-Wendat Nation is
demanding that Louisiana State University return the “stolen”
remains of about 200 people.
They say researchers improperly gathered the bones from an
Ontario ossuary to use for unauthorized student research. . . .
The unusual dispute raises questions about the best way for
academics to be culturally sensitive — particularly when
studying human remains —
in a CSI generation that considers bones a DNA treasure trove
of clues to scientific, historic, medical and, sometimes, criminal
20. puzzles.
Bastien, 79, is a Wendake Council representative who has been
active in asserting Huron-Wendat rights in Ontario. Some of
those rights, outlined
in a series of Supreme Court of Canada decisions, mean First
Nations people must be consulted before development begins in
historic areas that
might reveal burial grounds. If Huron-Wendat burial ossuaries
(mass bone repositories) are accidentally disturbed . . . the
nation must be notified
immediately. . . .
Archaeologist Heather McKillop is the LSU professor who
oversaw the excavation and eventual export of bones from the
Poole-Rose ossuary near
Cobourg to Baton Rouge, La., where she teaches. She was given
permission to do so by the native community geographically
closest to the
ossuary, the Alderville First Nation, which is not Huron-
Wendat. . . . . McKillop and co-author Lawrence Jackson
described the Poole-Rose ossuary
as fitting the Huron’s centuries-old Feast of the Dead burial-pit
pattern in their 1991 report in the Ontario Archeological
Society’s newsletter. . . .
21. Helen Robbins, a social anthropologist and repatriation director
at the Chicago Field Museum, said a scientific middle ground
might be reached
more often if academics and indigenous people were more “open
and honest” with each other. “ There can be benefits with
indigenous people
getting more access to museums, learning about museums as
well as museums learning more about the tribe they have the
human remains of —
and may have been sitting there for 100 years,’’ says Robbins,
who has no connection to the Huron-Wendat /LSU matter.
Prior to European contact, the Huron-Wendat population
swelled to about 40,000. They lived in an area from the
southern horn of Georgian Bay to
the northerly shore of Lake Ontario, and from west of Toronto
to Cornwall and Prescott in the east. Diseases brought by white
settlers, including
smallpox, devastated the once-mighty confederacy in the 17th
century. A group of native survivors eventually migrated to
Quebec in the mid-
1600s, in part to escape conflict with other nations. Today,
Bastien said there are 3,000 Huron-Wendat in Canada and about
6,000 in the United
22. States.
The Poole-Rose ossuary was carbon dated to about 1550. . . .
For remains deemed very old and aboriginal, there are two
choices under the
Ontario Cemeteries Act: One is to contact the closest First
Nations group, which in this case was the Alderville First
Nation. The second option is to
consult with the most likely people descended from the dead.
Alderville’s then-chief Nora Bothwell and her council gave
McKillop permission to excavate, export and study the remains.
Bothwell told the Star
the bones were expected to be repatriated and that she hadn’t
initially known the skeletons were Huron-Wendat. But
McKillop “was likely aware at
that time, or ought to have been aware, that the skeletons were
ancestral Huron-Wendat,” claims a Sept. 16 letter sent to
McKillop, LSU chancellor
Michael Martin and provincial Tourism and Culture Minister
Michael Chan. It was sent by Toronto lawyer David Donnelly,
who represents the
Quebec-based nation. . . .
“The fact is that for sensitive cultural heritage matters, the
23. Ontario Cemeteries Act still treats aboriginal nations as being
all alike. A statute that
literally says talking to the closest Indian will do is despicable
and illegal.”
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Bastien hopes LSU officials will deliver the ancestral bones to
Canada so they — and restless Huron souls — can be “returned
to the earth” with a
calming traditional ritual. A smudging ceremony with tobacco
and sage will be performed by elders. Remains are then interred
with beaver pelts,
artifacts and “the three sisters” — corn, beans and squash. . . .
The Huron-Wendat believe buried bones are sacred because a
person’s soul rests with the remains, while a second soul soars
skyward.
24. CASE THREE: THE IRB AND THE FUTURE OF FIELDWORK
SOURCE: Chronicle Of Higher Education, August 12, 2011
by Laurie Essig
(http://chronicle.com/blogs/brainstorm/the-irb-and-the-future-
of-fieldwork/38160 )
Institutional Review Boards exist, according to their websites,
to protect research subjects from unethical researchers, the kind
of researchers who
would recreate prison situations to see how nasty humans could
be to total strangers or would tell their subjects that they had to
administer
electric shocks to a stranger with heart disease just to see if
they’d do it. . . .
But as any field researcher—that is, the kind of researcher who
actually speaks with people (as opposed to experiments on
them)—will tell you,
IRBs have effectively shut down our ability to actually find out
about people’s lived experiences. IRBs have treated speaking
with someone as
equivalent to experimenting on them and have almost killed
25. fieldwork in the process.
A friend, who used to interview prisoners, gave it up since
prisoners are “vulnerable populations” and getting IRB approval
is far more difficult
than getting through the prison doors. Another acquaintance
who used to research sexuality among young people has had to
give it up since if
there’s one thing you canNOT speak with people under 18 about
it’s sex. I myself have had a few run-ins with IRBs. One time I
was called in
because I had interviewed people who identified as
transgendered and did not treat these people as a “vulnerable
population,” which includes
prisoners, terminally ill persons, children, people with mental
illness, and pregnant women. . . .
“These people have issues with their gender,” she yelled.
When I suggested that from a sociological perspective, we all
have issues with our gender, even the most normatively
gendered among us, she
told me I could come up with a plan for dealing with “those
people’s mental illness” or forget my project.
26. A year later, at a different institution, I was told that I had to
get cosmetic surgery patients to sign permission slips to speak
with me even though
the interviews would be anonymous and details would be
changed in such a way as to protect everyone’s identity. You
can imagine what this was
like.
“Hi, may I ask you intimate questions about what you hate
about your body, what heroic medical interventions you will
undergo, and how you’ll
finance it?”
“Um, sure, I guess.”
“Can you sign this legalistic looking form with your real name
even though I just promised you that I will never use it?”
People love it when you offer them anonymity and then ask for
a signature. Really makes them want to open up to you. But as
annoying as this
sort of bureaucratic bookkeeping is, and as frustrating as it is to
realize that it’s probably more about making sure the university
isn’t sued than
protecting those people who are kind enough to speak with field
27. researchers, it is even more upsetting that biomedical and
psychiatric paradigms
are forced onto those of us who come from fields, like
sociology, that are fundamentally at odds with such paradigms.
As a sociologist, the last thing I want to do is decide who is
mentally ill and who is mentally healthy. The sociological
questions are far more likely
to be “How do cultures determine who is and is not mentally
ill?” and “What forms of power lie behind those
determinations?”s
CASE FOUR: BEHIND CLOSED DOORS
SOURCE: INSIDE HIGHER EDUCATION, February 8, 2012
By Mitch Smith
Many researchers level complaints against institutional review
boards (IRBs), which can delay or derail projects their members
deem unethical,
unrealistic or illegal. Seeking to understand how the boards
work . . . Laura Stark, sat through hours of deliberations at
boards across the country.
Behind Closed Doors: IRBs and the Making of Ethical
Research, published this year by the University of Chicago
28. Press, explains through
observation and interviews how and why IRBs function the way
they do. Stark agreed to answer a few questions from Inside
Higher Ed. . . .
Q: You mention that something as simple as spelling errors –
one applicant’s incorrect use of “principal” drew the ire of an
IRB
member – can speak to the competency of the researcher and
play a role in a project’s approval or denial. Is that fair?
A: I think the real question is whether “fairness” should be the
most important criteria that committees use in evaluating
applications -- whether
for grant funding, college admissions, or IRB approval. It would
seem that fairness is not the only criteria used in IRB
evaluations. In focusing on
written errors, board members are looking for signs that
researchers are trustworthy, careful people who aren’t going to
make a mistake in their
studies (e.g., giving incorrect dosages or passing too much
responsibility to students). As I argue in the book, the
seemingly disproportionate
concern over typos and written mistakes in applications is not a
matter of fairness, but of trustworthiness. Is that a criterion
29. worth considering? If
so, is attention to detail in written documents a good way to
evaluate trustworthiness? For that matter, should researchers be
evaluated at all, or
simply the studies being proposed? These are questions for the
scientific and scholarly community to answer.
Q: Your hypothetical proposal in which companies would be
tested on whether they screen ex-convicts based on race
received
“very different” responses from each of the 18 IRBs that
reviewed it. Is some level of inconsistency inevitable between
IRBs and to
what degree is it acceptable?
A: This finding goes to show the many ways in which IRB
administrators and members can interpret the rules. In Chapter
Two I explore Devah
Pager’s experiences in getting approval at several IRBs for her
excellent work on employment discrimination. Pager’s account
illustrates that when
IRB members read new protocols, they conjure their local
institutional history and use case-based reasoning to make
decisions.
30. The main aims of the book are to document how our everyday
experience of the law is simply a product of how people enact
the law and,
specifically, how people with the power to apply rules that
affect science and scholarship are, in effect, shaping what we
can know and say for both
good and ill -- whether we are considering IRBs or film
censorship boards.
CASE FIVE: THE YANOMAMI – When Good Intentions Are
Not Enough
SOURCE: Robert Borofsky (drawn from Yanomami: The Fierce
Controversy and What We Can Learn From It and references
cited below)
The Yanomami are perhaps the best-known Amazonian Indian
group in the world. They are often portrayed in books and films,
not necessarily
correctly, as one of the world's last remaining prototypically
primitive groups.
James Neel, perceived by some as the father of modern human
genetics, began his research among the Yanomami in 1966. One
may infer from
31. http://chronicle.com/blogs/brainstorm/the-irb-and-the-future-of-
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James Neel, perceived by some as the father of modern human
genetics, began his research among the Yanomami in 1966. One
may infer from
his actions and writings that he felt research among the
Yanomami – specifically collecting their blood samples for
analysis – involved also
providing them something in return for their assistance. When
Neel learned the Yanomami were susceptible to measles, for
example, he brought
over 2,000 doses of the Edmonson B vaccine (that he obtained
at minimal cost from the Center for Disease Control) to
vaccinate the group against
a potential deadly measles epidemic. Half of this supply he gave
32. to the Venezuelan government to distribute. (What happened to
that vaccine is
not known.) He planned to hand the rest over to missionaries for
an inoculation campaign. But when a measles epidemic
unexpectedly broke out,
he scrapped this plan and began a vaccination campaign himself
to minimize the epidemics’ impact. He was only partially
successful. He inoculated
many Yanomami. A number, however, had adverse reactions to
the vaccine because he failed to include immune gamma
globulin (MIG). (He had
given much of his gamma globulin to the Venezuelan
authorities.) Regretfully, a number of Yanomami died.
Some praised Neel’s attempt to save Yanomami lives. Others
have suggested that he helped spread the epidemic through his
research or at least
aggravated the problem by using the Edmonson B vaccine,
without immune gamma globulin. If he had purchased a more
expensive measles
vaccine, the Yanomami would have had fewer adverse reactions.
Today, the Yanomami rarely mention Neel’s assistance.
What is clear is that the Yanomami were barely consulted
regarding Neel’s research. Neel decided to do his research
33. without first gaining
Yanomami permission. And he decided, on his own, what the
reciprocal benefits of his research would be.
The Yanomami were promised that Neel’s blood samples would
be analyzed to discover information helpful in fighting
Yanomami diseases. That
promise was never kept. Moreover, Napoleon Chagnon – the
anthropologist who was central to Neel’s research – apparently
never informed the
Yanomami that the blood samples would be stored for years in
research refrigerators in the United States rather destroyed soon
after the research
was over. Yanomami believe that all parts of a deceased
Yanomami must be ritually disposed of so the deceased can
spiritually leave this world.
Forcing the deceased to spiritually remain in this world – as
would occur by storing their blood in research refrigerators –
could cause the
deceased to turn on the living and bring them harm.
In his own anthropological research, Chagnon provided
informants with a host of valued items—such as machetes, pots
and even guns for
hunting. Chagnon speaks movingly of his time with the
34. Yanomami.
By repetitively returning and becoming more and more
intimately associated with people like Kaobawä and Rerebawä
[two of his
informants], I became "involved" in their culture and now want
to make sure that they and their children are given a fair shake
in the
inevitable changes that are occurring. I can do so only by
becoming, as they say, involved—by becoming more active and
becoming an
advocate of their rights and their chances to have a decent
future, one that does not condemn them to becoming inferior
members of
the lowest possible rung of the socioeconomic ladder (Borofsky
2005:27; Chagnon 1992:244-46).
Yet it is also true that during his research, Chagnon broke the
American Anthropological Association’s Code of Ethics.
Quoting from the
Association’s El Dorado Task Force Report, in respect to the
allegations it investigated against Changon: "first, allegations
that his representations
of Yanomami ways of life were damaging to them and that he
made insufficient effort to undo this damage, and second that
35. his association in the
early 1990's with FUNDAFACI, a Venezuelan foundation that
sponsored his research, represented an unethical prioritizing of
his own research
concerns over the well-being of the Yanomami. We concur with
both these allegations" (Borofsky 2005:308; American
Anthropological Association
2002, I:31). The first violated the anthropological injunction
against do no harm. The second violated Venezuelan law and
led to Chagnon’s
deportation from Venezuela.
Beyond doubt, both Neel and Chagnon wanted to provide the
Yanomami with reciprocal benefits for the assistance the
Yanomami provided them.
Both clearly wanted to do well by the group. But in both cases,
helping the Yanomami often involved the researchers specifying
the requests as
well as the benefits for assisting in their research. The
Yanomami were not active negotiators in this process. There
was no informed consent.
They were lied to in respect to receiving back medical
information from the blood samples to help in fighting
Yanomami diseases. It also seems
they were misled regarding the fate of the blood samples.
36. Certainly when the Yanomami discovered that these blood
samples were being stored in
research refrigerators, there was an uproar that continues today.
The Yanomami have vociferously campaigned for the return of
these samples.
The result is that Chagnon and, to a lesser degree, Neel are now
held up as examples of how NOT to conduct field research. The
Yanomami feel
taken advantage of by both researchers. The Yanomami clearly
benefited from both individuals’ research. But they benefited in
ways they did not
always appreciate at the time and they vociferously criticize
today. Both researchers are depicted in less than positive terms,
sometimes
vehemently so, by the Yanomami.
REFERENCES
American Anthropological Association
2002 El Dorado Task Force Final Report. 2 vols. and preface.
Electronic document, (originally
http://www.aaanet.org/edtf/index.htm but now
dropped from the AAA website).
37. Borofsky, Robert et al.
2005 Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can
Learn From It. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Chagnon, Napoleon.
1992 Yanomamö. Fourth Edition. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace
College Publishers.
The assignment . . .
_____________________________________________________
__________________________
Please note, this assignment is more than simply an exercise in
critical thinking. It is also an exercise in civic engagement and
active citizenship. You are to set out how you think research
should be regulated in the United States and Canada and then, if
you
wish, you can forward your perspective to others..
You should address the following questions in writing your Op-
Ed:
Based on the information presented above in the five case
studies, you are to voice your view on how
38. Institutional Review Boards (in the U.S.) and/or Review Ethics
Boards (in Canada) should enforce a set of
common rules regarding research. How much freedom should
researchers be allowed in conducting their
research? What regulations should be enforced to prevent the
abuse of research subjects and ensure, more
generally, that the research strives to promote positive benefits
for the larger society sponsoring it?
Please remember, it is strongly preferred that you focus on the
above information and only the above information in
writing your Op-Ed. The emphasis is not on citing a host of
additional sources. Rather it is on thinking critically about the
information presented here. Also, offering a host of references
at the end of your essay, common in academic writing, is
rare in Op-Eds. You need not reference any and all sources. You
should use quote marks, for example, to indicate when
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rare in Op-Eds. You need not reference any and all sources. You
should use quote marks, for example, to indicate when
you directly quote a section (or sections) of this assignment.
But you need not include the reference itself since the
source is self-evident.You should only use references for direct
quotes from sources outside this assignment.
_____________________________________________________
____________________
Guidelines for writing your Op-Ed
(or opinion piece).
These are standards that will be used to evaluate it.
EXAMPLES OF TWO QUALITY OP-EDS
Taking a Position: Does the opinion piece take a position that is
clearly expressed? The position may be a recommendation for
action or it may be to alert readers to a problem. The author
should make a single point well. You, as the reader, should be
able to
explain the author's message in a sentence or two. If a student
40. fails to address the specified topic-- that is, deals with another
topic entirely -- you should evaluate his or her Op-Ed with a 1-3
score for this criterion.
6-7: The opinion piece has an original, well-argued position.
The piece draws the reader into looking at the topic in a new
way or with new insight.
The reader can readily summarize what the author is saying and
why.
4-5: The opinion piece takes a thoughtful position. But the
supporting data appear a bit muddled. Readers are left with
questions: Why did the
author take this position? Why take this position rather than an
alternative one?
2-3: The piece leaves readers confused as to what point the
author is trying to make. The reader cannot readily summarize
the author's key point
or the data supporting the position seem not to really support it.
1: The paper lacks an identifiable point. Readers are left
confused as to what point the author is making and why.
Persuasive: Does the piece persuade the reader? A good piece
41. argues effectively for a particular position. Even though the
reader
may not ultimately agree with the author, the reader comes
away from the piece willing to seriously consider the author's
perspective. If a student fails to address the specified topic--
that is, deals with another topic entirely -- you should evaluate
his or
her Op-Ed with a 1-3 score for this criterion.
6-7: A reader comes away from reading the piece feeling the
author has effectively argued for a certain position. The author
uses concrete
examples that resonate with readers.
4-5: The opinion piece highlights an important topic. But it does
not really convince readers as to the value of the author's
position.
2-3: The opinion piece seems mostly a personal venting. The
author is not reaching out to readers or trying to connect with
them in a meaningful
way.
1: The piece is unconvincing. An unbiased reader, reading this
piece, would not find the piece very persuasive.
42. Hook and Structure: Does the opinion piece engage the reader
right at the beginning? Is there evidence of thoughtful
organization? Does the author summarize the main point at the
end?
6-7: The main point is effectively stated in the first few
sentences. These first few sentences capture the reader's
attention and draw the reader
into reading further. The author effectively summarizes the
piece's argument in a strong final paragraph.
4-5: Readers are not immediately drawn into the argument. But
they are not put off by it either. They find the piece reasonable
but a little slow
moving. It does not hold the reader's attention. The final
paragraph does not offer a powerful restatement of the author's
position.
2-3: The piece makes a basic point. But it does not catch your
attention. It does not draw you in at the beginning nor does it
summarize its
message at the end.
43. 1: The author never draws the reader into the opinion piece. It is
not clear what the author is saying nor why it is important.
Writing and Clarity: Is the piece readily understandable by non-
academic readers? General readers should find the piece easy
and interesting to read. There should be few grammatical and
spelling errors.
6-7: The writing is clear. The author's own voice and
perspective come through in a convincing way. You can identify
with the author and the
position she or he takes. There are no grammatical mistakes that
distract from the author's argument.
4-5: The writing is reasonable. The sentences and paragraphs
are a bit too long or the passive voice is emphasized. There is a
bit too much
jargon.
2-3: The author tends to go on too long. It is not really clear
what point she or he is making. The author has long sentences
and paragraphs.
1: A reader is left confused as to what point the author is trying
to make.
44. Tone: Is the opinion piece polite and respectful? The focus is on
persuading the reader rather than voicing indignation or
condemnation.
6-7: The opinion piece is polite and respectful in tone. Rather
than dismissing the other side, it acknowledges its value while
disagreeing with it. It
comes across as written by a thoughtful professional versed in
the subject being discussed.
4-5: There is generally a polite tone. But the author does not
acknowledge that reasonable people might disagree regarding
the point being made.
The author asserts there is one reasonable position and she or he
is presenting it.
2-3: The piece comes across as quite opinionated. It appears the
author is "venting" about something that bothers her or him.
1: The piece is similar to a political "attack" ad. The author is
pouring at rage with little concern for who is reading the piece.
EXAMPLES OF TWO QUALITY OP-EDS