'The Hybrid Legal-Scientific Dynamic of Transnational Scientific Institutions', 9 April 2015 Climate Futures Initiative (CFI) seminars series, Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI), Forthcoming, European Journal of International Law, 2015.
Political science is the study of politics, governments, public policies and political processes. It examines how people govern themselves and the consequences of different political processes. Political scientists serve as researchers and academics to understand power dynamics, policymaking, and the interactions between governments and societies. The nature and scope of political science can be understood through different approaches like traditional, philosophical, institutional, behavioral, developmental and by examining political systems. While political science draws from the scientific method, politics involves human behaviors that are complex and not easily studied through experiments.
Legal Research on Europe: Possiblity and Challenges of IntredisciplinarityPhDSofiaUniversity
This document discusses possibilities and challenges of interdisciplinary legal research on Europe. It defines legal research on Europe as any research interested in the relationship between law and Europe. Potentially useful legal fields for interdisciplinary research include European Union law, European human rights law, comparative law, international law, and legal history. The document explores trends in critical theory and postmodernism that have influenced other disciplines. It provides examples of how scholars have applied critical approaches to reexamine understandings of European legal history, the EU integration project, and constructions of European identity. The challenges and opportunities of interdisciplinary critical legal scholarship are discussed.
COURAGE, REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF HIGHER-ORDER REFLEXIV...Oren Perez
Lecture based on the paper: Oren Perez, COURAGE, REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF HIGHER-ORDER REFLEXIVITY REGULATION & GOVERNANCE (2014) 8, 203–221.
21115, 721 PMPublic Anthropology Yanomami The Fierce Con.docxeugeniadean34240
2/11/15, 7:21 PMPublic Anthropology | Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn From It
Page 1 of 7https://www.publicanthropology.net/pages/background/bys5ex/background-1st.php
Missing Plug-in
Instructions
For
Creating A
Student
Account
Help!
Solution
s
To Seven
Common
Problems
Frequently
Asked
Questions
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2015 SPRING
Introduction. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
Public Anthropology’s Community Action Website Project helps to provide students with key skills they need to be successful in
their future careers: critical thinking, effective communication, and active citizenship. The Project encourages (1) critical thinking
regarding an ethical issue, (2) a sharing of ideas among students from different universities, (3) improved writing skills, and (4) active citizenship
– a sense that students working together can facilitate change.
Let's begin. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
THE ISSUE
The rules for regulating research are regularly updated. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, is
presently trying to complete a new set of regulations (see e.g. http://chronicle.com/article/Overhaul-of-Rules-for-Human/137811/). After
reading the material below, you will be asked to address in your Op-Ed (or opinion piece) two questions regarding how much,
or how little, governmental regulation of research is appropriate. Good luck.
There are four steps to this skill development process:
(1) READ: You should carefully read the background material to gain an idea of the issue you will be writing about. If you rush
through the material, you will probably do poorly -- grade wise -- on this writing assignment.
(2) DECIDE: You will then take a stand on the issue discussed and, critically, develop an effective argument in support of your
position.
(3) PREPARE: Before you write your Op-Ed (or opinion) piece, you should carefully look at the criteria others will use in evaluating
your piece (see below) as well as examples of model Op-Eds from leading North American newspapers. These should provide a sense
of how to frame and phrase your own Op-Ed.
(4) WRITE: You should write your Op-Ed in a word processing program – such as WORD – and cut and paste your Op-Ed into the
space provided on the website.
RELATION TO READING: Why a Public Anthropology?
Why a Public Anthropology? begins with the sentence: "Cultural Anthropology has the potential to change the world." The first chapter highlights
three anthropologists who actively addressed important social concerns -- Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, and Paul Farmer. The second chapter then
describes in some detail cultural anthropology's potential for addressing a range of problems. But how does one proceed in an ethically positive
way in addressing these problems, in trying to bring change?
In sections 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8, the book asks whether cultural an.
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2012 FALLIntroduction. . .____________________.docxMARRY7
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2012 FALL
Introduction. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
Public Anthropology’s Community Action Website Project helps to provide students with key skills they need to be successful in their future careers: critical thinking, effective communication, and active citizenship.
The Project encourages (1) critical thinking regarding an ethical issue, (2) a sharing of ideas among students from different universities, (3) improved writing skills, and (4) active citizenship – a sense that students working together can facilitate change.
Let's begin. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
THE ISSUE
The rules for regulating research are regularly updated. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, is now in the process of completing a new set of regulations
(see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/
)
.
After reading the material below, you will be asked to address in your Op-Ed (or opinion piece) two questions regarding how much, or how little, governmental regulation of research is appropriate.
There are four steps to this skill development process:
(1) READ:
You should carefully read the background material to gain an idea of the issue you will be writing about. If you rush through the material, you will probably do poorly -- grade wise -- on this writing assignment.
(2) DECIDE:
You will then take a stand on the issue discussed and, critically, develop an effective argument in support of your position.
(3) PREPARE:
Before you write your Op-Ed (or opinion) piece, you should carefully look at the criteria others will use in evaluating your piece (see below) as well as examples of model Op-Eds from leading North American newspapers. These should provide a sense of how to frame and phrase your own Op-Ed.
(4) WRITE:
You should write your Op-Ed in a word processing program – such as WORD – and cut and paste your Op-Ed into the space provided on the website.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
In writing your Op-Ed, you are strongly encouraged to ONLY use the information provided below (especially the four case studies). Yes, there are lots of links in the following materials. But they are mainly provided so you appreciate the statements being made are well documented.
Writing your Op-Ed is primarily an exercise in critical thinking, not in collecting data from the web to support this or that position. Given the information as reliable as we can make it – given the demands of this assignment – what do you view as a reasonable stance? How do you reason with the information provided to a thoughtful position regarding freedom versus regulation in research?
A BIT OF HISTORY:
THE BELMONT REPORT
(see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report
) of 1979 constitutes the foundation for regulating research across all parts of the United States government. Quoting from the report itself:
On .
Doctrinal legal research analyzes statutes, cases, and legal principles to understand prevailing legal doctrines. It aims to develop consistent theories of law. Non-doctrinal research examines law's relationship with social values and institutions through empirical data. It seeks to understand if legal theories are appropriate and valid in society. While doctrinal research emphasizes substantive law, non-doctrinal research assesses law's social impact. The two approaches complement one another, with doctrinal research clarifying law and non-doctrinal research providing social context.
Political science is the study of politics, governments, public policies and political processes. It examines how people govern themselves and the consequences of different political processes. Political scientists serve as researchers and academics to understand power dynamics, policymaking, and the interactions between governments and societies. The nature and scope of political science can be understood through different approaches like traditional, philosophical, institutional, behavioral, developmental and by examining political systems. While political science draws from the scientific method, politics involves human behaviors that are complex and not easily studied through experiments.
Legal Research on Europe: Possiblity and Challenges of IntredisciplinarityPhDSofiaUniversity
This document discusses possibilities and challenges of interdisciplinary legal research on Europe. It defines legal research on Europe as any research interested in the relationship between law and Europe. Potentially useful legal fields for interdisciplinary research include European Union law, European human rights law, comparative law, international law, and legal history. The document explores trends in critical theory and postmodernism that have influenced other disciplines. It provides examples of how scholars have applied critical approaches to reexamine understandings of European legal history, the EU integration project, and constructions of European identity. The challenges and opportunities of interdisciplinary critical legal scholarship are discussed.
COURAGE, REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF HIGHER-ORDER REFLEXIV...Oren Perez
Lecture based on the paper: Oren Perez, COURAGE, REGULATORY RESPONSIBILITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF HIGHER-ORDER REFLEXIVITY REGULATION & GOVERNANCE (2014) 8, 203–221.
21115, 721 PMPublic Anthropology Yanomami The Fierce Con.docxeugeniadean34240
2/11/15, 7:21 PMPublic Anthropology | Yanomami: The Fierce Controversy and What We Can Learn From It
Page 1 of 7https://www.publicanthropology.net/pages/background/bys5ex/background-1st.php
Missing Plug-in
Instructions
For
Creating A
Student
Account
Help!
Solution
s
To Seven
Common
Problems
Frequently
Asked
Questions
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2015 SPRING
Introduction. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
Public Anthropology’s Community Action Website Project helps to provide students with key skills they need to be successful in
their future careers: critical thinking, effective communication, and active citizenship. The Project encourages (1) critical thinking
regarding an ethical issue, (2) a sharing of ideas among students from different universities, (3) improved writing skills, and (4) active citizenship
– a sense that students working together can facilitate change.
Let's begin. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
THE ISSUE
The rules for regulating research are regularly updated. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, is
presently trying to complete a new set of regulations (see e.g. http://chronicle.com/article/Overhaul-of-Rules-for-Human/137811/). After
reading the material below, you will be asked to address in your Op-Ed (or opinion piece) two questions regarding how much,
or how little, governmental regulation of research is appropriate. Good luck.
There are four steps to this skill development process:
(1) READ: You should carefully read the background material to gain an idea of the issue you will be writing about. If you rush
through the material, you will probably do poorly -- grade wise -- on this writing assignment.
(2) DECIDE: You will then take a stand on the issue discussed and, critically, develop an effective argument in support of your
position.
(3) PREPARE: Before you write your Op-Ed (or opinion) piece, you should carefully look at the criteria others will use in evaluating
your piece (see below) as well as examples of model Op-Eds from leading North American newspapers. These should provide a sense
of how to frame and phrase your own Op-Ed.
(4) WRITE: You should write your Op-Ed in a word processing program – such as WORD – and cut and paste your Op-Ed into the
space provided on the website.
RELATION TO READING: Why a Public Anthropology?
Why a Public Anthropology? begins with the sentence: "Cultural Anthropology has the potential to change the world." The first chapter highlights
three anthropologists who actively addressed important social concerns -- Franz Boas, Margaret Mead, and Paul Farmer. The second chapter then
describes in some detail cultural anthropology's potential for addressing a range of problems. But how does one proceed in an ethically positive
way in addressing these problems, in trying to bring change?
In sections 1.6, 1.7, and 1.8, the book asks whether cultural an.
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2012 FALLIntroduction. . .____________________.docxMARRY7
OP-ED TOPIC FOR 2012 FALL
Introduction. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
Public Anthropology’s Community Action Website Project helps to provide students with key skills they need to be successful in their future careers: critical thinking, effective communication, and active citizenship.
The Project encourages (1) critical thinking regarding an ethical issue, (2) a sharing of ideas among students from different universities, (3) improved writing skills, and (4) active citizenship – a sense that students working together can facilitate change.
Let's begin. . .
_______________________________________________________________________________
THE ISSUE
The rules for regulating research are regularly updated. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, for example, is now in the process of completing a new set of regulations
(see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/
)
.
After reading the material below, you will be asked to address in your Op-Ed (or opinion piece) two questions regarding how much, or how little, governmental regulation of research is appropriate.
There are four steps to this skill development process:
(1) READ:
You should carefully read the background material to gain an idea of the issue you will be writing about. If you rush through the material, you will probably do poorly -- grade wise -- on this writing assignment.
(2) DECIDE:
You will then take a stand on the issue discussed and, critically, develop an effective argument in support of your position.
(3) PREPARE:
Before you write your Op-Ed (or opinion) piece, you should carefully look at the criteria others will use in evaluating your piece (see below) as well as examples of model Op-Eds from leading North American newspapers. These should provide a sense of how to frame and phrase your own Op-Ed.
(4) WRITE:
You should write your Op-Ed in a word processing program – such as WORD – and cut and paste your Op-Ed into the space provided on the website.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
In writing your Op-Ed, you are strongly encouraged to ONLY use the information provided below (especially the four case studies). Yes, there are lots of links in the following materials. But they are mainly provided so you appreciate the statements being made are well documented.
Writing your Op-Ed is primarily an exercise in critical thinking, not in collecting data from the web to support this or that position. Given the information as reliable as we can make it – given the demands of this assignment – what do you view as a reasonable stance? How do you reason with the information provided to a thoughtful position regarding freedom versus regulation in research?
A BIT OF HISTORY:
THE BELMONT REPORT
(see
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/belmont.html
,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_report
) of 1979 constitutes the foundation for regulating research across all parts of the United States government. Quoting from the report itself:
On .
Doctrinal legal research analyzes statutes, cases, and legal principles to understand prevailing legal doctrines. It aims to develop consistent theories of law. Non-doctrinal research examines law's relationship with social values and institutions through empirical data. It seeks to understand if legal theories are appropriate and valid in society. While doctrinal research emphasizes substantive law, non-doctrinal research assesses law's social impact. The two approaches complement one another, with doctrinal research clarifying law and non-doctrinal research providing social context.
Debate on the Quality of Judicial Decisions (from Theory to Practice)AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The judicial decision is much more than compliance with legal norms, the judicial production of the law itself is present.
There are methods to optimize judgment by granting it reliability, but the study-debate on optimization mechanisms have been continually
disregarded. The process of judicial decision-making is one of the most complex, since this decision escapes in its essence the Theory and
Philosophy of Law and fits more deeply into the intimacy of the "agent" of the decision whose universe is to be understood. The authority it
judges fulfils a duty of State and at the same time exercises a flexible part of its own obligations and limits in the isolation of its
individuality and under the flow of procedures that hang between the content of the decision and its formal externalization, the
judgment.The theme of the judicial decision on which this reflection intends to delimit the epistemic fields that law faces: the problem of
unlimited space that contemplates the debate on the rational production of decisions and aims to contribute to the advancement of the bases
of theoretical and practical rigor necessary for the constitution of a Theory of Judicial Decision. This research seeks to visualize the
growing, complex and sophisticated context in which Western democracies have witnessed the increase of rational demands for the
improvement of human rights guarantee institutions.
KEYWORDS: Secrecy of Justice, Freedom, Ethics, Judicial Decision, Performance Indicators of Judicial Decision (KPi's).
Ethics is a system of moral principles and the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group, culture, etc. research is steady progress by which we have gained a better understanding, greater ability of prediction and ever-increasing control over the world.
Chapter 4 Administration Responsibility The Key to Administrativ.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 4: Administration Responsibility: The Key to Administrative Ethics In order to access the following resource, click the links below. Watch the following segments from the full video listed below: Utilitarian Theory (segment 10 of 15) and Duty Theory (Segment 11 of 15). These video segments provide more information on two important theories in ethics. Films Media Group (Producer). (2004). Ethics: What is right [Video file]. Retrieved from https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPl aylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=32706 The transcript for this video can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Unit Lesson Philosophical Theories: Related to Ethical Decision-Making Many theorists have concluded that several decision-making models exist that focus on consistent norms and have derived from society and individual impressions. The textbook cites several sources that are prominent in this field, and lists some of the well-known founders of these theories. Participants that develop topics of public policy, such as social equity, education, conflict resolution, or human rights, may base their decisionmaking on the beliefs related to certain philosophies. Utilitarianism: Approach Based on Consequences Based on consequences, an action may be right or wrong. Jeremy Bentham and John Steward Mills derived this theory that was completely based on reason. The authors did not want their theory based on religion or a particular societal level of norms. More so, Utilitarianism wanted everyone to have access to a thinking mind and is based off an idea of utility or usefulness. An abbreviated summary of Bentham and Mills theory can be summarized as “the greatest good, for the greatest number or population.” We can assume that “good” means happiness or pleasure for most people. Another concept closely related to this outcome is efficacy, which implies the “least desired input for greatest desired output.” Business and government usually take this strategy for different reasons – mainly associated with resources. If one thinks about successful business and government practices, the decision-making effort outcomes generally result in products and services that work best, cost least, and last the longest. The consumer mindset also uses this simple and natural buying process for decision-making. The successful business leader uses this variable for short and long-term investment decisions, and the public manager focuses on successful public services, which utilizes public funding in a prudent and wise fashion. Another public example is the government buying process where services and products are purchased though a competitive vetting process where needs, values, and timely delivery are critical components of the purchasing decision model. Efficacy also applies to students who UNIT II STUDY GUIDE Established Philosophies Affecting Public Eth ...
Techno-government networks: Actor-Network Theory in electronic government res...FGV Brazil
The Actor-Network Theory (ANT) is a theoretical approach for the study of controversies associated with scientific discoveries and technological innovations through the networks of actors involved in such actions. This approach has generated studies in Information Systems (IS) since 1990, however few studies have examined the use of this approach in the e-government area. Thus, this paper aims to broaden the theoretical approaches on e-government, by presenting ANT as a theoretical framework for e-government studies via published empirical work. For this reason, the historical background of ANT is described, duly listing its theoretical and methodological premises. In addition to this, one presented ANT-based e-government works, in order to illustrate how ANT can be applied in empirical studies in this knowledge area.
Date: 2016
Authors:
Fornazin, Marcelo
Joia, Luiz Antonio
Analyzing E-Government Research Perspectives, Philosophies, Theories, Method...Kristen Carter
This document summarizes a research article that analyzed 84 papers related to e-government research. The summary is:
1. The researchers used content analysis to examine the papers' perspectives on e-government impacts, underlying research philosophies, use of theory/models, methodology, and recommendations.
2. They found most papers took an optimistic view of e-government impacts but drew from a weak positivism. Research was dominated by a-theoretical work that provided little knowledge or practical guidance.
3. The analysis revealed opportunities to strengthen research rigor and use of theory, but also deeper issues around research philosophy and pressures of competition that constrain the field.
Learning Outcome: After completing the lesson students will be able to -
a) comprehend the scope and variety of legal research
b) prepare for learning about the different features of the legal doctrine
This chapter summary covers key topics from the first three chapters of a criminal justice research methods textbook. It discusses 1) why knowledge of research methods is important for criminal justice professionals, 2) the different ways knowledge can be obtained including tradition and empirical research, and 3) how criminal justice research must consider ethical issues to protect human subjects. Research involves gathering data and developing theories to better understand relationships between variables. Both quantitative and qualitative data can be analyzed to generalize explanations while accounting for ethical norms like informed consent.
Critical theorists would challenge the work of those grounded in legitimacy theory. Critical theory aims to critique and change society, uncover assumptions, and promote a better society serving mass interests through increased self-awareness and knowledge. It promotes emancipation, political equality, and two-way relationships between theory and practice, allowing easier implementation of policies. Critical theory also focuses more on social and environmental developments, accountability, and sustainable development.
Unit 4 Comparative methods and ApproachesYash Agarwal
This document provides an overview of the systems approach as a modern approach to studying comparative government and politics. It begins with objectives and an introduction on the limitations of traditional approaches. It then discusses the systems approach, including its meaning, origins in biology, key theorists who developed it like Easton, and historical context of its emergence. It distinguishes the systems approach from general systems theory, outlines characteristic features of systems analysis, and discusses concerns and objectives of the systems approach like maintaining system integrity and adapting to environmental changes.
EMPHNET-PHE Course: Module02: ethical principles and theories and the core pr...Dr Ghaiath Hussein
This document provides an overview of different ethical theories and principles relevant to public health practice and research. It discusses major philosophical approaches like deontology, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics. It also covers religious approaches like Islamic ethics and key principles in public health ethics around concepts like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Specific issues like informed consent, conflicts of interest, and resource allocation are examined through the lens of these different theories. The document aims to help public health practitioners analyze and approach ethical issues in their work.
Exploring the Interplay of Rights Ethics and Duty Ethicssakibxvz
In this thought-provoking presentation, we embark on a journey through the intricate world of ethics, exploring the dynamic interplay between rights ethics and duty ethics. We delve into the core principles of each framework, unravel their distinctions, and uncover the areas where they converge. By recognizing individual rights and embracing collective responsibilities, we discover the power of a harmonious ethical landscape. This presentation encourages ethical discourse, emphasizes the importance of ethical education, and underscores the significance of a balanced approach to ethical decision-making. Join us as we navigate the complex moral challenges of our time, fostering a more just and responsible world. Let's embark on this enlightening journey together and carry the insights forward in our shared quest for a better world.
Socio-legal research is an interdisciplinary approach to analyzing law and legal systems and their relationships with wider society. It uses both theoretical and empirical work, drawing from humanities and social sciences. Socio-legal research has several uses, including formulating new theories, providing insight into decision-making, shaping public opinion, and informing new laws. It examines areas like the Indian legal system, impact of justice systems, law and poverty, discrimination, and interactions between legal and cultural systems. Socio-legal research is characterized by its basis in social sciences and objectives of finding new facts, precise knowledge, and investigating issues in-depth. There are different types including multidisciplinary, cooperative, and quasi-interdisciplinary research
The document provides an introduction to social science. It defines social science as fields of human knowledge that deal with all aspects of group life and human behavior. The main social science disciplines discussed are anthropology, sociology, geography, history, economics, political science, and psychology. For each discipline, the document outlines key areas of focus and concepts. Major approaches in social science research like the historical method and case study method are also summarized. Theories of social evolution from thinkers like Darwin, Comte, Spencer, Morgan, Marx and Engels are briefly explained in the context of how societies develop and change over time.
This document compares research ethics codes between biomedicine and anthropology. It discusses how ethics codes emerged differently in each field due to unique historical contexts. Biomedicine's codes were in response to atrocities in human experiments, while anthropology's codes addressed issues like researchers' involvement in military projects. The document then analyzes five major ethics codes, three from biomedicine and two from anthropology. It focuses on how they approach key principles like consent, harm avoidance, and participant benefits. The goal is to identify both differences and potential areas of common understanding between the disciplines.
Human Research Bioethical challenges: From international to Costa Rica´s inst...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This paper presents a comparative research on regulation, which moves from international
research ethics framework, by analysing CIOMS International Ethical Guidesfor Health-Related Research with
Human Beings and goes to national and institutional regulation of human research in Costa Rica, searching for
bioethical foundations, such as human respect, justice, and beneficence. Characterizing each one, and analysing
each regulation, to see whether national and institutional articles, still have bioethical contents, and if so, how is
it presented. Ultimately, the paper argues for the promotion of justice on regulations, to give protection of the
rights and well being of vulnerable people, give an appropriate response, secure a reasonable availability and
compensation for damages.
KEY WORDS : Bioethics, Costa Rica, ethics, human research, regulation, CIOMS.
This document provides an overview of objectives covered in an ethics presentation given by Heidi and Thomas Tribunella. The presentation introduces ethical thought, reviews western philosophers like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and their contributions to ethics. It discusses ethical theories and how they relate to accounting standards and resolving ethical dilemmas. The presentation also examines fraud, computer crimes, and ethics codes from the AICPA.
Research is a systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem that needs a solution. It contributes to existing knowledge and helps correct human understanding. Social research examines a society's attitudes, beliefs, trends, and rules. It determines relationships between variables and considers causes and effects of social issues. Research must rely on empirical evidence, use relevant concepts, maintain ethical neutrality, aim for generalizable conclusions, and allow predictions based on probability. The scientific method involves objective observation, hypothesis formation, and hypothesis verification through a logical reasoning process.
Science and Technology Studies presentationTori Roggen
Science and Technology Studies (STS) examines how science and technology shape society and how society shapes the development of science and technology. There are several perspectives in STS, including the sociology of scientific knowledge which questions the idealized accounts of the scientific process. Actor-network theory, developed by Bruno Latour, examines how scientific knowledge is produced through relationships between human and non-human actors. The field also studies topics like the influence of gender on scientific fields and work-family conflicts in academia. The Sokal Affair showed how scientific jargon can be misused and highlighted tensions between natural and social scientists.
The document attempts to clarify the relationships between morality, ethics, deontology, law, and enforcement. It discusses how:
1) Deontology refers to professional codes of ethics or conduct that aim to guide behavior and evaluate actions.
2) Ethics focuses on living well with and for others in just institutions, while morality concerns principles, norms, and individual duty and conscience.
3) Different ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and relativism provide frameworks for moral decision making.
4) There are links between ethics, morality, and law in aiming to define valid social practices, though laws are no longer seen as inherently just or moral. Enforcement of codes relies on relevant bodies having sanction
Alan Paau: Intellectual Property & Conflict Management in Academic Institutionscnicchile
El Dr. Alan S. Paau, Vice-Rector de Desarrollo Económico y Transferencia de Tecnologías de la Universidad Cornell (Estados Unidos), hace una presentación sobre Propiedad Intelectual y Gestión de Conflictos en Instituciones Académicas.
A Critical Study of ICC Prosecutor's Move on GAZA WarNilendra Kumar
ICC Prosecutor Karim Khan's proposal to its judges seeking permission to prosecute Israeli leaders and Hamas commanders for crimes against the law of war has serious ramifications and calls deep scrutiny.
Debate on the Quality of Judicial Decisions (from Theory to Practice)AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : The judicial decision is much more than compliance with legal norms, the judicial production of the law itself is present.
There are methods to optimize judgment by granting it reliability, but the study-debate on optimization mechanisms have been continually
disregarded. The process of judicial decision-making is one of the most complex, since this decision escapes in its essence the Theory and
Philosophy of Law and fits more deeply into the intimacy of the "agent" of the decision whose universe is to be understood. The authority it
judges fulfils a duty of State and at the same time exercises a flexible part of its own obligations and limits in the isolation of its
individuality and under the flow of procedures that hang between the content of the decision and its formal externalization, the
judgment.The theme of the judicial decision on which this reflection intends to delimit the epistemic fields that law faces: the problem of
unlimited space that contemplates the debate on the rational production of decisions and aims to contribute to the advancement of the bases
of theoretical and practical rigor necessary for the constitution of a Theory of Judicial Decision. This research seeks to visualize the
growing, complex and sophisticated context in which Western democracies have witnessed the increase of rational demands for the
improvement of human rights guarantee institutions.
KEYWORDS: Secrecy of Justice, Freedom, Ethics, Judicial Decision, Performance Indicators of Judicial Decision (KPi's).
Ethics is a system of moral principles and the rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions or a particular group, culture, etc. research is steady progress by which we have gained a better understanding, greater ability of prediction and ever-increasing control over the world.
Chapter 4 Administration Responsibility The Key to Administrativ.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 4: Administration Responsibility: The Key to Administrative Ethics In order to access the following resource, click the links below. Watch the following segments from the full video listed below: Utilitarian Theory (segment 10 of 15) and Duty Theory (Segment 11 of 15). These video segments provide more information on two important theories in ethics. Films Media Group (Producer). (2004). Ethics: What is right [Video file]. Retrieved from https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=https://fod.infobase.com/PortalPl aylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=32706 The transcript for this video can be found by clicking on “Transcript” in the gray bar to the right of the video in the Films on Demand database. Unit Lesson Philosophical Theories: Related to Ethical Decision-Making Many theorists have concluded that several decision-making models exist that focus on consistent norms and have derived from society and individual impressions. The textbook cites several sources that are prominent in this field, and lists some of the well-known founders of these theories. Participants that develop topics of public policy, such as social equity, education, conflict resolution, or human rights, may base their decisionmaking on the beliefs related to certain philosophies. Utilitarianism: Approach Based on Consequences Based on consequences, an action may be right or wrong. Jeremy Bentham and John Steward Mills derived this theory that was completely based on reason. The authors did not want their theory based on religion or a particular societal level of norms. More so, Utilitarianism wanted everyone to have access to a thinking mind and is based off an idea of utility or usefulness. An abbreviated summary of Bentham and Mills theory can be summarized as “the greatest good, for the greatest number or population.” We can assume that “good” means happiness or pleasure for most people. Another concept closely related to this outcome is efficacy, which implies the “least desired input for greatest desired output.” Business and government usually take this strategy for different reasons – mainly associated with resources. If one thinks about successful business and government practices, the decision-making effort outcomes generally result in products and services that work best, cost least, and last the longest. The consumer mindset also uses this simple and natural buying process for decision-making. The successful business leader uses this variable for short and long-term investment decisions, and the public manager focuses on successful public services, which utilizes public funding in a prudent and wise fashion. Another public example is the government buying process where services and products are purchased though a competitive vetting process where needs, values, and timely delivery are critical components of the purchasing decision model. Efficacy also applies to students who UNIT II STUDY GUIDE Established Philosophies Affecting Public Eth ...
Techno-government networks: Actor-Network Theory in electronic government res...FGV Brazil
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Date: 2016
Authors:
Fornazin, Marcelo
Joia, Luiz Antonio
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Reviewing contracts swiftly and efficiently is crucial for any organization. It ensures compliance, reduces risks, and keeps business operations running smoothly.
1. Prof. Oren Perez
Bar Ilan Uni., Faculty of Law,
Israel
oren.perez@biu.ac.il
1
Climate Futures Initiative, Princeton
Environmental Institute,
April 9, 2015
Forthcoming, European Journal of International
Law, 2015
2. • The emergence of regulatory-scientific institutions
(RSIs) operating at the intersection of science,
politics and law.
• the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
• the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation
Protection (ICNIRP) (exposure guidelines for non-ionizing
radiation (NIR), e.g., cell-phones)
• European Central Council of Homeopaths (ECCH)
• Global Earthquake Model (GEM)
• This phenomenon is accompanied by the simultaneous
emergence of non-conventional forms of norms and
knowledge creation (e.g., private rule-making institutions,
knowledge producers outside universities). 2
3. • By bringing together epistemic and legal-political
authority RSIs respond to two key regulatory
challenges:
1. The need to make collective decisions with respect to
risks. This need generates a demand for mediating
institutions that can provide authoritative, policy-
relevant, and prompt scientific advice. It is particularly
acute when decisions have to be made against a
background of scientific uncertainty.
2. The scarcity of normative resources at the
international level. The fragmentary structure of
global society creates a deficit of legal-political
decision-making powers at the transnational level.
RSIs fill this lacuna by creating a new type of norm-
3
4. 1. The structure and mode of operation of RSIs turns
them into hybrid constructs.
• My goal is to make this thesis explicit using the
theoretical resources of the theory of complementary
pairs, "TCP" (Scott Kelso and David Engstrom) and
fuzzy set theory (Lotfi Zadeh)
• Challenging other descriptions (e.g., Peter Haas,
‘speaking truth to power’, the idea of boundary
objects)
2. While the hybrid structure of RSIs is a valuable
institutional innovation it is also a source of internal
and external risks which generate unique policy
challenges.
4
5. • TCP provides an overarching critique of the either/or
framework that dominates the demarcation discourse
in both law and science. TCP argues that
understanding the way in which semantic opposites
operate in society requires us to replace the binary,
either/or frame through which opposites are usually
conceptualized with a dynamic framework that seeks to
uncover the contested space between opposites.
• Using TCP to explore the dynamic of RSIs requires, as
a preliminary step, to pinpoint the key complementary
pairs associated with them (elaborated below).
5
6. FST provides a strict modeling language for studying vague phenomena. It
offers a nuanced conceptual framework for reinterpreting the binary distinctions
used in the demarcation discourse of law and science.
A possible membership function
for the set of tall Tel Aviv residents
could have the following form:
• f(x) = 0 (for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1);
• f(x) = 5x/4 – 5/4 ((for 1 < x ≤ 1.80);
• f(x) = 1 ((for 1.80 < x ≤ 2.40)
Figure 1: membership function of
the set of tall Tel Aviv residents
6
7. 1. The argument about the hybrid constitution of RSIs
starts with the thesis that RSIs operate simultaneously
in two dimensions – science and law (their semantic
products have both epistemic and normative (legal)
implications) - drawing on three complementary pairs:
science~law; science~pseudoscience (or non-science)
and law~non-law.
2. This dual-dimensionality turns the discursive products
of RSIs into fuzzy statements (as they are considered
against the criteria of perfect legality or scientificity).
7
8. • The invocation of these three complementary
pairs in a single organizational space creates a
continual process of contestation. This process
of internal contestation exposes RSIs to
(conflicting) external expectations & critiques. It
means that RSIs operate in a state of fragile
equilibrium.
8
9. 1. Challenging the conventional boundaries between
science~law.
• Traditionally, these two realms of authority have been
conceived as completely separate: legal authority
generates prescriptions not truths; epistemic authority
produces truths not binding prescriptions.
• Distinct modus operandi: when scientists are uncertain
they can avoid the risk of being wrong by deferring
judgment; in politics and law decisions must be made now
(e.g., judge in a toxic tort lawsuit)
• In RSIs the 2 realms are brought together in a single
institutional space.
9
10. 1. Scientific truth is supposed to emerge through the free
& uncoordinated process of scientific inquiry. The
hierarchical structure challenges the conventions of
scientific inquiry and can undermine RSIs’ epistemic
trustworthiness (science~law - >
science~pseudoscience).
2. RSIs hierarchical structure allows them to operate even
when they draw on degenerated research programs
(e.g., the European Central Council of Homeopaths
(ECCH), the International Council for Homeopathy
(ICH), the International Psychoanalytical Association
(IPA)) (science~law - > science~pseudoscience).
10
11. • In contrast to the conventional description of RSIs – as
providing policy relevant (but not prescriptive) advice -
the output of RSIs does carry some normative force -
representing a nuanced form of normativity.
• This nuanced form of normativity was identified by the
literature on global administrative law (GAL) in other
transnational bodies (e.g., producers of indicators,
standard-setting bodies).
11
12. • The institutional hybridity of RSIs is also reflected
in the fuzziness of their semantic products - in
the sense that when we consider these
statements from either scientific or legal
perspective they do not enjoy the force of
complete (paradigmatic) scientific or legal
statements.
12
14. • RSIs are torn between the competing conventions of
science and law; these intrinsic tensions threaten the
authority of RSIs with respect to all the audiences to
whom they speak:
• the scientific community,
• the policy-makers community
• and the lay public.
• This persistent threat forces RSIs to continuously
rethink and possibly realign their internal structure.
14
15. • Specifically I examine the way in which these RSIs have
attempted to balance the competing demands of science
and law in order to sustain their authority in both
domains.
• The article highlights four issues concerning the work
procedures of the IPCC that demonstrate this tension:
1. the sources of the information used by the IPCC and
the composition of its working groups;
2. the peer review process of IPCC reports;
3. conflict of interest;
4. the conceptualization and communication of
uncertainty 15
16. • Tensions between the scientific conventions (sharp
separation between the producers of epistemic work and
its judges , highly secretive and non-transparent);
• By contrast, in politics and law decision making
processes are expected to be transparent and open to
participation;
• IPCC's middle position ...
• On the one hand, the IPCC has clarified the independent
role of the review editors...
• On the other hand, it allowed experts to register as
expert-reviewers and gain access to draft chapters
(opening the door for politically motivated leakage)
16
17. 4.3.2 Selection of Coordinating Lead Authors, Lead Authors
and Review Editors
The composition of the group of Coordinating Lead Authors
and Lead Authors for a chapter, a report or its summary shall
aim to reflect:
• the range of scientific, technical and socio-economic views and
expertise;
• geographical representation (ensuring appropriate
representation of experts from developing and developed
countries); there should be at least one and normally two or
more from developing countries;
• A mixture of experts with and without previous experience in
IPCC;
• Gender balance.
• Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work, PROCEDURES FOR THE PREPARATION,
REVIEW, ACCEPTANCE, ADOPTION,APPROVAL AND PUBLICATION OF IPCC REPORTS
17
18. • The IPCC seems to be speaking to two different
audiences and two different ideals of authority -
• first, to the scientific community / the ideal of truth and
scientific excellence : e.g., the ideas of best possible
scientific and technical advice and objectivity.
• and second to the broad public and the policy-makers
communities / the ideal of political-normative authority
: notions of equal representation (gender, geographic),
participation, conflict of interest, representation of
divergent, possibly conflicting views.
18
19. • While ICNIRP's is similarly based on hierarchical
structure it has given only lip-service to political demands
regarding 'voice' and its decision-making process
remained largely in experts hands, highly secluded from
public scrutiny.
• While this move may have strengthened its epistemic
authority it subjects ICNIRP to political critique (especially
given the normative force of its standards).
19
20. • Drawing on ethical ideas - right of self-determination,
self-healing abilities - to justify the turn to homeopathy.
• The juxtaposition of ethical and epistemic arguments is
clearly anomalous from the perspective of scientific
praxis (ethical guidelines regarding experiments are not
considered essential to their epistemic status), but the
turn to ethical considerations makes perfect sense from a
political perspective.
20
21. • Dealing with uncertainty is another domain in which the
tension between the political-legal and epistemic facets
of RSIs is manifested; this tension is generated by the
fact that in politics and law it is much harder to defer
judgment when you are faced with uncertainty.
21
22. • IPCC - increased sensitivity to false negative (failing to
detect a true hazard) - Precautionary Principle (tails of
distributions)
• ICNIRP's policy - sensitivity to false positive (reflecting
science's conservative approach to epistemic judgments)
(‘well established’ evidence, ruling out epidemiological
studies, Interphone study)
• Homeopathy responded to the challenge of uncertainty by
developing a new epistemology (“law of similars.”)
22
24. • The hybrid nature of RSIs requires them to cope with the
competing models of authority of science, politics and
law, forcing them to continuously question their internal
structure. While this reflexive dynamic is critical for RSIs'
survival, it also has a destabilizing potential because
any structural change inevitably offends one of these
opposing logics.
• e.g., Wall Street recently accused the IPCC (with
regard of its recent report) of having an "agenda that is
less about climate change than income inequality and
redistribution". (7 Apr. 14, A18).
24
25. • First, RSIs can use their legal authority to gain influence
in the scientific/epistemic domain.
• This could be problematic either when it is used to support
epistemic claims whose scientific basis is questionable
(anomalous RSIs - the case of the International
Psychoanalytical Association or the European Committee of
Homeopaths);
• or when it is used to marginalize competing points of view
(IPCC as a monopolist).
• Second RSIs can use their epistemic authority to validate
their normative output, in a way which could short-circuit
democratic expectations. This type of strategic behavior
characterizes (arguably) the behavior of ICNIRP.
25
26. • Replacing RSIs with algorithmic models for
eliciting scientific consensus;
• creating a more competitive epistemic
environment – both internally (within the
institutions, minority view - dissent) and
externally (encouraging competition between
different RSIs, breaking IPCC?)
26
27. • The Big Makhtesh, the Negev (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Makhtesh_gadol.jpg)
27