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2025-06-22 Abraham 04 (shared slides).pptx

Lesson 4 of 9 in a Heritage Bible Master Class study of "Abraham: The Man God Called 'My Friend'" Heritage Bible Master Class is a non-denominational Bible Class/Worship service that meets every Sunday morning at 10:15 at Heritage Palms Country Club, south of Fred Waring and east of Jefferson. Please join us.

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LESSON 4:
THE COVENANT
(GENESIS 15)
JUNE 22, 2025

Genesis 15:1-21 (NIV)
1 After this, the word of the LORD came
to Abram in a vision: "Do not be afraid,
Abram. I am your shield, your very great
reward."

2 But Abram said, "Sovereign LORD, what
can you give me since I remain childless
and the one who will inherit my estate is
Eliezer of Damascus?" 3 And Abram said,
"You have given me no children; so a
servant in my household will be my heir."

4 Then the word of the LORD came to
him: "This man will not be your heir, but a
son who is your own flesh and blood will
be your heir." 5 He took him outside and
said, "Look up at the sky and count the
stars—if indeed you can count them."
Then he said to him, "So shall your
offspring be."

6 Abram believed the LORD, and he
credited it to him as righteousness.

7 He also said to him, "I am the LORD,
who brought you out of Ur of the
Chaldeans to give you this land to take
possession of it."

8 But Abram said, "Sovereign LORD, how
can I know that I will gain possession of
it?"

9 So the LORD said to him, "Bring me a
heifer, a goat and a ram, each three years
old, along with a dove and a young
pigeon."

10 Abram brought all these to him, cut
them in two and arranged the halves
opposite each other; the birds, however,
he did not cut in half. 11 Then birds of
prey came down on the carcasses, but
Abram drove them away.

12 As the sun was setting, Abram fell into
a deep sleep, and a thick and dreadful
darkness came over him. 13 Then the
LORD said to him, "Know for certain that
for four hundred years your descendants
will be strangers in a country not their
own and that they will be enslaved and
mistreated there.

14 But I will punish the nation they serve
as slaves, and afterward they will come
out with great possessions. 15 You,
however, will go to your ancestors in
peace and be buried at a good old age. 16
In the fourth generation your
descendants will come back here, for the
sin of the Amorites has not yet reached
its full measure."

17 When the sun had set and darkness
had fallen, a smoking firepot with a
blazing torch appeared and passed
between the pieces.

18 On that day the LORD made a
covenant with Abram and said, "To your
descendants I give this land, from the
Wadi of Egypt to the great river, the
Euphrates— 19 the land of the Kenites,
Kenizzites, Kadmonites, 20 Hittites,
Perizzites, Rephaites, 21 Amorites,
Canaanites, Girgashites and Jebusites."

Genesis 15:1 begins with the
reassurance, "Do not be afraid,
Abram." How do Abram's
questions in this chapter help
us understand his fears?

Abram’s Uncertainty
Recent conflict
After this, the word of the LORD came to Abram in a vision:
"Do not be afraid, Abram. I am your shield, your very great
reward." (Genesis 15:1)
Future legacy
But Abram said, "Sovereign LORD, what can you give me
since I remain childless and the one who will inherit my
estate is Eliezer of Damascus?" And Abram said, "You have
given me no children; so a servant in my household will be
my heir." (Genesis 15:2-3)

God’s Promise
Then the word of the LORD came to him: "This
man will not be your heir, but a son who is your
own flesh and blood will be your heir." He took
him outside and said, "Look up at the sky and
count the stars—if indeed you can count them."
Then he said to him, "So shall your offspring be."
(Genesis 15:4-5)

Abram’s Trust
Abram believed the LORD, and he
credited it to him as righteousness.
(Genesis 15:6)

Abram's questions demonstrate the
tension between God's promises and
apparent impossibilities.
The text shows that great faith can
coexist with honest questions and
requests for assurance.

Why would being childless
(Genesis 15:2) have been a
major concern for Abram or
anyone in his culture?

The Importance of Progeny
Family continuity
Old age care
Religious & Memorial traditions
Inheritance rights

Why would it have required
faith to believe God's promises
in Genesis 15:4-5?

Trusting God's promises required faith
because they contradicted biological realities
and human experience.
•Abram was about 75 years old when called
(Gen. 12:4), and Sarai was barren (Gen. 11:30).
•The promise of descendants "as numerous as
the stars" seemed impossible given their
advanced age and infertility.

Abram's faith involved trusting God's
character and ability despite circumstances.
The promise required trust in God's power to
create life from death.
Romans 4:17 describes Abram’s faith in "the
God who gives life to the dead and calls
things into existence that do not exist".

Archaeological evidence from ancient
Mesopotamia shows that childless couples
often adopted servants or relatives as heirs,
making Abram's expectation about Eliezer
culturally normal.
Abram trusted God to work supernaturally,
not through conventional means.

In what ways do Abram's faith
and God's response (Genesis
15:6) become a model for us
today (see Romans 4:18-25)?

Faith despite impossible circumstances
Against all hope, Abraham in hope believed and
so became the father of many nations, just as it
had been said to him, "So shall your offspring be."
Without weakening in his faith, he faced the fact
that his body was as good as dead—since he was
about a hundred years old—and that Sarah's
womb was also dead.
(Romans 4:18-19)

Faith that grows stronger over time
Yet he did not waver through unbelief regarding
the promise of God, but was strengthened in his
faith and gave glory to God, being fully persuaded
that God had power to do what he had promised.
(Romans 4:20-21)

Saving Faith is Trust in God’s Trustworthiness
The words "it was credited to him" were written
not for him alone, but also for us, to whom God
will credit righteousness—for us who believe in
him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead.
(Romans 4:23-24, NIV)

In Genesis 15:7, the focus shifts
from Abram's offspring to his
possession of the Promised Land.
If Abram already believed the
Lord (Genesis 15:6), why did he
seek further assurance (Genesis
15:8)?

Abram is an example of ambivalent faith
Abram's request reflects human need for
assurance regarding long-term promises.
The request shows that "Abram believes! —
but he doesn't believe!”
Faith can coexist with desire for confirmation.

God graciously responds with a
covenant ceremony rather than
rebuke.
God understands our human
limitations.

When two people in ancient Near
Eastern cultures made a covenant, they
both walked between the carcasses of
animals, signifying that if either broke
the covenant, he should suffer the
same fate as the animals. What is the
significance that only the Lord passed
between the pieces (Genesis 15:17)?

God alone walks
the covenant path
This ceremony prefigures
Christ's sacrificial death

Sandwiched between Abram's
preparation for the covenant ceremony
(Genesis 15:9-11) and the actual
ceremony itself (Genesis 15:17-21) is a
prophecy about Israel's enslavement in
Egypt. How might they have been
comforted and encouraged by reading
this account during that enslavement?

Abram’s vision of
Israel’s suffering
• Predeterimed time limit
• Divine judgment on oppresors
• Promise of great wealth

What fears, questions, and need
for assurance do you have
about God fulfilling his promises
to you?

Fear is trusting your own
ability to overcome your
obstacles.
Faith is trusting God’s
ability to guide you
through your obstacles.

Abram's example shows that
honest questions don't
disqualify faith
God gave assurance
through covenant ceremony
rather than condemning
Abram's request.

Because we are in Christ, we too
are heirs of the covenant God
made with Abram (see Galatians
3:15-18). How can this chapter
increase your confidence in
God's faithfulness to you?

God’s promise is based on faith,
not human performance
God takes full
responsibility
God is patient with faith that
expresses honest uncertainty

LESSON 5:
DIY RELIGION
(GENESIS 16)
JUNE 29, 2025

2025-06-22 Abraham 04 (shared slides).pptx

1.
LESSON 4: THE COVENANT (GENESIS15) JUNE 22, 2025
2.
Genesis 15
3.
Genesis 15:1-21 (NIV) 1After this, the word of the LORD came to Abram in a vision: "Do not be afraid, Abram. I am your shield, your very great reward."
4.
2 But Abramsaid, "Sovereign LORD, what can you give me since I remain childless and the one who will inherit my estate is Eliezer of Damascus?" 3 And Abram said, "You have given me no children; so a servant in my household will be my heir."
5.
4 Then theword of the LORD came to him: "This man will not be your heir, but a son who is your own flesh and blood will be your heir." 5 He took him outside and said, "Look up at the sky and count the stars—if indeed you can count them." Then he said to him, "So shall your offspring be."
6.
6 Abram believedthe LORD, and he credited it to him as righteousness.
7.
7 He alsosaid to him, "I am the LORD, who brought you out of Ur of the Chaldeans to give you this land to take possession of it."
8.
8 But Abramsaid, "Sovereign LORD, how can I know that I will gain possession of it?"
9.
9 So theLORD said to him, "Bring me a heifer, a goat and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon."
10.
10 Abram broughtall these to him, cut them in two and arranged the halves opposite each other; the birds, however, he did not cut in half. 11 Then birds of prey came down on the carcasses, but Abram drove them away.
11.
12 As thesun was setting, Abram fell into a deep sleep, and a thick and dreadful darkness came over him. 13 Then the LORD said to him, "Know for certain that for four hundred years your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own and that they will be enslaved and mistreated there.
12.
14 But Iwill punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions. 15 You, however, will go to your ancestors in peace and be buried at a good old age. 16 In the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure."
13.
17 When thesun had set and darkness had fallen, a smoking firepot with a blazing torch appeared and passed between the pieces.
14.
18 On thatday the LORD made a covenant with Abram and said, "To your descendants I give this land, from the Wadi of Egypt to the great river, the Euphrates— 19 the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, 20 Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaites, 21 Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites and Jebusites."
15.
Genesis 15:1 beginswith the reassurance, "Do not be afraid, Abram." How do Abram's questions in this chapter help us understand his fears?
16.
Abram’s Uncertainty Recent conflict Afterthis, the word of the LORD came to Abram in a vision: "Do not be afraid, Abram. I am your shield, your very great reward." (Genesis 15:1) Future legacy But Abram said, "Sovereign LORD, what can you give me since I remain childless and the one who will inherit my estate is Eliezer of Damascus?" And Abram said, "You have given me no children; so a servant in my household will be my heir." (Genesis 15:2-3)
17.
God’s Promise Then theword of the LORD came to him: "This man will not be your heir, but a son who is your own flesh and blood will be your heir." He took him outside and said, "Look up at the sky and count the stars—if indeed you can count them." Then he said to him, "So shall your offspring be." (Genesis 15:4-5)
18.
Abram’s Trust Abram believedthe LORD, and he credited it to him as righteousness. (Genesis 15:6)
19.
Abram's questions demonstratethe tension between God's promises and apparent impossibilities. The text shows that great faith can coexist with honest questions and requests for assurance.
21.
Why would beingchildless (Genesis 15:2) have been a major concern for Abram or anyone in his culture?
22.
The Importance ofProgeny Family continuity Old age care Religious & Memorial traditions Inheritance rights
24.
Why would ithave required faith to believe God's promises in Genesis 15:4-5?
25.
Trusting God's promisesrequired faith because they contradicted biological realities and human experience. •Abram was about 75 years old when called (Gen. 12:4), and Sarai was barren (Gen. 11:30). •The promise of descendants "as numerous as the stars" seemed impossible given their advanced age and infertility.
26.
Abram's faith involvedtrusting God's character and ability despite circumstances. The promise required trust in God's power to create life from death. Romans 4:17 describes Abram’s faith in "the God who gives life to the dead and calls things into existence that do not exist".
27.
Archaeological evidence fromancient Mesopotamia shows that childless couples often adopted servants or relatives as heirs, making Abram's expectation about Eliezer culturally normal. Abram trusted God to work supernaturally, not through conventional means.
29.
In what waysdo Abram's faith and God's response (Genesis 15:6) become a model for us today (see Romans 4:18-25)?
30.
Abram’s Trust Abram believedthe LORD, and he credited it to him as righteousness. (Genesis 15:6)
31.
Faith despite impossiblecircumstances Against all hope, Abraham in hope believed and so became the father of many nations, just as it had been said to him, "So shall your offspring be." Without weakening in his faith, he faced the fact that his body was as good as dead—since he was about a hundred years old—and that Sarah's womb was also dead. (Romans 4:18-19)
32.
Faith that growsstronger over time Yet he did not waver through unbelief regarding the promise of God, but was strengthened in his faith and gave glory to God, being fully persuaded that God had power to do what he had promised. (Romans 4:20-21)
33.
Saving Faith isTrust in God’s Trustworthiness The words "it was credited to him" were written not for him alone, but also for us, to whom God will credit righteousness—for us who believe in him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead. (Romans 4:23-24, NIV)
35.
In Genesis 15:7,the focus shifts from Abram's offspring to his possession of the Promised Land. If Abram already believed the Lord (Genesis 15:6), why did he seek further assurance (Genesis 15:8)?
36.
Abram is anexample of ambivalent faith Abram's request reflects human need for assurance regarding long-term promises. The request shows that "Abram believes! — but he doesn't believe!” Faith can coexist with desire for confirmation.
37.
God graciously respondswith a covenant ceremony rather than rebuke. God understands our human limitations.
39.
When two peoplein ancient Near Eastern cultures made a covenant, they both walked between the carcasses of animals, signifying that if either broke the covenant, he should suffer the same fate as the animals. What is the significance that only the Lord passed between the pieces (Genesis 15:17)?
40.
God alone walks thecovenant path This ceremony prefigures Christ's sacrificial death
42.
Sandwiched between Abram's preparationfor the covenant ceremony (Genesis 15:9-11) and the actual ceremony itself (Genesis 15:17-21) is a prophecy about Israel's enslavement in Egypt. How might they have been comforted and encouraged by reading this account during that enslavement?
43.
Abram’s vision of Israel’ssuffering • Predeterimed time limit • Divine judgment on oppresors • Promise of great wealth
45.
What fears, questions,and need for assurance do you have about God fulfilling his promises to you?
46.
Fear is trustingyour own ability to overcome your obstacles. Faith is trusting God’s ability to guide you through your obstacles.
47.
Abram's example showsthat honest questions don't disqualify faith God gave assurance through covenant ceremony rather than condemning Abram's request.
49.
Why is itsometimes hard to trust God?
53.
Because we arein Christ, we too are heirs of the covenant God made with Abram (see Galatians 3:15-18). How can this chapter increase your confidence in God's faithfulness to you?
54.
God’s promise isbased on faith, not human performance God takes full responsibility God is patient with faith that expresses honest uncertainty
56.
LESSON 4: THE COVENANT (GENESIS15) JUNE 22, 2025
57.
LESSON 5: DIY RELIGION (GENESIS16) JUNE 29, 2025

Editor's Notes

#1 Lesson 4 of 9: Abraham, the man God called “My friend” The Covenant (Genesis 15) June 22, 2025 Heritage Bible Master Class Heritage Palms Country Club, South of Fred Waring, East of Jefferson, Indio, 10:15 Sunday morning. Feel free to Comment, If you find these videos helpful, elp me out by hitting Like, Subscribe to be notified when I post new material.
#15 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 04 THE COVENANT - GENESIS 15 1. Genesis 15:1 begins with the reassurance, "Do not be afraid, Abram." How do Abram's questions in this chapter help us understand his fears? Abram's fears are revealed through his pointed questions about childlessness and inheritance. The Hebrew phrase "al-tira" (do not fear) suggests Abram was experiencing anxiety, likely related to recent conflicts with neighboring kings in Genesis 14. His question "what can you give me since I remain childless?" ('arir, literally "stripped" or "deprived") reveals deep concern about his legacy. The phrase "one born in my house will be my heir" (ben-meshek) indicates Abram feared his servant Eliezer would inherit everything, violating ancient Near Eastern norms where biological descendants were essential for family continuance. Abram's questions demonstrate the tension between God's promises and apparent impossibilities. His bold request "how can I know that I will gain possession of it?" shows faith wrestling with doubt, reflecting the human struggle to trust divine promises when circumstances seem contradictory. The text reveals that even great faith can coexist with honest questions and requests for assurance. Block quote: "Abram is basically asking God to sign a contract, to make a covenant with him. So, in one sense, the reason Abram asks this question is because he believes God. After all, if you believe God is a liar, why bother to ask him to make a covenant with you?" (The Foundation of the Covenant, CDPCKL Commentary) • Enduring Word Bible Commentary Genesis Chapter 15 • The Foundation of the Covenant (Genesis 15:7-21), CDPCKL
#16 Abram’s Uncertainty Recent conflict After this, the word of the LORD came to Abram in a vision: "Do not be afraid, Abram. I am your shield, your very great reward." (Genesis 15:1) Abram has just seen how easy it would have been for a coalition of eastern kings to wipe out Abram’s family. He won the last round, but what if they decide to come back after him? His future could be hanging by a thread in his own mind. Future legacy But Abram said, "Sovereign LORD, what can you give me since I remain childless and the one who will inherit my estate is Eliezer of Damascus?" And Abram said, "You have given me no children; so a servant in my household will be my heir." (Genesis 15:2-3) God has promised him children, but he has yet to see any evidence of that promise’s fulfillment. At present, his servant is his heir.
#17 God’s Promise Then the word of the LORD came to him: "This man will not be your heir, but a son who is your own flesh and blood will be your heir." He took him outside and said, "Look up at the sky and count the stars—if indeed you can count them." Then he said to him, "So shall your offspring be." (Genesis 15:4-5)
#18 Abram’s Trust Abram believed the LORD, and he credited it to him as righteousness. (Genesis 15:6)
#19 Abram's questions demonstrate the tension between God's promises and apparent impossibilities. The text shows that great faith can coexist with honest questions and requests for assurance.
#20 Block quote: "Abram is basically asking God to sign a contract, to make a covenant with him. So, in one sense, the reason Abram asks this question is because he believes God. After all, if you believe God is a liar, why bother to ask him to make a covenant with you?" (The Foundation of the Covenant, CDPCKL Commentary) • Enduring Word Bible Commentary Genesis Chapter 15 • The Foundation of the Covenant (Genesis 15:7-21), CDPCKL
#21 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 2. Why would being childless (Genesis 15:2) have been a major concern for Abram or anyone in his culture? In ancient Near Eastern culture, childlessness carried devastating social, economic, and religious consequences. Children were necessary for the perpetuation of a household and essential for family continuity. The economic implications were severe: children provided labor, care in old age, and inheritance of family property and name. A child's value extended to the spiritual realm as well, as children participated in household religion in gender-specific ways. Without descendants, family religious practices would cease, and the deceased would lack proper memorial rituals. The Hebrew concept of "name" (shem) encompassed reputation, legacy, and continued existence through descendants. For Abram specifically, childlessness threatened God's promise that he would become a "great nation" (Genesis 12:2). Ancient adoption practices existed, but biological descendants held primary importance for covenant fulfillment. Contemporary studies in poor-resource areas show childlessness leads to social stigma, economic vulnerability, and psychological distress, reflecting universal human concerns that were amplified in ancient patriarchal societies. Block quote: "Children were an important part of the ancient Near Eastern household. On a basic level, children are necessary for the perpetuation of a household." (Kristine Garroway, Children in the Ancient Near Eastern Household) • Children in the ancient Middle East were valued and vulnerable, The Conversation • The social and cultural consequences of being childless in poor-resource areas, PMC • Children in the Ancient Near Eastern Household, Eisenbrauns
#22 In ancient Near Eastern culture, childlessness carried devastating social, economic, and religious consequences. FAMILY CONTINUITY: Children were essential for the perpetuation of a household and for maintaining family continuity. OLD AGE CARE: The economic implications were severe: children provided labor, care in old age, and inheritance of family property and name. RELIGIOUS & MEMORIAL TRADITIONS: A child's value extended to the spiritual realm as well, as children participated in household religion in gender-specific ways. Without descendants, family religious practices would cease, and the deceased would lack proper memorial rituals. The Hebrew concept of "name" (shem) encompassed reputation, legacy, and continued existence through descendants. INHERITANCE RIGHTS: For Abram specifically, childlessness threatened God's promise that he would become a "great nation" (Genesis 12:2). Ancient adoption practices existed, but biological descendants held primary importance for covenant fulfillment. Contemporary studies in poor-resource areas show childlessness leads to social stigma, economic vulnerability, and psychological distress, reflecting universal human concerns that were amplified in ancient patriarchal societies.
#23 Block quote: "Children were an important part of the ancient Near Eastern household. On a basic level, children are necessary for the perpetuation of a household." (Kristine Garroway, Children in the Ancient Near Eastern Household) • Children in the ancient Middle East were valued and vulnerable, The Conversation • The social and cultural consequences of being childless in poor-resource areas, PMC • Children in the Ancient Near Eastern Household, Eisenbrauns
#24 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 3. Why would it have required faith to believe God's promises in Genesis 15:4-5? Belief in God's promises required faith because they contradicted biological realities and human experience. Abram was approximately 75 years old when first called (Genesis 12:4), and Sarai was barren (Genesis 11:30). The promise of descendants "as numerous as the stars" seemed impossible given their advanced age and infertility. The Hebrew verb "he'emin" (believed) in verse 6 comes from the root 'mn, meaning "to be firm, stable, or trustworthy." Abram's faith involved trusting God's character and ability despite contradictory circumstances. The promise required faith in God's power to create life from death, as Romans 4:17 describes God as "the God who gives life to the dead and calls things into existence that do not exist". Archaeological evidence from ancient Mesopotamia shows that childless couples often adopted servants or relatives as heirs, making Abram's expectation about Eliezer culturally normal. Faith was required to believe God would work supernaturally rather than through conventional means. The star metaphor itself challenged human comprehension—ancient peoples could see approximately 3,000-4,000 stars with the naked eye, suggesting an incomprehensibly large number. Block quote: "Abraham believed that God will do what he says, even though it did not look like it was possible since Abraham did not have a child." (Steve Brandon, Rock Valley Bible Church) • What does Romans chapter 4 mean?, BibleRef.com • Follow the Faith of Abraham (Romans 4:18-25), Rock Valley Bible Church • Romans 4:18-25 Abraham's Faith and God's Promise, Calvary Wyncote Church
#25 Trusting God's promises required faith because they contradicted biological realities and human experience. Abram was about 75 years old when first called (Genesis 12:4), and Sarai (who was only ten years younger, about age 65) was barren (Genesis 11:30). The promise of descendants "as numerous as the stars" seemed impossible given their advanced age and infertility.
#26 The Hebrew verb "he'emin" (believed) in verse 6 comes from the root 'mn, meaning "to be firm, stable, or trustworthy." Abram's faith involved trusting God's character and ability despite contradictory circumstances. The promise required trust in God's power to create life from death. Romans 4:17 describes Abram’s faith in "the God who gives life to the dead and calls things into existence that do not exist".
#27 Archaeological evidence from ancient Mesopotamia shows that childless couples often adopted servants or relatives as heirs, making Abram's expectation about Eliezer culturally normal. Abram trusted God to work supernaturally rather than through conventional means.
#28 Block quote: "Abraham believed that God will do what he says, even though it did not look like it was possible since Abraham did not have a child." (Steve Brandon, Rock Valley Bible Church) • What does Romans chapter 4 mean?, BibleRef.com • Follow the Faith of Abraham (Romans 4:18-25), Rock Valley Bible Church • Romans 4:18-25 Abraham's Faith and God's Promise, Calvary Wyncote Church
#29 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 4. In what ways do Abram's faith and God's response (Genesis 15:6) become a model for us today (see Romans 4:18-25)? Genesis 15:6 provides the foundational model for justification by faith. The Hebrew phrase "wayya'amen baYHWH wayyahshebeha lo tsedaqah" (he believed in the LORD, and he counted it to him as righteousness) establishes the principle that righteousness comes through faith, not works or ceremonies. Romans 4:18-25 explicitly connects Abram's faith to Christian justification. Paul states that "the words 'it was counted to him' were not written for his sake alone, but for ours also" (Romans 4:23-24). The parallel is clear: Abram believed God's promise about impossible descendants; Christians believe in God who "raised Jesus our Lord from the dead" (Romans 4:24). The model includes several elements: faith despite impossible circumstances (Romans 4:18-19), faith that grows stronger rather than weaker over time (Romans 4:20), and faith that gives glory to God (Romans 4:20). Abraham's faith had a rational basis—not superstition, but trust in God's trustworthiness. The righteousness credited to both Abram and believers is not earned but received through faith in God's promises. Block quote: "We are justified by faith without works, without ceremonies, or rites, or ritual, or by obeying the law or living a good life." (John Miller, Revival TV) • The Faith of Abraham - Romans 4:18-25, McCleary Community Church • Follow the Faith of Abraham (Romans 4:18-25), Rock Valley Bible Church • Romans 4:17-25 "The Faith Of Abraham," Revival TV
#30 Genesis 15:6 provides the foundational model for justification by faith. Abram believed the LORD, and he credited it to him as righteousness. (Genesis 15:6) The statement that “he believed in the LORD, and he credited it to him as righteousness” establishes the principle that righteousness comes through faith, not works or ceremonies.
#31 The model includes several elements: faith despite impossible circumstances (Romans 4:18-19), Against all hope, Abraham in hope believed and so became the father of many nations, just as it had been said to him, "So shall your offspring be." Without weakening in his faith, he faced the fact that his body was as good as dead—since he was about a hundred years old—and that Sarah's womb was also dead. (Romans 4:18-19)
#32 Faith that grows stronger rather than weaker over time (Romans 4:20), and faith that gives glory to God (Romans 4:21). Yet he did not waver through unbelief regarding the promise of God, but was strengthened in his faith and gave glory to God, being fully persuaded that God had power to do what he had promised. (Romans 4:20-21)
#33 Abraham's faith had a rational basis—not superstition, but trust in God's trustworthiness. And Paul insists that Abram’s faith is a model of our own. The righteousness credited to both Abram and believers is not earned but received through faith in God's promises. “The words "it was credited to him" were written not for him alone, but also for us, to whom God will credit righteousness—for us who believe in him who raised Jesus our Lord from the dead.” (Romans 4:23-24, NIV)
#34 Block quote: "We are justified by faith without works, without ceremonies, or rites, or ritual, or by obeying the law or living a good life." (John Miller, Revival TV) • The Faith of Abraham - Romans 4:18-25, McCleary Community Church • Follow the Faith of Abraham (Romans 4:18-25), Rock Valley Bible Church • Romans 4:17-25 "The Faith Of Abraham," Revival TV
#35 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 5. In Genesis 15:7, the focus shifts from Abram's offspring to his possession of the Promised Land. If Abram already believed the Lord (Genesis 15:6), why did he seek further assurance (Genesis 15:8)? Abram's request for assurance doesn't indicate lack of faith but rather demonstrates the complexity of biblical faith. The Hebrew phrase "bamah eda" (how shall I know) uses the verb yada', meaning experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual assent. Matthew Henry notes that "while he is kept in the dark about the main matter, it is all nothing to him"—Abram needed tangible confirmation for promises extending beyond his lifetime. The covenant ceremony addresses a different aspect of God's promises. While verse 6 focused on descendants, verse 7 emphasizes land inheritance. Scholar Paul Williamson argues that Genesis 15 and 17 represent distinct covenants addressing different aspects of God's promises—Genesis 15 relating to nationhood and land possession. Abram's request reflects legitimate human need for assurance regarding long-term promises. The request shows that "Abram believes! — but he doesn't believe" in the sense that faith can coexist with desire for confirmation. God graciously responds with a covenant ceremony rather than rebuking Abram's request, demonstrating divine understanding of human limitations. Block quote: "Note, Till we have some comfortable evidence of our interest in Christ and the new covenant, we should not rest satisfied with any thing else." (Matthew Henry, Genesis 15 Commentary) • Commentary on Genesis 15 by Matthew Henry, Blue Letter Bible • Variations in Abrahamic Covenant Commentary, Yale University Press • The Foundation of the Covenant (Genesis 15:7-21), CDPCKL
#36 Abram's request for assurance doesn't indicate lack of faith but rather demonstrates the complexity of biblical faith. The Hebrew phrase "bamah eda" (how shall I know) uses the verb yada', meaning experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual Abram is an example of ambivalent faith. Abram's request reflects legitimate human need for assurance regarding long-term promises – promises that will not be fulfilled for centuries after his death! The request shows that "Abram believes! — but he doesn't believe!" Abram shows us that faith can coexist with desire for confirmation.
#37 God graciously responds with a covenant ceremony rather than rebuke. God understands our human limitations.
#38 Block quote: "Note, Till we have some comfortable evidence of our interest in Christ and the new covenant, we should not rest satisfied with any thing else." (Matthew Henry, Genesis 15 Commentary) • Commentary on Genesis 15 by Matthew Henry, Blue Letter Bible • Variations in Abrahamic Covenant Commentary, Yale University Press • The Foundation of the Covenant (Genesis 15:7-21), CDPCKL
#39 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 6. When two people in ancient Near Eastern cultures made a covenant, they both walked between the carcasses of animals, signifying that if either broke the covenant, he should suffer the same fate as the animals. What is the significance that only the Lord passed between the pieces (Genesis 15:17)? The unilateral nature of God's covenant ceremony demonstrates unprecedented divine grace. In typical ancient Near Eastern treaties, both parties passed between animal pieces as self-imprecation oaths, saying "May what happened to these animals happen to us if we break this covenant". Archaeological evidence from Hittite, Assyrian, and Aramaic texts confirms this bilateral practice. Only God passing between the pieces means "God was committing Himself to bear the consequences in the event that Abram or his descendants fail to uphold the covenant". The smoking fire pot and blazing torch represent divine presence, with God alone walking the covenant path. This creates an unconditional covenant where Abraham was not an active party to the covenant—it was completely unconditional. The theological implications are profound: God assumes total responsibility for covenant fulfillment. As the story unfolds, "we are going to see that they failed to keep faith in God. True to His commitment, God would eventually suffer the fate of these animals—death. This would take place more than 1800 years later at a place called Golgotha". The ceremony prefigures Christ's sacrificial death as the ultimate covenant fulfillment. Block quote: "It is noteworthy in Genesis 15:17 that only God passed between the pieces, signifying he was binding himself to give the promised land to Abram's descendants without putting Abram under any obligation." (TheBibleSays.com Commentary) • The Bizarre Story Of Abraham Cutting Animals In Half, Ready4Eternity • Genesis 15:10-12 meaning, TheBibleSays.com • The Hittite ritual of passing between the pieces, Lars Haukeland • Genesis 15, Talmidim Way
#40 The unilateral nature of God's covenant ceremony demonstrates unprecedented divine grace. In typical ancient Near Eastern treaties, both parties passed between animal pieces as self-imprecation oaths, saying "May what happened to these animals happen to us if we break this covenant". Archaeological evidence from Hittite, Assyrian, and Aramaic texts confirms this bilateral practice. Only God passing between the pieces means "God was committing Himself to bear the consequences in the event that Abram or his descendants fail to uphold the covenant". The smoking fire pot and blazing torch represent divine presence, with God alone walking the covenant path. This creates an unconditional covenant where Abraham was not an active party to the covenant—it was completely unconditional. The theological implications are profound: God assumes total responsibility for covenant fulfillment. As the story unfolds, "we are going to see that they failed to keep faith in God. True to His commitment, God would eventually suffer the fate of these animals—death. This would take place more than 1800 years later at a place called Golgotha". The ceremony prefigures Christ's sacrificial death as the ultimate covenant fulfillment.
#41 Block quote: "It is noteworthy in Genesis 15:17 that only God passed between the pieces, signifying he was binding himself to give the promised land to Abram's descendants without putting Abram under any obligation." (TheBibleSays.com Commentary) • The Bizarre Story Of Abraham Cutting Animals In Half, Ready4Eternity • Genesis 15:10-12 meaning, TheBibleSays.com • The Hittite ritual of passing between the pieces, Lars Haukeland • Genesis 15, Talmidim Way
#42 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 7. Sandwiched between Abram's preparation for the covenant ceremony (Genesis 15:9-11) and the actual ceremony itself (Genesis 15:17-21) is a prophecy about Israel's enslavement in Egypt. How might they have been comforted and encouraged by reading this account during that enslavement? The prophecy provided hope during Egypt's darkest period by demonstrating God's foreknowledge and sovereignty. The "deep sleep" (tardemah) and "horror and great darkness" ('emah hashekah gedolah) that fell upon Abram prefigured Israel's Egyptian experience. The smoking furnace signified "the affliction of his seed in Egypt... in the iron furnace, the furnace of affliction, labouring in the very fire". The prophecy offered specific encouragements: predetermined time limit ("400 years"), divine judgment on oppressors ("I will judge that nation"), and promise of great wealth upon departure ("with great possessions"). Jewish tradition holds that Abraham was given a vision of all suffering from Egypt to the Messianic Kingdom, placing their current suffering in cosmic perspective. The covenant ceremony's location between prophecy and fulfillment demonstrated God's unchanging commitment despite Israel's suffering. The unconditional nature of the covenant meant their slavery couldn't void God's promises. The burning lamp denoted "comfort in this affliction... Light denotes deliverance out of the furnace", offering hope that suffering was temporary while God's promises were eternal. Block quote: "When God came down to deliver them, he appeared in a bush that burned, and was not consumed." (Matthew Henry, commenting on the burning lamp symbolism) • Enduring Word Bible Commentary Genesis Chapter 15 • Genesis 15, Talmidim Way • Commentary on Genesis 15 by Matthew Henry, Blue Letter Bible
#43 “As the sun was setting, Abram fell into a deep sleep, and a thick and dreadful darkness came over him. Then the LORD said to him, "Know for certain that for four hundred years your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own and that they will be enslaved and mistreated there. But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions. You, however, will go to your ancestors in peace and be buried at a good old age. In the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure."” (Genesis 15:12-16, NIV) Jewish tradition holds that Abraham was given a vision of all suffering from Egypt to the Messianic Kingdom, placing their current suffering in cosmic perspective. The prophecy provided hope during Egypt's darkest period by demonstrating God's foreknowledge and sovereignty. The "deep sleep" (tardemah) and "horror and great darkness" ('emah hashekah gedolah) that fell upon Abram prefigured Israel's Egyptian experience. The smoking furnace signified "the affliction of his seed in Egypt... in the iron furnace, the furnace of affliction, labouring in the very fire". The prophecy offered specific encouragements: predetermined time limit ("400 years"), divine judgment on oppressors ("I will judge that nation"), and promise of great wealth upon departure ("with great possessions"). The covenant ceremony's location between prophecy and fulfillment demonstrated God's unchanging commitment despite Israel's suffering. The unconditional nature of the covenant meant their slavery couldn't void God's promises. The burning lamp denoted "comfort in this affliction... Light denotes deliverance out of the furnace", offering hope that suffering was temporary while God's promises were eternal.
#44 Block quote: "When God came down to deliver them, he appeared in a bush that burned, and was not consumed." (Matthew Henry, commenting on the burning lamp symbolism) • Enduring Word Bible Commentary Genesis Chapter 15 • Genesis 15, Talmidim Way • Commentary on Genesis 15 by Matthew Henry, Blue Letter Bible
#45 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 8. What fears, questions, and need for assurance do you have about God fulfilling his promises to you? This question invites personal reflection on contemporary applications of Abram's experience. Modern believers often struggle with fears about God's faithfulness regarding salvation security, prayer answers, guidance in major decisions, and ultimate hope beyond death. Like Abram, we may experience tension between God's promises and apparent contradictory circumstances. Common contemporary fears include: doubt about eternal security when struggling with sin, questions about unanswered prayers, anxiety about God's will during difficult decisions, and uncertainty about divine love during suffering. Abram's example demonstrates that honest questions don't disqualify faith—God graciously provided assurance through the covenant ceremony rather than condemning Abram's request. The text encourages believers to bring fears and questions directly to God. Faith is "a gift of God" rather than human achievement, meaning struggles with assurance don't invalidate genuine faith. The unconditional nature of God's covenant in Genesis 15 parallels the New Covenant's security in Christ, where divine faithfulness doesn't depend on human performance. Block quote: "God doesn't reject Abram's request for reassurance. Instead He instructs Abram to gather five specific animals, to cut some in half, and to arrange them in a specific way." (BibleRef.com Genesis Chapter 15) • Genesis 15 Chapter Summary: God Confirms the Covenant, Wisdom Begun • What does Genesis chapter 15 mean?, BibleRef.com
#46 This question invites personal reflection on contemporary applications of Abram's experience. Like Abram, we may experience tension between God's promises and apparent contradictory circumstances. Common contemporary fears include: how can I know I’m saved when I’m struggling with sin, questions about unanswered prayers, anxiety about God's will during difficult decisions, and uncertainty about divine love during suffering. Fear is trusting your own ability to overcome your obstacles. Faith is trusting God’s ability to guide you through your obstacles.
#47 Abram's example demonstrates that honest questions don't disqualify faith God graciously provided assurance through the covenant ceremony rather than condemning Abram's request. The text encourages believers to bring fears and questions directly to God. Faith is "a gift of God" rather than human achievement, meaning struggles with assurance don't invalidate genuine faith. The unconditional nature of God's covenant in Genesis 15 parallels the New Covenant's security in Christ, where divine faithfulness doesn't depend on human performance.
#48 Block quote: "God doesn't reject Abram's request for reassurance. Instead He instructs Abram to gather five specific animals, to cut some in half, and to arrange them in a specific way." (BibleRef.com Genesis Chapter 15) • Genesis 15 Chapter Summary: God Confirms the Covenant, Wisdom Begun • What does Genesis chapter 15 mean?, BibleRef.com
#49 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 9. Why is it sometimes hard to trust God? Trust in God becomes difficult due to the tension between divine promises and temporal circumstances. Human nature relies on empirical evidence and immediate gratification, while God's promises often require long-term faith without visible confirmation. Abraham faced this challenge when "there was no reason for hope" yet "kept hoping—believing that he would become the father of many nations". The fallen human condition creates inherent resistance to trusting invisible realities. Unlike human relationships where trust develops through repeated experiences, faith in God requires believing without seeing (Hebrews 11:1). Cultural influences emphasizing self-reliance and scientific materialism can undermine supernatural faith. Past disappointments and unanswered prayers create emotional barriers to trust. When circumstances contradict God's promises—like Abram's continued childlessness—doubt naturally arises. The text acknowledges that "Abram could still demonstrate some degree of doubt" even after being declared righteous, showing that struggle with trust is normal in the faith journey. Block quote: "Whenever God calls you to take a step of faith or to exercise faith, there will be obstacles. The faith that cannot be tested, cannot be trusted." (John Miller, Revival TV) • Romans 4:17-25 "The Faith Of Abraham," Revival TV • The Faith of Abraham - Romans 4:18-25, McCleary Community Church
#50 Trust in God becomes difficult due to the tension between divine promises and temporal circumstances. Human nature relies on empirical evidence and immediate gratification, while God's promises often require long-term faith without visible confirmation. Abraham faced this challenge when "there was no reason for hope" yet "kept hoping—believing that he would become the father of many nations".
#51 Unlike human relationships where trust develops through repeated experiences, faith in God requires believing without seeing (Hebrews 11:1). Past disappointments and unanswered prayers create emotional barriers to trust. When circumstances contradict God's promises—like Abram's continued childlessness—doubt naturally arises. The text acknowledges that "Abram could still demonstrate some degree of doubt" even after being declared righteous, showing that struggle with trust is normal in the faith journey.
#52 Block quote: "Whenever God calls you to take a step of faith or to exercise faith, there will be obstacles. The faith that cannot be tested, cannot be trusted." (John Miller, Revival TV) • Romans 4:17-25 "The Faith Of Abraham," Revival TV • The Faith of Abraham - Romans 4:18-25, McCleary Community Church
#53 Heading: Raleway 66 Body: Raleway 40 10. Because we are in Christ, we too are heirs of the covenant God made with Abram (see Galatians 3:15-18). How can this chapter increase your confidence in God's faithfulness to you? Genesis 15 provides multiple sources of confidence in God's faithfulness. The unconditional nature of the Abrahamic covenant demonstrates that God's promise of eternal blessing is given "only on the basis of faith in the saving blood of His Son, Jesus Christ", not human performance. Paul interprets Abraham's "seed" as the singular person of Christ, meaning "all who are 'in Christ' are spiritual heirs of the promises made to Abraham". The covenant ceremony's unique structure—with God alone bearing responsibility—provides assurance that divine promises don't depend on human faithfulness. Christians can have confidence because "God delivered Jesus Christ up to pay the penalty required for our transgressions", fulfilling the covenant obligation that Abraham's descendants could never meet. The chapter demonstrates God's patience with honest questions and requests for assurance. Just as God graciously provided Abram with tangible confirmation, He provides believers with Scripture, the Holy Spirit's witness, and answered prayers as means of assurance. The promises remain "still in play" despite human failure, including "the national rejection of Jesus" by Israel. Block quote: "God's promise of eternal blessing is given only on the basis of faith in the saving blood of His Son, Jesus Christ." (GotQuestions.org, Blood Covenant commentary) • What was a blood covenant (Genesis 15:9-21)?, GotQuestions.org • Genesis 15, Talmidim Way • The Faith of Abraham - Romans 4:18-25, McCleary Community Church Complete Bibliography • BibleRef.com. "What does Genesis chapter 15 mean?" Accessed May 25, 2025. https://www.bibleref.com/Genesis/15/Genesis-chapter-15.html • Blue Letter Bible. "Commentary on Genesis 15 by Matthew Henry." Accessed May 25, 2025. https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/mhc/Gen/Gen_015.cfm • Calvary Wyncote Church. "Romans 4:18-25 - Abraham's Faith and God's Promise." September 27, 2024. https://www.calvarywyncote.com/blog/2024/09/27/12-romans-4-18-25-abraham-s-faith-and-god-s-promise • CDPCKL. "The Foundation of the Covenant (Genesis 15:7-21)." January 28, 2020. https://www.cdpckl.com/the-foundation-of-the-covenant-genesis-15-7-21/ • Enduring Word. "Bible Commentary Genesis Chapter 15." December 4, 2015. https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/genesis-15/ • Garroway, Kristine. "Children in the Ancient Near Eastern Household." Eisenbrauns. https://www.eisenbrauns.org/books/titles/978-1-57506-295-2.html • GotQuestions.org. "What was a blood covenant (Genesis 15:9-21)?" February 18, 2013. https://www.gotquestions.org/blood-covenant.html • Haukeland, Lars. "The Hittite ritual of passing between the pieces of sacrifice (Jeremiah 34)." December 6, 2017. https://larshaukeland.com/bits-pieces/archeology/jeremiah/the-hittite-ritual-of-passing-between-the-pieces-of-sacrifice-jeremiah-34/ • McCleary Community Church. "The Faith of Abraham - Romans 4:18-25." July 28, 2019. https://www.mcclearycommunitychurch.com/sermons/faith-abraham-romans-418-25 • Olive Tree Blog. "Cutting a Covenant." January 16, 2023. https://www.olivetree.com/blog/cutting-a-covenant/ • PMC. "The social and cultural consequences of being childless in poor-resource areas." December 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4251270/ • Ready4Eternity. "The Bizarre Story Of Abraham Cutting Animals In Half." July 27, 2024. https://ready4eternity.com/the-bizarre-story-of-abraham-cutting-animals-in-half/ • Religious Studies Center, BYU. "Cutting Covenants." https://rsc.byu.edu/gospel-jesus-christ-old-testament/cutting-covenants • Revival TV. "Romans 4:17-25 'The Faith Of Abraham' by Pastor John Miller." January 29, 2023. https://www.revival.tv/sermons/romans/the-faith-of-abraham/ • Rock Valley Bible Church. "Follow the Faith of Abraham (Romans 4:18-25)." March 12, 2017. https://sermons.rvbc.cc/sermons/2017-011 • Talmidim Way. "Genesis 15." March 8, 2023. https://talmidimway.org/commentary/genesis/abraham/gen15/ • The Conversation. "Children in the ancient Middle East were valued and vulnerable — not unlike children today." August 30, 2024. https://theconversation.com/children-in-the-ancient-middle-east-were-valued-and-vulnerable-not-unlike-children-today-120490 • TheBibleSays.com. "Genesis 15:10-12 meaning." January 10, 2025. https://thebiblesays.com/en/commentary/gen+15:10 • West Palm Beach church of Christ. "Romans 4:1-12, The Faith of Abraham." https://westpalmbeachchurchofchrist.com/new-testament/romans/romans_4_1-12.html • Wisdom Begun. "Genesis 15 Chapter Summary: God Confirms the Covenant with Abram." https://wisdombegun.com/blogs/genesis/genesis-15-chapter-summary-god-confirms-the-covenant-with-abram • Yale University Press. "Variations in Abrahamic Covenant Commentary." April 13, 2022. https://yalebooks.yale.edu/2019/12/30/variations-in-abrahamic-covenant-commentary/
#54 Genesis 15 provides multiple sources of confidence in God's faithfulness. God's promise of eternal blessing is given "only on the basis of faith in the saving blood of His Son, Jesus Christ", not human performance. Paul interprets Abraham's "seed" as the singular person of Christ, meaning "all who are 'in Christ' are spiritual heirs of the promises made to Abraham". The covenant ceremony's unique structure—with God alone bearing responsibility—provides assurance that divine promises don't depend on human faithfulness. Christians can have confidence because "God delivered Jesus Christ up to pay the penalty required for our transgressions", fulfilling the covenant obligation that Abraham's descendants could never meet. The chapter demonstrates God's patience with honest questions and requests for assurance. Just as God graciously provided Abram with tangible confirmation, He provides believers with Scripture, the Holy Spirit's witness, and answered prayers as means of assurance. The promises remain "still in play" despite human failure, including "the national rejection of Jesus" by Israel.
#55 Block quote: "God's promise of eternal blessing is given only on the basis of faith in the saving blood of His Son, Jesus Christ." (GotQuestions.org, Blood Covenant commentary) • What was a blood covenant (Genesis 15:9-21)?, GotQuestions.org • Genesis 15, Talmidim Way • The Faith of Abraham - Romans 4:18-25, McCleary Community Church Complete Bibliography • BibleRef.com. "What does Genesis chapter 15 mean?" Accessed May 25, 2025. https://www.bibleref.com/Genesis/15/Genesis-chapter-15.html • Blue Letter Bible. "Commentary on Genesis 15 by Matthew Henry." Accessed May 25, 2025. https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/mhc/Gen/Gen_015.cfm • Calvary Wyncote Church. "Romans 4:18-25 - Abraham's Faith and God's Promise." September 27, 2024. https://www.calvarywyncote.com/blog/2024/09/27/12-romans-4-18-25-abraham-s-faith-and-god-s-promise • CDPCKL. "The Foundation of the Covenant (Genesis 15:7-21)." January 28, 2020. https://www.cdpckl.com/the-foundation-of-the-covenant-genesis-15-7-21/ • Enduring Word. "Bible Commentary Genesis Chapter 15." December 4, 2015. https://enduringword.com/bible-commentary/genesis-15/ • Garroway, Kristine. "Children in the Ancient Near Eastern Household." Eisenbrauns. https://www.eisenbrauns.org/books/titles/978-1-57506-295-2.html • GotQuestions.org. "What was a blood covenant (Genesis 15:9-21)?" February 18, 2013. https://www.gotquestions.org/blood-covenant.html • Haukeland, Lars. "The Hittite ritual of passing between the pieces of sacrifice (Jeremiah 34)." December 6, 2017. https://larshaukeland.com/bits-pieces/archeology/jeremiah/the-hittite-ritual-of-passing-between-the-pieces-of-sacrifice-jeremiah-34/ • McCleary Community Church. "The Faith of Abraham - Romans 4:18-25." July 28, 2019. https://www.mcclearycommunitychurch.com/sermons/faith-abraham-romans-418-25 • Olive Tree Blog. "Cutting a Covenant." January 16, 2023. https://www.olivetree.com/blog/cutting-a-covenant/ • PMC. "The social and cultural consequences of being childless in poor-resource areas." December 2014. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4251270/ • Ready4Eternity. "The Bizarre Story Of Abraham Cutting Animals In Half." July 27, 2024. https://ready4eternity.com/the-bizarre-story-of-abraham-cutting-animals-in-half/ • Religious Studies Center, BYU. "Cutting Covenants." https://rsc.byu.edu/gospel-jesus-christ-old-testament/cutting-covenants • Revival TV. "Romans 4:17-25 'The Faith Of Abraham' by Pastor John Miller." January 29, 2023. https://www.revival.tv/sermons/romans/the-faith-of-abraham/ • Rock Valley Bible Church. "Follow the Faith of Abraham (Romans 4:18-25)." March 12, 2017. https://sermons.rvbc.cc/sermons/2017-011 • Talmidim Way. "Genesis 15." March 8, 2023. https://talmidimway.org/commentary/genesis/abraham/gen15/ • The Conversation. "Children in the ancient Middle East were valued and vulnerable — not unlike children today." August 30, 2024. https://theconversation.com/children-in-the-ancient-middle-east-were-valued-and-vulnerable-not-unlike-children-today-120490 • TheBibleSays.com. "Genesis 15:10-12 meaning." January 10, 2025. https://thebiblesays.com/en/commentary/gen+15:10 • West Palm Beach church of Christ. "Romans 4:1-12, The Faith of Abraham." https://westpalmbeachchurchofchrist.com/new-testament/romans/romans_4_1-12.html • Wisdom Begun. "Genesis 15 Chapter Summary: God Confirms the Covenant with Abram." https://wisdombegun.com/blogs/genesis/genesis-15-chapter-summary-god-confirms-the-covenant-with-abram • Yale University Press. "Variations in Abrahamic Covenant Commentary." April 13, 2022. https://yalebooks.yale.edu/2019/12/30/variations-in-abrahamic-covenant-commentary/
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#58 May the God of hope fill you with all joy and peace as you trust in him, so that you may overflow with hope by the power of the Holy Spirit. (Romans 15:13, NIV)

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