Plasma corona discharges were tested for their ability to reduce soil bacteria viability. Exposing soil to plasma for 30 seconds reduced bacteria by 1 order of magnitude, while exposure for 60 seconds reduced bacteria by 2 orders of magnitude. Extending exposure to 10 minutes using a cycle of 60 seconds on/off only achieved a total reduction of 2.5 orders of magnitude, indicating diminishing returns with longer exposure times. The specific bacteria resistant to plasma treatment were also examined.
Microbial DNA extracted from two soil samples collected from Beni-Suef and Kafr El-Sheikh were
subjected to PCR amplification with primers specific for 16S rDNA gene and cloned in linear pCR 2.1
plasmid vector. Recombinants were transformed into Escherichia coli competent cells. Sixty clone
inserts (30 from each soil sample) were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Forty
sequences of the sixty clones were affiliated with previously recognized bacterial groups. Thirty six of
these had closest relatives among cultured taxa and clustered primarily with three divisions containing
microrganisms commonly associated with soil: Proteobacteria, Gram-positive organisms, and
Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group. The results also showed the presence of one clone related to
Nirospira retrieved from Beni-Suef soil, one clone from Archaea kingdom retrieved from Kafr El-Sheikh
soil, and three clones affiliated to the newly described Holophaga-Acidobacterium phylum in both Beni-
Suef and Kafr El-Sheikh soils. Seven sequences grouped with known divisions but had closest relatives
among soil taxa known only from rDNA sequences analysis. Twelve clone sequences were distantly
related to known sequences. Many of these sequences may represent new bacterial divisions.
This study compared five different methods for extracting DNA from soil samples in order to study soil microbial communities. The inclusion of 120 mM phosphate buffered saline for washing and mannitol in the lysis buffer allowed extraction of DNA with minimal equipment and time, improved purity and yield, and facilitated amplification of metagenomic DNA. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis revealed that both the abundance and composition of the indigenous microbial community depended on the DNA recovery method. The mannitol-phosphate buffered saline-polyethylene glycol/sodium chloride method was found to be the most effective for extracting high quality DNA from soil samples.
Screening of mangrove fungal isolates ecosystem forDebjyoti Paul
The document summarizes research on screening mangrove fungal isolates for their bioprospects and optimizing production of L-asparaginase by an unidentified mangrove fungal isolate (T2). 13 fungal isolates were screened for various enzymes. Isolate T2 produced the highest amount of extracellular L-asparaginase under optimized conditions of lactose as carbon source and pH 10. Genomic DNA of 2 isolates were amplified for ITS region but did not match known fungi, indicating potential novel species.
This document provides information about soil testing procedures. It discusses (1) what soil testing is and why it is needed, (2) how and when to take soil samples, (3) common soil testing kits and sampling methods, (4) how to prepare soil samples and conduct soil testing, (5) key parameters tested like pH, nutrients, and organic carbon, (6) how to interpret soil analysis results, and (7) advantages and disadvantages of soil testing. The overall purpose is to explain the full soil testing process from sampling to analysis and interpretation.
Plant growth promoting characterization of soil bacteria isolated from petrol...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Contaminant-degrading bacteria can be included among the plant-growth promoting bacteria; because the presence of contaminants, in general produce negatively effects on plant’s growth; thus, the elimination of the inhibiting contaminants will benefit them. Although contaminant-degrading strains have been traditionally isolated from various environments; the number of studies that reported the isolation and identification of soil bacteria with contaminant- degrading abilities have increased. The aim of this study was to characterized microbial strains isolated from petroleum contaminated soil by plant growth promotion traits to recommend them as potential bioinoculants. In this work, five of the six soil isolates were classified as Indole Acetic Acid higher producers and only one of them as lower producer. Sporosarcina aquimarina strain -Q3 and Bacillus cereus strain +F2 tested in Axonopus affinis plantlets bioassay, showed that these isolates were the most effective promoters of this plant species; therefore, these soil bacteria with possible hydrocarbon degradation ability could be considered as potential bioinoculants and can be recommended with a practical importance for the rhizoremediation of petroleum contaminated sites and plant growth promotion.
Poly-훽-hydroxybutyrate degradation by Aspergillus fumigates isolated from soi...IOSRJPBS
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate acid (PHB) is thermoplastic biopolymers, synthesized by some bacterial genera under stress conditions. The degradation of PHB was detected in Petri dish by formation of a clear zone around the fungal colonies due to production of depolymerase enzyme which has interesting role in PHB degradation process. The most active PHB degrader fungi was selected and identified as Aspergillus fumigates using morphological characters. The highest PHB degradation in Petri dish by A. fumigates was at pH 5, 30ᵒC and 7days. In liquid medium, degradation by A. fumigates was studied using enzyme assay method (U/ml). All the experiments were performed enzyme activities were monitored. After 3 days of incubation, maximum PHB depolymerase production was at pH 5 and 30°C. In conclusion, PHB can be degraded in solid and liquid medium using fungal depolymerase enzyme.
C. rosea strain 16G was able to decompose starch films by 100% within 16 days at 28°C and 65% within 30 days at 21°C. It decomposed PCL films by 52.91% at 28°C and 34.5% at 21°C within 30 days. Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus bacterial strains were able to degrade PCL emulsions. Trichoderma sp. strain 16H degraded starch films by 12.07% and PCL by 21.54% per month at 28°C in liquid culture. C. rosea strain 16G showed the highest degradation of bioplastic films and was most effective at lower temperatures.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Microbial DNA extracted from two soil samples collected from Beni-Suef and Kafr El-Sheikh were
subjected to PCR amplification with primers specific for 16S rDNA gene and cloned in linear pCR 2.1
plasmid vector. Recombinants were transformed into Escherichia coli competent cells. Sixty clone
inserts (30 from each soil sample) were sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analyses. Forty
sequences of the sixty clones were affiliated with previously recognized bacterial groups. Thirty six of
these had closest relatives among cultured taxa and clustered primarily with three divisions containing
microrganisms commonly associated with soil: Proteobacteria, Gram-positive organisms, and
Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides group. The results also showed the presence of one clone related to
Nirospira retrieved from Beni-Suef soil, one clone from Archaea kingdom retrieved from Kafr El-Sheikh
soil, and three clones affiliated to the newly described Holophaga-Acidobacterium phylum in both Beni-
Suef and Kafr El-Sheikh soils. Seven sequences grouped with known divisions but had closest relatives
among soil taxa known only from rDNA sequences analysis. Twelve clone sequences were distantly
related to known sequences. Many of these sequences may represent new bacterial divisions.
This study compared five different methods for extracting DNA from soil samples in order to study soil microbial communities. The inclusion of 120 mM phosphate buffered saline for washing and mannitol in the lysis buffer allowed extraction of DNA with minimal equipment and time, improved purity and yield, and facilitated amplification of metagenomic DNA. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA analysis revealed that both the abundance and composition of the indigenous microbial community depended on the DNA recovery method. The mannitol-phosphate buffered saline-polyethylene glycol/sodium chloride method was found to be the most effective for extracting high quality DNA from soil samples.
Screening of mangrove fungal isolates ecosystem forDebjyoti Paul
The document summarizes research on screening mangrove fungal isolates for their bioprospects and optimizing production of L-asparaginase by an unidentified mangrove fungal isolate (T2). 13 fungal isolates were screened for various enzymes. Isolate T2 produced the highest amount of extracellular L-asparaginase under optimized conditions of lactose as carbon source and pH 10. Genomic DNA of 2 isolates were amplified for ITS region but did not match known fungi, indicating potential novel species.
This document provides information about soil testing procedures. It discusses (1) what soil testing is and why it is needed, (2) how and when to take soil samples, (3) common soil testing kits and sampling methods, (4) how to prepare soil samples and conduct soil testing, (5) key parameters tested like pH, nutrients, and organic carbon, (6) how to interpret soil analysis results, and (7) advantages and disadvantages of soil testing. The overall purpose is to explain the full soil testing process from sampling to analysis and interpretation.
Plant growth promoting characterization of soil bacteria isolated from petrol...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Contaminant-degrading bacteria can be included among the plant-growth promoting bacteria; because the presence of contaminants, in general produce negatively effects on plant’s growth; thus, the elimination of the inhibiting contaminants will benefit them. Although contaminant-degrading strains have been traditionally isolated from various environments; the number of studies that reported the isolation and identification of soil bacteria with contaminant- degrading abilities have increased. The aim of this study was to characterized microbial strains isolated from petroleum contaminated soil by plant growth promotion traits to recommend them as potential bioinoculants. In this work, five of the six soil isolates were classified as Indole Acetic Acid higher producers and only one of them as lower producer. Sporosarcina aquimarina strain -Q3 and Bacillus cereus strain +F2 tested in Axonopus affinis plantlets bioassay, showed that these isolates were the most effective promoters of this plant species; therefore, these soil bacteria with possible hydrocarbon degradation ability could be considered as potential bioinoculants and can be recommended with a practical importance for the rhizoremediation of petroleum contaminated sites and plant growth promotion.
Poly-훽-hydroxybutyrate degradation by Aspergillus fumigates isolated from soi...IOSRJPBS
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate acid (PHB) is thermoplastic biopolymers, synthesized by some bacterial genera under stress conditions. The degradation of PHB was detected in Petri dish by formation of a clear zone around the fungal colonies due to production of depolymerase enzyme which has interesting role in PHB degradation process. The most active PHB degrader fungi was selected and identified as Aspergillus fumigates using morphological characters. The highest PHB degradation in Petri dish by A. fumigates was at pH 5, 30ᵒC and 7days. In liquid medium, degradation by A. fumigates was studied using enzyme assay method (U/ml). All the experiments were performed enzyme activities were monitored. After 3 days of incubation, maximum PHB depolymerase production was at pH 5 and 30°C. In conclusion, PHB can be degraded in solid and liquid medium using fungal depolymerase enzyme.
C. rosea strain 16G was able to decompose starch films by 100% within 16 days at 28°C and 65% within 30 days at 21°C. It decomposed PCL films by 52.91% at 28°C and 34.5% at 21°C within 30 days. Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus bacterial strains were able to degrade PCL emulsions. Trichoderma sp. strain 16H degraded starch films by 12.07% and PCL by 21.54% per month at 28°C in liquid culture. C. rosea strain 16G showed the highest degradation of bioplastic films and was most effective at lower temperatures.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Ground squirrel burrows were found to have significantly higher concentrations of phosphorus in the soil compared to nearby control sites. Soil samples were taken from burrow openings, tunnels, and nearby control areas for 22 ground squirrel burrows. Spectrophotometry analysis found burrow floor soil had on average 54% higher phosphorus concentrations than control soils. Statistical analysis confirmed the differences between burrow and control soils were significant, indicating ground squirrels contribute phosphorus to soils through their burrowing and waste.
Monitoring Of Macronutrients Uptake by Soil and Potato Plants – A Comparative...IOSR Journals
Soil test1, 2 is necessary to identify optimal concentrations of essential elements required for plant growth. The fertility of soil is affected by the presence of some essential elements as Macronutrients like N, P& K. This study including the status of Macronutrients in the soil and potato plans. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in soil of potato plant was obtained 5.6% and 1.89% where as nitrogen percentage in plant ash was 17.45% and 16.4% respectively. But the phosphorus and potassium are present in adequate amount in soil. As it was found that the concentration of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in part per million in soil of potato was 62ppm and 148.3ppm and in potato plant ash the concentration was 64.23ppm and 103.3ppm respectively.
Application of Plasma in Food and AgricultureSITHUHan3
This document summarizes research on using cold plasma in agriculture. It discusses how cold plasma can be used to:
1) Decontaminate seeds by reducing fungal and bacterial counts on seed surfaces through plasma exposure, achieving log reductions in microbes (Section 8.2).
2) Enhance seed germination by accelerating germination rates and increasing sprout lengths through plasma-induced changes to seed coat permeability and plant hormone levels (Section 8.3).
3) Positively impact plant growth by producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through plasma that increase nutrient uptake and growth factors when plants are irrigated with plasma-treated water (Section 8.4).
1.paola 5.anthony hernandez phages report pdf correctedpcaballero21
This study isolated and characterized a novel mycobacteriophage (bacterial virus) named Incognito from soil in Puerto Rico. Incognito was isolated from soil collected under a plantain tree and purified through plaque purification. Electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis were used to characterize the phage's morphology and protein profile. Incognito produced turbid plaques and had a concentration of 3 x 107 plaque forming units per mL. Its protein profile showed similarities to other mycobacteriophages. This study demonstrates that Puerto Rico's tropical environment supports diverse phage populations with potential applications in phage therapy.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of seasonal changes in salinity on nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities in coastal saline soils in West Bengal, India. Soil samples were collected from rice plots during three seasons (monsoon, winter, summer) and the nifH gene pool was analyzed using PCR-RFLP to detect changes in the diazotrophic community structure associated with changing salinity levels. Seasonal changes in salinity significantly influenced both the nifH gene pool within soils and between seasons. Temporal changes in the nifH composition had the largest impact on nitrogen fixation in soils. Cluster analysis showed the bacterial community during monsoon was distinct from winter and summer, which clustered together.
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
Effect of Aloe Vera wastes on physico-chemical properties and microbiological...IJEABJ
The aim of the present study was to explore the potential for using aloe vera wastes as amendment for soil to improve its fertility. Soil was exposed to four concentrations of aloin (rich in HAP) for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed: soil Ph, organic matter (OM), nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The activity of seven enzymes implicated in the C, N and S cycles were measured. Microbial Biomass was determined by the method of substrate induced respiration. BiologEcoplates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) were used to estimate soil microbial functional diversity. Our findings suggested a decrease on phosphorus and nitrogen content and an increase on CEC after aloin addition. Also, a decrease on microbial biomass and enzymes activities was observed, except for FDA. Ecoplates results demonstrate a decrease on microbial activities depending on the incubation time. Moreover, our results indicated that bacterial communities of the tested soils have more affinity to consume substrates as Amino acids and polymers. Our results should be carefully considered in view of the agriculture waists reuse for a sustainable agriculture
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
Abstract
The research has been carried out on Phosphate (p-Adsorption) on clay soil through batch adsorption techniques. Main objectives of
this study are to study the physical properties of clay soils, detection of Phosphate removal by adsorbent as a function of contact time,
adsorbent dosage and pH, to study sorption kinetics. The results of this study shows the optimum contact time, dosage and pH for
adsorption of Phosphate on clay soil reaching the equilibrium condition after 60 minutes with removal efficiency of 86% and 1400
mg as optimum dosage. Higher adsorption of Phosphate was observed at pH 9.0. The rate of adsorption of Phosphate obeys first order
rate equation. The obtained results of the batch experiments are best fit to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. From the
experimental analysis it is concluded that clay soil shows good removal efficiency and can be used as good adsorbents.
Keywords: P-Adsorption, characteristics, Batch Experiments, Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
The document describes a batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soil. The main objectives were to study the physical properties of clay soils, determine the effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH on phosphate removal, and examine sorption kinetics. The results showed optimum phosphate adsorption on clay soil occurred after 60 minutes of contact time, with an optimum dosage of 1400 mg and pH of 9.0, removing 86% of phosphate. The adsorption data fit the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models well. It was concluded that clay soil is an effective adsorbent for removing phosphate.
The impact of agriculture on the soil methane sink - Richard EvershedSustainable Food Trust
Richard Evershed's presentation from the Sustainable Food Trust's meeting: What role for grazing livestock in a world of climate change and diet-related disease?
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Nutrient loads and heavy metals assessment along sosiani river, kenya.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed nutrient loads and heavy metal levels along the Sosiani River in Kenya. Water, soil, and sediment samples were collected from 5 sites along the river and analyzed for nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. Nitrate and phosphate levels were found to be below recommended limits. However, concentrations of heavy metals like iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper exceeded Kenyan standards, with zinc levels above WHO standards for drinking water. The study concluded that the river water is not safe for domestic use due to heavy metal contamination.
This document describes a method of producing phospho-sulpho-nitro compost (PSNC) that uses microbial cultures and minerals to accelerate the composting process and enrich the nutrients in the final compost. The key steps are:
1) Mixing organic waste with cow dung, phosphate rock, pyrites, urea, soil and microbial cultures.
2) Heaping the mixture and turning it every 3-4 weeks while maintaining moisture levels.
3) Covering the heap with a tarp to maintain temperature and moisture for the 4 month composting period.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Colletotrichum truncatum CP2, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in chili peppers. The study found that polygalacturonase (PG) was the first cell wall-degrading enzyme detected, with higher activity levels than other enzymes. After PG degraded the cell wall, further degradation was carried out by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, and pectate lyase. C. truncatum CP2 produced higher levels of these enzymes compared to the reference fungus C. gloeosporiodes. The timing of peak enzymatic activity suggests each enzyme plays a specific
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mycobacteriophage Isolation from Tropical Soil Sample: SerotinusKenko95
1. Researchers isolated and purified a mycobacteriophage named Serotinus from a soil sample in Puerto Rico using Mycobacterium smegmatis as the host bacterium.
2. They performed three rounds of plaque purification to obtain a pure phage population, which was then stored at 4°C.
3. Future work will include identifying the phage's genetic information and characteristics, which may lead to important discoveries in modern medicine such as alternative treatments to antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Kasahun's presentation on garlic tissue cultureAmare Kassahun
The document summarizes experiments conducted to optimize a protocol for in vitro propagation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) variety Tseday 92 using basal plate culture. Key findings include:
1) The highest shoot initiation percentage (86.66%) was achieved on medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1.5 mg/L BAP.
2) The maximum number of shoots per explant (9 shoots) was obtained from medium with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L NAA.
3) The highest rooting percentage (100%) and number of roots per explant (10.67) was achieved on medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Ground squirrel burrows were found to have significantly higher concentrations of phosphorus in the soil compared to nearby control sites. Soil samples were taken from burrow openings, tunnels, and nearby control areas for 22 ground squirrel burrows. Spectrophotometry analysis found burrow floor soil had on average 54% higher phosphorus concentrations than control soils. Statistical analysis confirmed the differences between burrow and control soils were significant, indicating ground squirrels contribute phosphorus to soils through their burrowing and waste.
Monitoring Of Macronutrients Uptake by Soil and Potato Plants – A Comparative...IOSR Journals
Soil test1, 2 is necessary to identify optimal concentrations of essential elements required for plant growth. The fertility of soil is affected by the presence of some essential elements as Macronutrients like N, P& K. This study including the status of Macronutrients in the soil and potato plans. The percentage of nitrogen (N) in soil of potato plant was obtained 5.6% and 1.89% where as nitrogen percentage in plant ash was 17.45% and 16.4% respectively. But the phosphorus and potassium are present in adequate amount in soil. As it was found that the concentration of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in part per million in soil of potato was 62ppm and 148.3ppm and in potato plant ash the concentration was 64.23ppm and 103.3ppm respectively.
Application of Plasma in Food and AgricultureSITHUHan3
This document summarizes research on using cold plasma in agriculture. It discusses how cold plasma can be used to:
1) Decontaminate seeds by reducing fungal and bacterial counts on seed surfaces through plasma exposure, achieving log reductions in microbes (Section 8.2).
2) Enhance seed germination by accelerating germination rates and increasing sprout lengths through plasma-induced changes to seed coat permeability and plant hormone levels (Section 8.3).
3) Positively impact plant growth by producing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through plasma that increase nutrient uptake and growth factors when plants are irrigated with plasma-treated water (Section 8.4).
1.paola 5.anthony hernandez phages report pdf correctedpcaballero21
This study isolated and characterized a novel mycobacteriophage (bacterial virus) named Incognito from soil in Puerto Rico. Incognito was isolated from soil collected under a plantain tree and purified through plaque purification. Electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis were used to characterize the phage's morphology and protein profile. Incognito produced turbid plaques and had a concentration of 3 x 107 plaque forming units per mL. Its protein profile showed similarities to other mycobacteriophages. This study demonstrates that Puerto Rico's tropical environment supports diverse phage populations with potential applications in phage therapy.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of seasonal changes in salinity on nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities in coastal saline soils in West Bengal, India. Soil samples were collected from rice plots during three seasons (monsoon, winter, summer) and the nifH gene pool was analyzed using PCR-RFLP to detect changes in the diazotrophic community structure associated with changing salinity levels. Seasonal changes in salinity significantly influenced both the nifH gene pool within soils and between seasons. Temporal changes in the nifH composition had the largest impact on nitrogen fixation in soils. Cluster analysis showed the bacterial community during monsoon was distinct from winter and summer, which clustered together.
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
Effect of Aloe Vera wastes on physico-chemical properties and microbiological...IJEABJ
The aim of the present study was to explore the potential for using aloe vera wastes as amendment for soil to improve its fertility. Soil was exposed to four concentrations of aloin (rich in HAP) for 0, 7, 14 and 28 days. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed: soil Ph, organic matter (OM), nitrogen, phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The activity of seven enzymes implicated in the C, N and S cycles were measured. Microbial Biomass was determined by the method of substrate induced respiration. BiologEcoplates (Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA) were used to estimate soil microbial functional diversity. Our findings suggested a decrease on phosphorus and nitrogen content and an increase on CEC after aloin addition. Also, a decrease on microbial biomass and enzymes activities was observed, except for FDA. Ecoplates results demonstrate a decrease on microbial activities depending on the incubation time. Moreover, our results indicated that bacterial communities of the tested soils have more affinity to consume substrates as Amino acids and polymers. Our results should be carefully considered in view of the agriculture waists reuse for a sustainable agriculture
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
Abstract
The research has been carried out on Phosphate (p-Adsorption) on clay soil through batch adsorption techniques. Main objectives of
this study are to study the physical properties of clay soils, detection of Phosphate removal by adsorbent as a function of contact time,
adsorbent dosage and pH, to study sorption kinetics. The results of this study shows the optimum contact time, dosage and pH for
adsorption of Phosphate on clay soil reaching the equilibrium condition after 60 minutes with removal efficiency of 86% and 1400
mg as optimum dosage. Higher adsorption of Phosphate was observed at pH 9.0. The rate of adsorption of Phosphate obeys first order
rate equation. The obtained results of the batch experiments are best fit to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. From the
experimental analysis it is concluded that clay soil shows good removal efficiency and can be used as good adsorbents.
Keywords: P-Adsorption, characteristics, Batch Experiments, Freundlich Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm.
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Journals
The document describes a batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soil. The main objectives were to study the physical properties of clay soils, determine the effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH on phosphate removal, and examine sorption kinetics. The results showed optimum phosphate adsorption on clay soil occurred after 60 minutes of contact time, with an optimum dosage of 1400 mg and pH of 9.0, removing 86% of phosphate. The adsorption data fit the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models well. It was concluded that clay soil is an effective adsorbent for removing phosphate.
The impact of agriculture on the soil methane sink - Richard EvershedSustainable Food Trust
Richard Evershed's presentation from the Sustainable Food Trust's meeting: What role for grazing livestock in a world of climate change and diet-related disease?
Use of stable and radio isotopes to understand the plant physiological processRAHUL GOPALE
Introduction
what is isotope ?
Types of Isotopes
Isotopic Labelling
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES IN AGRICULTURE
Principle isotopes used in plant-soil studies
Case studies
FUTURE THRUSTS OF ISOTOPIC STUDY
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Nutrient loads and heavy metals assessment along sosiani river, kenya.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed nutrient loads and heavy metal levels along the Sosiani River in Kenya. Water, soil, and sediment samples were collected from 5 sites along the river and analyzed for nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. Nitrate and phosphate levels were found to be below recommended limits. However, concentrations of heavy metals like iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper exceeded Kenyan standards, with zinc levels above WHO standards for drinking water. The study concluded that the river water is not safe for domestic use due to heavy metal contamination.
This document describes a method of producing phospho-sulpho-nitro compost (PSNC) that uses microbial cultures and minerals to accelerate the composting process and enrich the nutrients in the final compost. The key steps are:
1) Mixing organic waste with cow dung, phosphate rock, pyrites, urea, soil and microbial cultures.
2) Heaping the mixture and turning it every 3-4 weeks while maintaining moisture levels.
3) Covering the heap with a tarp to maintain temperature and moisture for the 4 month composting period.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Colletotrichum truncatum CP2, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in chili peppers. The study found that polygalacturonase (PG) was the first cell wall-degrading enzyme detected, with higher activity levels than other enzymes. After PG degraded the cell wall, further degradation was carried out by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, and pectate lyase. C. truncatum CP2 produced higher levels of these enzymes compared to the reference fungus C. gloeosporiodes. The timing of peak enzymatic activity suggests each enzyme plays a specific
A batch study of phosphate adsorption characteristics on clay soileSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mycobacteriophage Isolation from Tropical Soil Sample: SerotinusKenko95
1. Researchers isolated and purified a mycobacteriophage named Serotinus from a soil sample in Puerto Rico using Mycobacterium smegmatis as the host bacterium.
2. They performed three rounds of plaque purification to obtain a pure phage population, which was then stored at 4°C.
3. Future work will include identifying the phage's genetic information and characteristics, which may lead to important discoveries in modern medicine such as alternative treatments to antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Kasahun's presentation on garlic tissue cultureAmare Kassahun
The document summarizes experiments conducted to optimize a protocol for in vitro propagation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) variety Tseday 92 using basal plate culture. Key findings include:
1) The highest shoot initiation percentage (86.66%) was achieved on medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1.5 mg/L BAP.
2) The maximum number of shoots per explant (9 shoots) was obtained from medium with 1 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L NAA.
3) The highest rooting percentage (100%) and number of roots per explant (10.67) was achieved on medium with 0.5 mg/L NAA.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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20220819_Sithu PPT_Effects of Atmospheric Plasma Corona Discharges on.pptx
1. Effects of Atmospheric Plasma Corona Discharges on
Soil Bacteria Viability
Authors: Yulia Lazra*, Irina Dubrovin*, Victor Multanen , Edward Bormashenko , Yelena
Bormashenko and Rivka Cahan
Publication: Received: 18 April 2020; Accepted: 7 May 2020; Published: 11 May 2020
Ref Link: Lazra Y, Dubrovin I, Multanen V, Bormashenko E, Bormashenko Y, Cahan R. Effects of
Atmospheric Plasma Corona Discharges on Soil Bacteria Viability. Microorganisms. 2020 May
11;8(5):704. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8050704. PMID: 32403235; PMCID: PMC7284381.
Presented by: Si Thu Han
Date: 19 August 2022
3. 1. Introduction
• Crop losses caused by soil-borne pathogenic microorganisms, animals, pests, and weeds affect about
20–40% of global agricultural productivity
• Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma has become an attractive technology for microbial inactivation in
the food industry and agricultural production, since the microorganism eradication occurs at low
temperatures.
• Plasma sterilization efficiency depends on power input, gas composition, mode of exposure, and
bacterial species.
• Higher voltage of the plasma system and extended treatment duration increase the sterilization
efficiency.
• Bacterial species found to be sensitive to plasma treatment are both Gram-positive and Gram-
negative, including Staphylococcus aureus [19], Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes [20],
Pseudomonas aeruginosa [21], and Legionella pneumophila [22].
4. • shown that exposure of broccoli seed surfaces to a corona discharge plasma jet for 3 min reduced
the contaminating microorganisms in the range of 1.2–2.3 log units.
• Exposure of seeds to low pressure plasma for 10 min reduced the survival rate of the artificial
contaminant pathogenic fungus, Rhizooctonia solni, to 1.7% without significant effects on the
germination rate.
• formation of large quantities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the water phase, including
hydroxyl radicals (𝑂𝐻−
), ozone (𝑂3 ), atomic oxygen (O), hydrogen peroxide (𝐻2𝑂2 ), and singlet
oxygen (𝑂2
1
), which were reported to damage the bacterial structure and functions
• In addition, the multiple reactive nitrogen species(RNS), including nitric oxide (NO),
peroxinitrites (ONOO-), nitrites (𝑁𝑂2
−
), and nitrates (𝑁𝑂3
−
), play a major role in the plasma’s
biocidal process by altering the cell wall components, the functions and the structure of the
phospholipid bilayer, the structure of nucleic acids and cellular proteins, gene expressions, and
protein synthesis.
1. Introduction
5. • there is limited information about the effect of plasma on soil microorganisms.
• Further study is needed to make plasma technology applicable for soil sterilization.
• In this study, soil was exposed to plasma corona discharges for 15–60 s and for a
longer period of 10 min.
• The bacterial eradication level was evaluated using a viable count assay by
calculating the CFU per gram soil and with a colorimetric assay based on the
microorganism hydrogenases.
• The bacteria that were resistant to plasma were examined using 16S rRNA.
• To our knowledge, this is the first study of soil bacteria eradication using plasma
corona discharge.
1. Introduction
6. 2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plasma Corona Discharge System and Experimental Conditions
• consisted of a treating head that contained two hook-shaped wire electrodes.
• under high voltage at electrode 2x12 kV and a frequency of 50 Hz at atmospheric pressure conditions
• ambient air as a carrier gas.
• A rotating table (15 × 15 cm) made of steel covered by a thick layer of PVC was placed under the treating
head.
• A power supply (PowerPactm basic, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) was attached to the table, allowing the
upper part of the table to rotate at a desired number of rounds per min.
• A Petri dish containing the soil sample (3–5 replicates) or the isolated bacteria eluted from the soil (3–5
replicates) was placed in the center of the rotating table.
• The distance between the sample and the treating head was adjusted to 2 cm.
7. 2. Materials and Methods
Figure 1. Sketch of the atmospheric corona discharge device (plasma device) and the rotating
table
8. 2.2. Soil Exposure to Corona Discharge
2. Materials and Methods
• Hamra soil was sifted in a strainer (pores of 1 × 1 mm) immediately before each
experiment.
• A thin layer of soil sample (5 g) was placed in a Petri dish and mixed with phosphate-
buffered saline solution (PBS, 2 mL) to prevent soil dispersal (by air currents from the
plasma fan).
• Then, it was exposed to plasma for 15–60 s. When the soil was treated for a longer
period of 5 min, it was exposed in a cycle regimen (60 s of exposure alternating with
60 s of rest).
• During each rest period, the soil was mixed with 2 mL PBS. The experiments were
carried out under ambient conditions
9. 2. Materials and Methods
2.3. Viable Count Assay
2.3.1. Measurement of Bacterial Concentration in Soil as a Function of Plasma Treatment
• The plasma-treated soil (5 g) was collected from the Petri dish in PBS (10 mL) and transferred to a sterile tube.
• The soil suspension (100 L) was serially diluted, and the appropriate dilutions were pour-plated on Luria-Bertani
(LB) agar plates followed by incubation at 30 C for 72 h.
• Viable bacterial cells were determined by counting the CFU and multiplying it by the corresponding dilutions.
• The results of the CFU were calculated for 1 g soil. The same procedure was performed for the control sample,
excluding exposure to plasma.
2.3.2. Measuring the Concentration of Isolated Soil Bacteria as a Function of Plasma Treatment
• Preparation of the soil bacterial suspension was as follows: soil (5 g) was suspended in 10 mL PBS, vigorously
vortexed, and incubated at 30 C for 30 min while letting the soil settle into sediment.
• The supernatant (100 L) was spread on LB agar and incubated at 30 C for 72 h.
• All the colonies were collected and suspended in PBS, followed by dilution to 0.1 OD 590 nm.
10. 2. Materials and Methods
• 1 mL of the bacterial suspension (0.1 OD 590 nm) was centrifuged for 5 min at 10,000 rpm.
• The bacterial sediment was suspended in 100 L PBS, from which a layer (1 x1 cm) was spread on a Petri
dish.
• This soil bacterial layer was exposed directly to plasma for 1 min.
• The treated bacteria were collected in 1 mL PBS, transferred to an Eppendorf tube, and vortexed.
• Then, 100 L of the suspension was serially diluted, and the appropriate dilutions were spread on LB agar
plates and incubated at 30 C for 72 h.
• Viable cells were determined by counting the CFU and multiplying them by the corresponding dilutions.
• The results of the CFU were calculated for 1 mL PBS.
11. 2. Materials and Methods
2.4. Measurements of Soil Bacterial Viability
• Measurement of the soil bacterial viability was based on the reduction of a tetrazolium-salts reagent by
bacterial hydrogenases activity.
• This reaction results in a purple solution of varying intensity, which can be measured spectrophotometrically.
Soil that was exposed to plasma for 5 min (pulse of 60 s alternating with 60 s of rest) was collected from the
Petri dish using 10 mL PBS.
• The soil suspension was centrifuged at 3500 g for 5 min. The supernatant was decanted, and 7 mL of 3-(4,5-
dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) solution (5 mg/mLof MTT in 0.1 M PBS, pH 7.4)
was added to the soil sediment and left undisturbed for 2 h.
• The soil suspended in the MTT solution was centrifuged (3500 g for 5 min), and the reduced MTT salts
attached to the soil sediment were dissolved by adding 7 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO): EtOH (1:1) for 20 min.
• The absorbance of the solution was examined using a spectrophotometer at 540 nm.
• When the absorbance was higher than 1 OD, the sample was diluted and re-examined.
12. 2.5. Examination of the Relative Bacterial Population Distribution as a Function of Plasma
Treatment
• A soil sample (5 g) was placed on a Petri dish and treated with plasma for 1 min.
• The soil was collected in 10 mL PBS, seeded on a LB agar dish, and incubated at 30 C for 72 h.
• All the colonies were collected, and the bacterial population was identified and characterized by 16S
rRNA analysis (Next Generation Sequencing, Hy-Labs, Rehovot, Israel).
• DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Powersoil kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the
manufacturer’s instructions.
• The 16s amplicon libraries were generated using a two-step PCR protocol. The V4 region of the 16s
rRNA gene was amplified in the first PCR using the primers 515F and 806R with the following
change; instead of the Golay sequences, the 16s primers had tails CS1 and CS2 (Fluidigm, San
Francisco, CA, USA).
2. Materials and Methods
13. 2. Materials and Methods
• The second PCR was performed on
the first PCR product using the
Fluidigm Access Array primers for
Illumina (FLuidigm, San Francisco,
CA, USA) to add the adaptor and
index sequences required for
Illumina sequencing.
• Sequencing was conducted on the
Illumina Miseq, using a v2–500
cycles kit to generate 2 x 250
paired-end readings.
• Demultiplexing was performed on
Base Space (the Illumina cloud) to
generate FASTQ files for each
sample.
• The data were furthered analyzed
based on CLC-bio (Aarhus,
Denmark) to generate operational
Source: Primer (https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Primer)
14. 3. Results and Discussion
Treatment of 30s lead to the bacterial reduction by one
order of magnitude, from 1.1 × 10^5to 1.1 × 10^4.
Treatment for 60 s led to a bacterial reduction by two
orders of magnitude, from 1.1 × 10^5to 2.3 × 10^3
cells per gramsoil.
In the experiment where the soil was exposed to
plasma for a longer period (10 min) with the cycle
regime described in Materials and Methods, there was
no further significant reduction of the soil bacterial
concentration, only resulting in a final reduction of 2.5
orders of magnitude.
Figure 2. Bacterial concentration in one-gram soil samples as a function
of plasma exposure duration. A one-way ANOVA followed by
Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-hoc test was conducted to
compare the effect of plasma exposure duration (nontreated (0 s), 15,
30, 45, 60, and 90 s) on bacterial concentration.
3.1. Bacterial Soil Concentration as a Function of Plasma Corona Discharge Exposure Duration and Rotation
Rate
15. • The rotation rate for maximal bacterial eradication
during exposure to 60 s of plasma was determined
by rotating the table containing the soil sample at
varying rates of 6, 11, 20, 25, and 37 rpm.
• the CFU per one gram was calculated.
• exposing the soil sample at 11 rpm decreased the
bacterial concentration by about two orders of
magnitude. In contrast, 6, 20, 25, and 37 rpm
decreased the bacterial concentration by about one
to 1.2 orders of magnitude.
3. Results and Discussion
Fig. 3 Bacterial concentration as a function of soil sample rotation rate (rpm) during 60 s of
plasma
exposure. A one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-hoc test was
conducted to compare the effect of soil sample rotation rate (rpm) (0, 6, 11, 20, 25, and 37
rpm) on
bacterial concentration. Post-hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni adjustment indicated that
the mean score of 0 rpm was significantly higher than all the other rotation rate (p < 0.001).
There were no other significant effects.
16. • The soil was exposed to plasma corona discharge for 10 min, as described in Materials and Methods.
• The bacterial viability was examined by colorimetric assay immediately after exposure to plasma and
again after 5 and 24 h.
• Since only some of the soil bacteria can grow on LB medium, the bacterial viability was also examined
by the MTT reagent, a method that includes many other bacteria living in the soil that cannot grow on LB
agar.
• Viability is revealed in a reduction of MTT by the hydrogenases of the bacteria.
• The reduced MTT is dissolved by DMSO:EtOH, and the intensity of the obtained solution is measured
using a spectrophotometer.
• Examination of the soil bacterial viability showed that exposure for 5 min led to a three-fold reduction,
which was maintained for 5 and 24 h, indicating that there was not a recovery in the bacterial viability
during the 24 h of measurements
3. Results and Discussion
17. Fig.4 Bacterial viability using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) analysis of
soil that was exposed to plasma corona discharge for 5 min (60 s of exposure alternated by 60 s of rest,
repeated five times). Soil that was exposed to plasma ( grid lines ), and the control
sample not exposed to plasma (black colorized ). * p < 0.005 by Student’s t-test
3. Results and Discussion
18. 3.3. The Concentration of Isolated Soil Bacteria as a Function of Plasma Corona Discharge
Exposure
• A soil sample was suspended in PBS followed by vigorous shaking using a vortex. The sample was incubated
while letting the soil settle as sediment.
• The supernatant (100 L) with the free bacteria was spread on LB agar followed by collecting all the colonies
in PBS (final bacterial turbidity was 0.1 OD)
• The bacterial suspension was centrifuged, and the bacterial sediment was spread on a Petri Methods.
• The layer was then exposed to plasma for 60 and 120 s.
• The plasma-treated bacteria were collected, and the CFU per mL was calculated. The same procedure was
followed for a control sample, excluding exposure to plasma.
• As depicted in Figure 5, plasma treatment conducted directly on the isolated soil bacteria for 60 s resulted in a
decrease by four orders of magnitude in the bacterial concentration, compared to untreated detached bacteria:
2.6 x10^-3 and 1.7x 10^-7, respectively.
3. Results and Discussion
19. • Longer plasma exposure (120 s) did not lead to a further decrease in the bacterial concentration.
• Nonthermal plasma treatment for bacterial decontamination has been reported for Gram-positive, Gram-
negative, and biofilm-forming bacteria
• That bacterial inactivation was applied in the open air at atmospheric pressure or in a vacuum chamber
instrument [39,40].
• The inactivation decay of atmospheric cold plasma against Staphylococcus aureus Gram-positive and E.
coli Gram-negative bacteria was found to be correlated with treatment time.
• The treated Gram-positive bacteria was mainly inactivated by intracellular damage, while the Gram-
negative bacteria expired mainly by cell leakage [18]. Xu. et al. showed that plasma treatment led to
damage of the bacterial cell wall of both E. coli and S. aureus and a decrease in the total concentrations of
nucleic acid and cellular protein.
3. Results and Discussion
20. Fig. 5 Isolated soil bacteria concentration as a function of plasma exposure duration
A one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-hoc test was conducted to compare the
effect of plasma exposure duration (nontreated (0 s), 60, and 120 s) on isolated soil bacterial concentration.
Post-hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni adjustment indicated that mean score of the nontreated(0s), 60 and
120s.
3. Results and Discussion
21. • A significant inhibition of E. coli and S. epidermidis was observed within 1 min of application.
• pH and the temperature were not changed after the plasma exposure revealed that neither changes of pH nor
heat played any role in the bacterial inactivation.
• The antibacterial effect on S. aureus that was seeded on several surface types such as agar and plastics
(polypropylene or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene discs) showed a considerable variation depending on the surface
tested.
• The surface moisture also influenced the inactivation level [45].
• In addition, from our experiments, there is an influence by the substratum type on which the bacteria are placed
and the increase of temperature during exposure to plasma.
• For example, when the soil or the isolated bacteria were placed on a Pyrex Petri dish, the temperature increased
to about 60 °C.
• Plastic Petri dish only reaches 35 °C.
3. Results and Discussion
22. 3. Results and Discussion
• Soil disinfection is an important goal for increasing crop yield and quality.
• However, soil as a matrix for plasma disinfection has not been widely studied.
• Previously, it was shown that exposure of soil to a dielectric barrier reactor with a high-
voltage electrode and air or oxygen as the gas flow led to reduction in soil bacteria by two
orders of magnitude, from 3.8 x 10^7 to 8.5x10^5.
• Dielectric barrier discharge plasma with air or oxygen as the gas flow did not change the
soil mineral content; however, the plasma treatment reduced the pH from 6.2 before
treatment to six afterwards [4].
23. 3.4. Relative Distribution of the Soil Bacterial Population as a Function of Plasma Treatment
3. Results and Discussion
• In the bacteria from the nontreated soil, the
predominant phylum was Proteobacteria (56%),
mainly divided into the taxonomic orders
Pseudomonadales (42%) and Xanthomonadales
(13%). The second-most predominant was Firmicutes
(25%), mainly divided into the orders Bacillales
(17%) and Clostridiales (4%).
• The third-most predominant was Bacteroidetes (12%),
mainly divided into the ordersSphingobacteriales
(8%) and Flavobacteriales (4%).
• The other phyla (5%) each gave evidence of relatively
low presence. It is important to note a group of
unassigned phyla (4%), which may be attributed to
either a significant amount of novel species or poorly
identified taxonomy. Fig. 6 Relative distribution at the phylum level of the bacteria
from the plasma-treated soil (+) and nontreated soil (−).
24. • In the bacteria from the plasma-treated soil, the phylum distribution was significantly different.
• The predominant phylum was Firmicutes (98.5%) with a small number of unassigned phyla (1.4%).
• The other identified phyla (2) comprised less than 0.1%.
• The Firmicutes phylum mainly divided into the taxonomic orders Bacillales (95%) and Clostridiales (2%).
• To summarize, 98.5% of the bacteria surviving the plasma treatment belonged to the orders Bacillales and
Clostridiales, many members of which are spore-forming bacteria [47].
• In the control sample, the relative distribution of Bacillales and Clostridiales was only 21%.
3. Results and Discussion
25. • The effects of atmospheric plasma corona discharges were examined on soil bacteria by exposing the soil to plasma
for 30 and 60 s.
• These resulted in bacterial reduction by one order of magnitude (1.1 x 10^5 to 1.1 x 10^4) and about two orders of
magnitude (1.1 x 10^5 to 2.3 10^3 cells per 1 gram soil), respectively.
• Exposure for a longer period of 10 min did not lead to further significant reduction in bacterial concentration (a total
of only 2.5 orders of magnitude).
• The bacterial viability was evaluated by colorimetric assay (MTT analysis), which is based on the bacterial
hydrogenases.
• The reduction of the bacterial viability of the treated soil was three-fold compared to the non-treated soil.
• Examination of bacterial viability within 24 h after plasma treatment showed no recovery in the bacterial viability.
• Plasma exposure directly on bacteria that were isolated from the soil resulted in a reduction by four orders of
magnitude in the bacterial concentration compared to untreated isolated bacteria (2.6 x10^-3 and 1.7x10^-7,
respectively).
4. Conclusion
26. • The plasma-resistant bacteria were found to be related to the taxonomic phylum Firmicutes (98.5%) divided
into the taxonomic orders Bacillales (95%) and Clostridiales (2%).
• In contrast, the non-treated bacteria included only 21% of Bacillales and Clostridiales.
• Eradication of soil bacteria was less effective than direct plasma treatment of isolated bacteria.
• Spore-forming bacteria were found to be resistant to atmospheric plasma corona discharges.
• assumed that spore eradication needs further investigation, which may include a combination of plasma
treatment with a chemical reagent in low concentration.
• In addition, a vigorous mixing of the soil may expose more bacteria to the plasma.
4. Conclusion