dusjagr & nano talk on open tools for agriculture research and learning
2021.09.30-ECE694-Melloch-2.pdf
1. How to Learn II
Office EE 318
Email: melloch@purdue.edu
Phone: 49-43528
Michael R. Melloch
Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Purdue University
6. Thiss equation contains three errrors.
Error 1: spelling of Thiss
Error 2: Spelling of errrors
Error 3: There are only two errors, so statement
is an error
11. Human Brain
• 2% of the body weight
• Uses 20% of the body’s glucose & oxygen
1/3 for cell health maintenance
2/3 for neuron activity
• Cut off energy supply and the brain stops
functioning in 10 seconds
13. Factors Determining When You Sleep
• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (Circadian Rhythm)
• Adenosine build up
14. • Effects of lack of sleep on functioning when
awake
• Learning lost from lack of adequate sleep
15. Effects of Lack of Sleep
• Memory in-box shut down (hippocampus)
• Lack of concentration (microsleeps)
• Immune system is impaired
• Emotional problems (Amygdala)
• Metabolic contaminants build up
• Increase in cortisol
• Increase risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, stroke, depression, and anxiety.
16. Glymphatic System
Jeffrey J. Iliff, et al., “A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain
Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid β,” Science
Translational Medicine Aug 15, 2012, vol. 4, issue 147.
17. Microsleep
• Brief period your mind is blind to the outside word
• Most of the time you have no awareness
18. Microsleep
• Response to hitting a button when a light
flashed for 10 minutes.
• Eight-hour sleep group maintained stable,
near-perfect performance for two weeks
• The no-sleep group saw a continuous increase
in missed responses indicating microsleeps.
• Ten days of six-hour sleep missed responses
equivalent to 24 hours of no sleep
Julian Lim and David Dinges, “Sleep Deprivation and Vigilant Attention,” Annals of
the Hew York Academy of Sciences, 1129, pp 305-322 (2008).
23. During REM sleep brain works to find hidden
relations among memories and to solve
problems we were working on while awake.
24. Rats learning a Maze
• Implants that monitor brain activity
• Could tell where in the maze the rats were
from the brain activity
• Maze brain activity occurred while rats were
sleeping
James J. Knierim, “The Matrix in Your Head,” Scientific American Mind, June/ July 2007
25. Scullin, M., McDaniel, M., Howard, D., & Kudelka, C. (2011, June). Sleep and
testing promote conceptual learning of classroom materials. Presented at the
25th Anniversary Meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies LLC,
Minneapolis, MN.
• 102 UG who had never taken an econ course
• Split into two groups
• Group 1 watched a virtual lecture in the
morning and 12 hours later took an exam
(wake)
• Group 2 watched a virtual lecture in the
evening and 12 hours later, after a night’s
sleep took an exam (sleep)
27. Another Sleep Example
• Subjects taught to solve a mathematical
problem using a long tedious method.
• Came back 12 hours later to solve more of
these problems.
• Group 1 stayed awake and group 2 slept
• There was a quick simpler method for solving
the problem.
28. • 23% of group 1 discovered the simpler quick
method
• 59% of group 2 discovered the simpler quick
method
Ulrich Wagner, Steffen Gais, Hide Haider, Rolf Verleger, & Jan Born, “Sleep
Inspires Insight, Nature volume 427, 352-355, Jan 22, 2004.
29. Participants learned a novel, artificial
grammar to a 90% proficiency
• Group 1 slept naturally consuming no alcohol
• Group 2 consumed 2-3 shots of vodka the first
night, but no other alcohol during the week
• Group 3 consumed 2-3 shots of vodka on the
third night, but no other alcohol during the
week.
A week later they were tested on the grammar
30. • Group 1 slept naturally consuming no alcohol
Maintained 90% efficiency and showed an
enhancement of abstraction
• Group 2 consumed 2-3 shots of vodka the first
night, but no other alcohol during the week
50% efficiency
• Group 3 consumed 2-3 shots of vodka on the
third night, but no other alcohol during the week.
60% efficiency
31. People who study in the morning—whether it’s words or pattern
recognition games, straight retention or comprehension of deeper
structure—do about 30 percent better on an evening test if
they’ve had an hour-long nap than if they haven’t.
Mednick, Nakayama, and Stickgold, “Sleep-dependent learning: a nap is as
good as a night,” Nature Neuroscience, 2003
32. Dreaming
• 100 participants studied a virtual maze
• Half took a 90-minute nap, half an equivalent
period of wake
All were prompted three times
to report everything that was going
through their minds
Erin J. Wamsley et al., “Dreaming of a Learning Task is Associated with Enhanced
Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation, Curr Biol 20, no. 9, 850-855 (2010)
38. Mindset: The New Psychology of Success by Carol Dweck
For effective learning, differences in native ability are dwarfed by habits and methods.
Fixed (entity) mindset—effort is a bad thing, means you are not smart or talented
Growth (incremental) mindset—effort is what makes you smart or talented
Fixed
mindset
Growth
mindset
39. Mindsets
• Effort means you don’t have the skill or talent
• Concerned with proving
• Failure means you are not smart
• Self-handicapping to prevent a poor performance from reflecting on their
ability (staying up all night partying before a test)
Fixed Mindset
Growth Mindset
• Although people differ in initial talent and aptitude, everyone can grow
through application and experience
• Concerned with improving
• Failure means you are learning
• True potential is unknown, it takes time to flower
40. Do you believe your intelligence is fixed
or something you could develop?
41. You can increase your intelligence
Flynn effect: scores on IQ tests have gone up 15
points over the last 50 years
Flynn, James R. “The Mean IQ of Americans: Massive Gains 1932 to 1978,”
Psychological Bulletin (1984) 95: 29–51.
42. Brain is remarkably plastic
• Brain can grow at any age
• Neurons are born in the hippocampus every day
(neurogenesis)
• Dendrites grow and sprout
• Newly born synapses (synaptogenesis)
• Newly formed blood vessels (angiogenesis)
Boost Your Brain: The New Art and Science Behind Enhanced Brain Performance
by Majid Fotuhi, M.D., Ph.D.
.
43. J. Altman & G. Das, "Postnatal Neurogenesis in the Guinea-pig,” Nature, 214, 1098–1101 (10 June 1967)
Joseph Altman discovered adult neurogenesis, the
creation of new neurons in an adult mammalian brain
P. Eriksson, E. Perfilieva, T. Bjork-Eriksson, A-M. Alborn, C. Mordborg, D. Peterson, and F. Gage,
“Neurogenesis in the Adult Human Hippocampus,” Nature Medicine 4, no. 11 (1998) 1313-1317.
G. Kempermann, H.G. Kuhn, and F. Gage, “More Hippocampal Neurons in Adult Mice Living in
an Enriched Environment,” Nature 386, no. 6624 (1997), 493-95.
44. Brain is remarkably plastic
• Measured IQ of adolescents at the start and end
of a four-year period
• Performed MRI brain scans at the start and the
end of the four-year period
• Those who improved their math IQ strengthened
the areas of the brain related to math, the same
was true with English
Ramsden S, Richardson FM, Josse G, et al. Verbal and nonverbal intelligence changes
in the teenage brain. Nature. 2011;479(7371):113-116.
46. 1952 Nobel Prize for NMR
Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997)
Purdue BSEE
47. London Taxi Drivers
• Must know an area of 6-mile radius
• No grid like other cities, 25,000 streets
• Must know most efficient route between any
two points
• Thames river
• Must know location of every landmark
• Those who pass the test on “the Knowledge”
typically study for 4 years
48. Over the four years of studying “the
Knowledge,” MRI studies showed an
increase in volume of the posterior
hippocampi of those who successfully
passed the London Taxi drivers test
Maguire, E. A.; Gadian, D. G.; Johnsrude, I. S.; Good, C. D.; Ashburner, J.; Frackowiak,
R. S. J.; Frith, C. D., “Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi
Drivers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (8): 4398–4403 (2000).
Katherine Woodlett and Eleanor Maguire, “Acquiring "the Knowledge" of London’s
Layout Drives Structural Brain Changes,” Current Biology 21, 2109-2114 (2011).
49. In blind and deaf people the brain
rewires to use areas normally dedicated
to processing sights or sounds
The Brain's Way of Healing: Remarkable Discoveries and
Recoveries from the Frontiers of Neuroplasticity by Norman Doidge
50. Premed Chemistry
Determine the mindset by asking questions like, “Do you believe
your intelligence is fixed or something you could develop?”
• Fixed mindset did poorly
reread text and notes, tried to memorize
• Growth mindset earned better grades
looked for themes and underlying principles
studying to learn, not to ace an exam
Grant, H. & Dweck, C. S. (2003) “Clarifying achievement goals and their impact,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 541–553
51. Effect of type of Praise
• Diverse group of 5th graders given 10 moderately
difficult problems from a non-verbal IQ test
• One group was praised for their intelligence, one
group for their effort, and one group received
non-specific praise
• They all completed a second test of very difficult
problems
• They all completed a third test that was similar in
difficulty to the first test
52. Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). “Intelligence praise can undermine motivation and
Performance,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 33–52.
54. Mindset intervention
• Entering 7th graders divided into two groups
• Control group had six sessions on study skills
• Intervention group had six sessions some on
study skills and some on growth mindsets—
the brain grows new connections and gets
smarter when working on challenging tasks
55.
56. • Earned a C- in high school English
• SAT verbal score of 475 out of 800
• Needed 5 years to graduate high school
• Reads 2 to 3 times slower than average person
• Difficulty learning to spell
57. John Irving
• Has written 17 novels
• The World According to Garp won the
National Book Award
• He won an Academy Award for his screenplay
to his novel The Cider House Rules.
59. Procrastinators report higher stress, worse health, and lower grades
Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1997). Longitudinal study of procrastination,
performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological
Science, 8(6), 454-458.
“Never put off till tomorrow, what you can
do the day after tomorrow,” Mark Twain.
60. Marshmallow test
Mischel, W., & Ebbesen, E. B.(1970). Attention in delay of gratification.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 329–337
61. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. I. (1989) Delay of gratification in children.
Science, 244(4907), 933–938
When these students were seniors in high school,
it was found there was a direct correlation between
their SAT scores and their ability to wait as preschoolers
Caveats
stability of the home environment could play a role,
the participants came from Stanford’s on-campus nursery school
and many of the kids were children of Stanford students or professors,
62. Multitasking
• 263 students told to study something important for 15
minutes
• Researchers noted what they were doing once a
minute
• On-task behavior began to decline at the 2-minute
mark
• Spent 65% of the 15 minutes studying
Larry D. Rosen, L. Mark Carrier, and Nancy A. Cheever, “Facebook and texting
made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying,” Computers in
Human Behavior, Vol. 29, pages 948-958, May 2013.
63. texting and using Facebook—in class and while doing
homework—were negatively correlated with college
students’ GPAs
Reynol Junco, “Too much face and not enough books: The relationship between multiple
Indices of Facebook use and academic performance,” Computers in Human Behavior,
Vol 28, pages 187-198, 2012.
64. The new Marshmallow test of self-discipline,
the ability to resist a blinking inbox or a buzzing phone
65. Grit
Duckworth, Angela & Peterson, Christopher & D Matthews, Michael & R Kelly, Dennis. (2007),
“Grit: Perseverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals,” Journal of personality and social
psychology. 92. 1087-101. 10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087.
passion and perseverance for long-term goals
https://www.ted.com/talks/angela_lee_duckworth_grit_the_power_
of_passion_and_perseverance#t-178164
66. Self-control is the ability to resist hourly temptations,
momentary pleasures that are immediately regretted.
Grit is the ability to pursue something challenging
for months, years, and sometimes decades.
Hereditary Genius: an Inquiry Into Its Laws and Consequences by Francis Galton 1869
68. Violin Students at the Berlin University
of the Arts
Anders Ericsson, K & Krampe, Ralf & Tesch-Roemer, Clemens. (1993). “The Role of Deliberate
Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance,” Psychological Review. 100. 363-406.
69.
70.
71. People with a growth mindset are grittier and more
optimistic than fixed mindset people
Growth
mindset
Optimistic
Self-talk
Perseverance
over adversity
72. Grit and self-discipline can be acquired
• Culture can instill it, being around gritty people
• Thinking of yourself as gritty can lead to being
gritty
• Engage in an extracurricular activity and stick
with it for two years (Steve Faloon was a serious
runner)
• Make a list of tasks for tomorrow (commitment)
• Meditate
• Routines
• Pomodoro technique
Eisenberger, R., “Learned industriousness,” Psychological Review, 99, 248-267 (1992)
73. Six Steps of Original Pomodoro Technique
1. Decide on the task to be done.
2. Set a timer (traditionally to 25 minutes).
3. Work on the task.
4. End work when the timer rings and put a checkmark
on a piece of paper.
5. If you have fewer than four checkmarks, take a short
break (3–5 minutes), then go to step 2.
6. After four pomodoros, take a longer break
(15–30 minutes), reset your checkmark count to zero,
then go to step 1.
75. Exercise
• Improves Circulation (angiogenesis)
• Spurs the production of neurotransmitters
• Facilitates synaptic plasticity
• Boosts levels of BDNF (brain-derived
neurotrophic factor)
Hippocampus constantly creates new neurons,
BDNF helps them grow.
Boost Your Brain: The New Art and Science Behind Enhanced Brain Performance
by Majid Fotuhi, M.D., Ph.D.
76. Neurogenesis in Adult Mouse Hippocampus
control running
Henriette van Praag, Gerd Kempermann, and Fred H. Gage, “Running Increases
Cell Proliferation and Neurogenesis in the Adult Mouse Dentate Gyrus,” Nature
Neuroscience, Vol 2, no, 3 March 1999.
77. • Sedentary students were recruited at the
University of Dublin
• For five weeks engaged in strenuous exercise
on a stationary bike
• MRIs were taken before and after the five
weeks looking at the hippocampus
78. Éadaoin W. Griffin, Sinéad Mulally, Carole Foley, Stuart A. Warmington, Shane M. O’Mara,
and Áine M. Kelly, “Aerobic Exercise Improves Hippocampal Function and Increases
BDNF in the Serum of Young Adult Males,” Physiology and Behavior 104, no. 5 (2011): 934–41.
Before After
79. • 59 cognitively health people between ages of 60-
79 years
• Split into two groups
• One group did aerobic exercises and the other
stretching and toning exercises for 6 months
• Brain MRI scans taken before and after
• Those who did aerobic exercises had more gray
and white matter in the frontal and temporal
lobes
S. J. Colcombe, K. I. Erickson, P. E. Scalf, J. S. Kim, R. Prakash, E. McAuley, S. Elavsky,
D. X. Marquez, L. Hu, and A. F. Kramer, “Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume
in Aging Humans,” Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medicine
Sciences 61, no. 11 (2006): 1166–70.
81. Mindfulness Meditation
• Strength training for you brain
• Many types
Some Benefits
• Stress relief
• Heightened awareness
• Enhanced concentration
• Ignore the mental chatter that distracts you
82. Mindful Cycle
Paying attention to
the present moment
Becoming distracted
Noticing your
mind has wondered
Deciding to
refocus attention
Attention Network
Salience Network
Default Mode Network
Wendy Hasenkamp and Lawrence W. Barasou, “Effects of meditation experience on
Functional connectivity of distributed brain networks,” Frontiers Human Neuroscience,
March 2012
83. Changes the Brain at the Physical Level
Harvard Studies — 16 healthy adults who never meditated
Weekly classes on meditation
Averaged three hours per week meditating for 8 weeks
MRI scans before and after
increase in gray matter around hippocampus
decrease in gray matter around amygdala
Britta K. Hölzel, James Carmody, Mark Vangel, Christina Congleton, Sita M. Yerramsetti,
Tim Gard, and Sara W. Lazar, “Mindfulness Practice Leads to Increases in Regional
Brain Gray Matter Density,” Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 191, no. 1 (2011): 36–43.
84. Changes the Brain at the Physical Level
UCLA Studies
thickens the brain and strengthens the connections
between brain cells
Slows age-related loss of gray matter
larger amounts of gyrification (“folding” of the cortex,
which may allow the brain to process information faster)
Eileen Luders, Arthur W. Toga, Natasha Lepore, and Christian Gaser, “The Underlying
Anatomical Correlates of Long-Term Meditation: Larger Hippocampal and Frontal
Volumes of Gray Matter,” NeuroImage 45, no. 3 (2009): 672–78.
85. Study conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Medical
Center found that experienced meditators had significantly
higher blood flow to the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex,
and other areas of the brain that support attention,
regulation of emotion, and autonomic function.
Fotuhi, Majid. Boost Your Brain: The New Art and Science Behind Enhanced
Brain Performance (Kindle Locations 1865-1868). HarperCollins. Kindle Edition.
B. Newberg, N. Wintering, M. R. Waldman, D. Amen, D. S. Khalsa, and A. Alavi,
“Cerebral Blood Flow Differences Between Long-Term Meditators and
Non-Meditators,” Conscious and Cognition 19, no. 4 (2010): 899–905.
91. Low Omega-6 to Omega-3 ratio
• Wild caught cold water fish
• Grass-fed beef
• Pasture raised eggs
Omega 3 PUFAs found in these foods are EPA and DHA
DHA and exercise promote the formation of BDNF
92. High in Omega 6
• Safflower oils
• sunflower oils
• Canola oils
• corn oils
• grapeseed (often hidden in salad dressings)
• Rapeseed oils
• Peanut oils
• Vegetable oils
• soybean oils
Avoid foods fried in any of these oils
93. Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
• Extra Virgin Olive Oil*
• Avocados
• Avocado oil
• Macadamia nuts
• Wild Salmon
• Grass-fed beef
Used in the myelin sheath around nerve cells
*Aleiz Sala-Vila, et al., “Mediterranean Diet and Age-Related Cognitive Decline:
A Randomized Clinical Trial,” JAMA Internal Medicine, 175, no 7, 1094-1103(2015).
94. Refined Sugars
• Became available early 1800s
• 1900 Americans consumed 26 lbs per year
• Today Americans consume 160 lbs per year
• Table sugar (50% glucose/50% fructose)
• HFCS (45% sugar/55% fructose)
• Insulin and glucagon balance the glucose in
your blood stream
95. Robert H. Lustig, Laura A. Schmidt, and Claire D. Brindis, “The toxic truth about sugar,”
Nature, vol. 482, pages 27-29 (2012).
96.
97. Some Foods that cause inflammation
• Sugar and High-Fructose Corn Syrup
• Artificial Trans Fats
• Vegetable and Seed Oils
• Refined Carbohydrates
• Excessive Alcohol
• Processed Foods
98. Glycation
• Attachment of sugar to a protein or lipid
• Fructose is 10 times more active glycation
• Glycated molecules eventually become
Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
AGEs are gerontotoxins
diabetes, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and Alzheimer’s
99.
100. Brian Healthy Foods
• DHA omega-3 fatty acids (wild-fish, grass-fed beef)
• Extra virgin olive oil
• Avocados
• Almonds
• Berries (Blue, black, straw, & rasp)
• Red grapes
• Dark leafy greens
• Cruciferous Vegetables (Broccoli, Brussel sprouts,
cabbage)
• Pastured raised eggs
• Green tea
• Dark Chocolate (>85% cacao)
101. Some Key Points
• Spaced, instead of blocked
• Interleave topics, subjects
• Study in different settings
• Preparation and incubation
• Deliberate practice
—study to understand, not just to memorize
a procedure or equation
—testing, recall
• Explain out loud
102. Some Key Points continued
• All senses including touch, take handwritten
notes
• Develop a growth mindset, grit, self-control
• Develop a habit of study and reduce your habit of
procrastination—Routines, Mindfulness
• Make a list of tasks for the next day
• Sleep
• Exercise
• Healthy Diet
103. Make It Stick by Peter Brown, Henry L. Roediger, and Mark A. McDaniel
Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams, Matthew Walker
How We Learn: The Surprising Truth About When, Where,
and Why It Happens by Benedict Carey
Mindset: The New Psychology of Success by Carol Dweck
Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance by Angela Duckworth
A Mind for Numbers: How to Excel at Math and Science
(Even if You Flunked Algebra) by Barbara Oakey
#What is Mindfulness? By Tamara Russell
Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise by Anders Ericsson and Robert Pool
Boost Your Brain: The New Art and Science Behind Enhanced Brain Performance
by Majid Fotuhi, M.D., Ph.D.
Genius Foods by Max Lugavere.
