This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses research and defines it as a process using steps to increase understanding of a topic. The main steps in research are posed as a question, collecting data to answer it, and presenting an answer. It defines variables, hypotheses, and research design, as well as sample, sources of data collection, and data analysis. It also distinguishes between primary and secondary data and explains how to test hypotheses, minimize type 1 and 2 errors, and analyze results.
Net coaching & remedial classes p 1 part 2 researchBhumi Dangi
hello there!!! so as part of lock-down situation, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar university started conduction online classes for upcoming NET examination. As part of that, i have been uploading series of Research Aptitude related stuff. paper code 30, English literature, research unit 10. and this slideshare is about paper 1. other pt also i've uploaded.
Net coaching & remedial classes p 1 part 2 researchBhumi Dangi
hello there!!! so as part of lock-down situation, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar university started conduction online classes for upcoming NET examination. As part of that, i have been uploading series of Research Aptitude related stuff. paper code 30, English literature, research unit 10. and this slideshare is about paper 1. other pt also i've uploaded.
WHAT IS METHODOLOGY?
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY?
STUDY DESIGNS
WHAT IS DESCRIPTIVE STUDY?
WHAT IS ANALYTICAL STUDY?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The need for good research is to find the best evidence for clinical
practice, for specific problems, and to address methods in reducing the
burden of illness on a larger scale.
It should reflect the aspirations and expectations of the research topic.
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
Research approach is the technique which the researcher uses to structure a study in order to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question .
WHAT IS METHODOLOGY?
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
WHAT IS RESEARCH METHODOLOGY?
STUDY DESIGNS
WHAT IS DESCRIPTIVE STUDY?
WHAT IS ANALYTICAL STUDY?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
The need for good research is to find the best evidence for clinical
practice, for specific problems, and to address methods in reducing the
burden of illness on a larger scale.
It should reflect the aspirations and expectations of the research topic.
The research approach indicates the basic procedure for conducting research.
Research approach is the technique which the researcher uses to structure a study in order to gather and analyze information relevant to the research question .
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
ALL EYES ON RAFAH BUT WHY Explain more.pdf46adnanshahzad
All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
INTRODUCTION
What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
2. Contents
Research Methodology
Research
Differences between Research Method & Research Methodology
Types of Research
Main steps in Research
Variable and its types
Hypothesis and its types
Research Design and its types
sample and its types
Source of Data collec on
Differences between Primary and Secondary data
Data collec on (tools & techniques)
Data Analysis and data interpreta on
Processing of data
Test of Hypothesis
Type 1 error & Type 2 error
3. Research Methodology
Research methodology is the specific procedures or
techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze
information about a topic.
Research
According to John W. Creswell who states that “Research is a
process of steps used to collect and analyze information to
increase our understanding of a topic or issue".
It consists of three steps: pose a question, collect data to
answer the question, and present an answer to the question.
7. Variable and its types
The first variable is called the independent variable. This is
the part of the experiment that can be changed and tested.
The independent variable happens first and can be
considered the cause of any changes in the outcome.
The outcome is called the dependent variable. The
independent variable in our previous example is not
studying for a test. The dependent variable that you are
using to measure outcome is your test score.
8. Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction. It
describes in concrete terms what you expect will
happen in a certain circumstance.
9. Research Design
1.
2.
3.
4.
The research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to
integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical
way, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem;
it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis
of data.
Types of Research Design
Explanatory
Descriptive
Diagnostic
Experimental
10. Sample
A sample refers to a smaller,
manageable version of a
larger group. It is a subset
containing the
characteristics of a larger
population.
18. Type 1 Error: We may reject the null hypothesis when it is, in fact,
true. This occurs when we think there is a difference between our
groups, but there really isn’t. We can minimise this possibility by
selecting an appropriate alpha level .
Type 2 Error: Type 2 error occurs when we fail to reject a null
hypothesis when it is, in fact, false (i.e. believing that the groups do not
differ, when in fact they do).
20.
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