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Protecting Animal Agriculture: Carcass Management and HPAI Disposal
- 1. Protecting Animal Agriculture Carcass Management and HPAI 2015 Challenges October 14, 2015 Lori P. Miller, PE USDA APHIS Lori.p.miller@aphis.usda.gov
- 3. Protecting Animal Agriculture 0 ft BGS 10 ft BGS 30 ft BGS 35 BGS ❶ BARN HOME LEACHATE/ GROUNDWATER Burial Effect on Environment Property values? Clean-Up Liability?
- 4. Protecting Animal Agriculture Why is nitrogen a problem? • EPA standard for nitrates in drinking water is 10.0 mg/L • Carcass burial sites generate over 1000 times the standard • Causes Methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome) which can be fatal to infants • Toxic to aquatic life • Depletes dissolved oxygen in receiving waters • Stimulates aquatic plant growth (eutrophication)
- 5. Protecting Animal Agriculture Permitted Landfill
- 7. Protecting Animal Agriculture Avian Influenza Disposal Decision Tree Is In-House Composting Feasible? If not, is Outdoor Composting Feasible? If not, is Onsite Burial permitted? If not, are Mobile Technologies available? If not, are landfills available? If not, are rendering plants available? If not, are incinerators available? If not, reconsider previous options. See Checklist to answer questions
- 8. Protecting Animal Agriculture Report 2Jun15
- 9. Protecting Animal Agriculture Report 2Jun15
- 10. Protecting Animal Agriculture Landfill Challenges • Concerns about risk of infected leachate, protection of operators, public opposition, and potential lawsuits. • Federal government, state government, and landfill companies worked together for 42 days to get first load accepted • During that time, developed waste acceptance criteria to address operational issues, • Developed safety guidelines for operators with CDC and NIOSH, • APHIS developed Frequently Asked Questions for public • Landfill companies requested federal indemnification but APHIS was prohibited by law • State of Iowa agreed to provide indemnity
- 11. Protecting Animal Agriculture Risks from Landfill Leachate • Virus lasts less than 6 days in infected carcass at room temperature (Busquets et al, 2010); if it takes a day to euthanize, collect, and transport to landfill, there will be 90% (1 log) reduction in virus loading; • Virus lasts less than 29 days in landfill leachate at 95F, less than 40 days at 70F (Graiver et al, 2009); • If infected birds are landfilled 30 feet from the leachate collection system, the amount of virus will be reduced 99.9% (3 log reduction) at 95F by the time the leachate reaches the collection system.
- 12. Protecting Animal Agriculture Mitigating Risks from Landfill Leachate • Burial of waste far (at least 90 feet) from the leachate collection system will further reduce virus concentration due to time at elevated temperatures • Burial of waste at least 24 ft deep and at least 60 feet from edges of the landfill will ensure elevated temperatures (73F to 135F) (Yesiller et al, 2005) and faster virus inactivation • Leachate discharged to a pond or wetland will further reduce the virus concentration. • Landfills that spray concentrated leachate directly from the leachate collection system onto the surface of the landfill can use bird hazing while spraying to avoid exposing mallards (most susceptible species)
- 13. Protecting Animal Agriculture Looking Forward • Numerous efforts underway to identify and address lessons learned • Many states are working with local landfills to develop agreements in advance • This fall could be worse than the spring in terms of number of affected premises • Landfills are an important option for a successful response