This document provides an overview of a workshop for freelance writers. It includes an agenda with topics such as developing freelance goals, writing for different genres, business setup, pitching articles, negotiating contracts and payments. Key points emphasized are having clear goals and an escape plan before going freelance, understanding an outlet's needs when pitching, getting agreements in writing, and knowing standard word rates and how to negotiate pay. The workshop aims to equip writers with practical skills for working successfully as freelancers.
A presentation to the Excellence in Journalism convention, 2015: How to use the right headline (subject line, Facebook post, Tweet, etc.) to connect great content with the largest relevant audience. (Revised and updated from previous editions.) [Bonus presentation at the end: What is Rivet Radio?]
So you want to be a podcaster (Northwestern University Graduate School keynot...Charlie Meyerson
A slightly edited (minus Rivet Radio metrics) version of my presentation to students at The Graduate School's RSG program, March 29, 2016, in Evanston.
Influencers prefer sharing content they find themselves. Here's how to break into their headspace with your brand and content without directly pitching them.
Keynote address at the Sixth Annual Virginia IRB Consortium Conference: "Research Review Challenges:
From the Small IRB to the Age of Technology" October 12, 2012
http://www.virginia.edu/vpr/irb/sbs/events_conference.html
A presentation to the Excellence in Journalism convention, 2015: How to use the right headline (subject line, Facebook post, Tweet, etc.) to connect great content with the largest relevant audience. (Revised and updated from previous editions.) [Bonus presentation at the end: What is Rivet Radio?]
So you want to be a podcaster (Northwestern University Graduate School keynot...Charlie Meyerson
A slightly edited (minus Rivet Radio metrics) version of my presentation to students at The Graduate School's RSG program, March 29, 2016, in Evanston.
Influencers prefer sharing content they find themselves. Here's how to break into their headspace with your brand and content without directly pitching them.
Keynote address at the Sixth Annual Virginia IRB Consortium Conference: "Research Review Challenges:
From the Small IRB to the Age of Technology" October 12, 2012
http://www.virginia.edu/vpr/irb/sbs/events_conference.html
Session will touch on three main aspects to social media marketing: how it works, content, and managing the process to create and run your campaigns.
Experience level: Intermediate
Target audience: Affiliates/Publishers
Niche/vertical: Social Media
Brent Csutoras, Social Media Consultant, Brent Csutoras, Inc (Twitter @brentcsutoras) (Moderator)
Kevin Henrikson, Technical Director, Henrikson Media (Twitter @kevinhenrikson)
Amy Vernon, CEO, Amy Vernon, LLC (Twitter @amyvernon)
Improving Your LinkedIn & Resume Profiles For Life ScientistsMary Canady
Mary Canady's November 6th 2014 presentation for the University of California, Los Angeles Advancing Women in Science & Engineering (AWISE) group. Attendees were UCLA graduate students and postdocs in different areas of science and engineering. View the video at http://youtu.be/DzGH7vgFUks
Preparing for your Public Relations careerAbby Ecker
Presented to the PRSSA Chapter at the University of Delaware in April 2013, this presentation addresses six tangible ways to prepare for a career in public relations.
Media Training overview conducted with UNL IANR Research Faculty at Nebraska Innovation Campus. Download the powerpoint presentation to view the embedded videos.
Be Visible or Vanish: Workshop presentation. May 2016Ellen Thompson
Previously titled "Pimp my Profile", this workshop is accompanied by an online guide and a follow-up service called the Researcher Profile Health check. It was developed as a collaboration between the Creative Industries Faculty of QUT, Professor Marcus Foth and the Creative Industries Faculty Library Liaison Team: Ellen Thompson, Sally French, Alice Steiner
Session will touch on three main aspects to social media marketing: how it works, content, and managing the process to create and run your campaigns.
Experience level: Intermediate
Target audience: Affiliates/Publishers
Niche/vertical: Social Media
Brent Csutoras, Social Media Consultant, Brent Csutoras, Inc (Twitter @brentcsutoras) (Moderator)
Kevin Henrikson, Technical Director, Henrikson Media (Twitter @kevinhenrikson)
Amy Vernon, CEO, Amy Vernon, LLC (Twitter @amyvernon)
Improving Your LinkedIn & Resume Profiles For Life ScientistsMary Canady
Mary Canady's November 6th 2014 presentation for the University of California, Los Angeles Advancing Women in Science & Engineering (AWISE) group. Attendees were UCLA graduate students and postdocs in different areas of science and engineering. View the video at http://youtu.be/DzGH7vgFUks
Preparing for your Public Relations careerAbby Ecker
Presented to the PRSSA Chapter at the University of Delaware in April 2013, this presentation addresses six tangible ways to prepare for a career in public relations.
Media Training overview conducted with UNL IANR Research Faculty at Nebraska Innovation Campus. Download the powerpoint presentation to view the embedded videos.
Be Visible or Vanish: Workshop presentation. May 2016Ellen Thompson
Previously titled "Pimp my Profile", this workshop is accompanied by an online guide and a follow-up service called the Researcher Profile Health check. It was developed as a collaboration between the Creative Industries Faculty of QUT, Professor Marcus Foth and the Creative Industries Faculty Library Liaison Team: Ellen Thompson, Sally French, Alice Steiner
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
04062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
1. How to Get Work as a
Freelance Writer
Tutor: Fran Molloy
Saturday 20 September, 2014
1
2. INTRODUCTION
GOING FREELANCE:
Questions to ask yourself:
•What are your Freelancing goals?
•What skills do you have?
•How much do you need to earn to survive?
•How long can you work without pay?
•Can you work part-time / freelance part-time?
2
3. INTRODUCTION
ESCAPE PLAN:
Set a goal and a date
Think about:
What if you hate it?
What if you love it but you can’t make it pay?
3
4. “If you have any young friends who
aspire to become writers, the second
greatest favour you can do them is to
present them with copies of The
Elements of Style.
The first greatest, of course, is to shoot
them now, while they’re happy.”
- Dorothy Parker
4
6. Today’s Schedule: [1/4]
10:00 : Welcome and intro
10:15 : Introduction activity: Interviews for news
10:30 : Write-up exercise
10:45 : Present your profile
11:00 : Writing to a genre – identify your niche
11:15 : Types of features, WHO buys them
11:30 : BREAK
6
7. Today’s Schedule [2/4]:
11:45 : Freelance – Business setup
11:45 : Setting up – ABN, Tax, accounts
12:00 : Essential tools & your workspace
12:15 : Freelance – the system
Identifying, pitching, things I wish I’d known
12:30 : Rights
contracts, copyright, liability and indemnity
12:45 : Getting paid
word rates / flat fee, quoting, chasing
1:00 : LUNCH
7
8. Today’s Schedule [3/4]:
1:30 : BUILDING A PROFILE
Portfolio sites, social media, getting online
About.me – quick & easy website
2:00 : Networks & groups
NSWWC, MEAA, ASA, The Loop, CAL, Freeline,
Rachel’s List, genre groups: travel, gardens, medical
2:15 : Research Resources
Nat / NSW library, Sourcebottle, HARO, expertguide
2:30 : BREAK
8
9. Today’s Schedule [4/4]:
2:45 : Writing Samples – where they can go
Workshop examples?? & general feedback
3:00 : Getting your PITCH on – finding your place
Pitch exercise: Select an outlet, write a pitch
3:45 : Q & A
Time for student questions / feedback
4:00 : CLOSE
9
10. freelance writer:
A man who is paid per piece
or per word
or perhaps.
- Robert Benchley
10
16. FEATURES
•Newspapers, magazines, trade magz, online
•Freelance : sponsored editorial
•Use several voices
and cases to tell a story
•http://bit.ly/nFWfm001
16
17. PROFILES
•Easy to write – often just one interview
•Make sure they have
a good story to tell
•Needs to be relevant
•http://bit.ly/nFWfm004
17
18. INFO / LISTICLES / fillers
•Content – rarely interviews
•Big demand on web
•Think ‘Buzzfeed’
•Good place to start writing for $
•http://bit.ly/nFWfm005
18
19. BLOGS / OPINION / WHIMSY
•It’s NOT about you, sorry!
•Paid spots are rare / low $
•Blog to the site theme
•http://bit.ly/nFWfm006
19
23. The Business of Freelance
•Accounting advice: worth what you pay for it
•1. Decide your Business structure:
– Sole trader / partnership
– Company
– GST? (compulsory - $75K+ turnover)
•2. Apply for your ABN - https://abr.gov.au
23
24. Accounting systems
• Start with spreadsheets / Word docs – no cost
• Cloud accounting is seriously AWESOME
• Cheap, low-end : Freshbooks
• XERO - $25 / $50 / month
• Pocketbook - https://getpocketbook.com/ - personal
24
25. Essential Tools
• ‘Office’ – physical location
• Get a desk / space at home
• Co-working - Fishburners, HubSydney etc
• wifi Café / State Library / City Library
• Computer / Internet / Phone (VOIP) / headset
• Recorder for interviews (smartphone)
25
26. Other “Tools of the Trade”
• Stationery
• Doc wallets to keep work together
• Planner / Whiteboard – stay organised
• Work out your own systems
• Business documents : binders / folders
• Business cards
26
30. PITCH -- before you write (except travel)
If they don’t consign, don’t write a line
• Research your story; line up your sources
• Get the background ; know your angle
• Have a back-up angle
• Research the outlet ; compare this to other stories
30
31. WHAT EDITORS WANT
• More of what they already have
• On time, to brief, right voice, needs no work
• Solve their problems
31
32. FINDING AN OUTLET
• Newsagent
• What you read / your friends read / your boss reads
• Sign up: Journalist alert / editor alert
www.careerone.com.au / www.seek.com.au /
www.mycareer.com.au
• Australian Writers Marketplace -
https://www.awmonline.com.au/
32
33. THE PITCH
• Always by email
• SUBJECT: Freelance pitch topic in five catchy words
• Short (2-3 pars) - Catchy - relevant
• Show them you KNOW their publication
• Convince them you are the RIGHT PERSON to write it
33
34. PITCHING INTO THE VOID
or what if they don’t respond?
• Pitching to a void is the MOST COMMON experience
– Christopher Wink: cold email pitches – 15% open rate
• Pitching to a NO THANKS is the second most common
• Add the DEADLINE line
34
35. PITCHING INTO THE VOID
THE DEADLINE LINE
“I’d love to see this story published in XYZ Mag.
However I understand you may have more stories than
you can use, so if I don’t hear from you by (give at least a
week, two is better), I’ll approach another publication.”
35
36. THE PITCH – who to contact?
• Newspaper: Look for EDITOR / SECTION EDITOR
• Magazine: Ditto – look for DEPUTY EDITOR or the
FEATURES EDITOR
• Web: Go to ABOUT – look for giveaway job title
• Margaret Gees Media Guide – reference section of
libraries
• Ring – ask them – “Hi I’m a freelance writer, what’s
the editor’s email address?”
36
37. THE PITCH
• Get their name right
• Get their name right
• Get their name right
37
38. CORPORATES
• Who you know TOPS what you know
• Let everyone know you are writing for money
• Deliver – and get a testimonial
• You may need insurance – prof liability / public
liability
38
39. SME BUSINESS
• Bigger market – less demanding overall
• Great place to start – great place to stay
• All about relationships
• Must be managed very well – or crisis happens
• Get formal – get it in writing – be fair – be clear
39
41. CONTRACT FOR WORK -
http://writerscontracts.com/
• a CONTRACT is as simple as an offer and acceptance
• Make it formal – get it in writing – confirm in writing
• “Hi Joe, confirming as discussed I will deliver 800
words on the growing fish finger shortage crisis at 70c a
word to you by Monday October 3, payment on
publication plus 7 days.”
41
42. WRITING CONTRACT
• UNDERSTAND what rights you are agreeing to
• DEFAULT: you own copyright and LICENSE the use
of your work to a publication
• Once published – all copyright reverts to you
• Rights are complex – FRAN’S RIGHTS GLOSSARY
42
43. WRITING CONTRACT
• UNDERSTAND what rights you are agreeing to
• DEFAULT: you own copyright and LICENSE the use
of your work to a publication
• Once published – all copyright reverts to you
• Rights are complex – FRAN’S RIGHTS GLOSSARY
43
44. INDEMNITIES AND WARRANTIES
• INDEMNITY: The writer indemnifies the publisher:
• NO NO NO – cross it out! This could cost you a
fortune if they are sued
•Publisher should indemnify you
•WARRANTY – similar – you make a legally-bound
guarantee
44
45. RIGHTS & CONTRACT HELP
• Better get a lawyer, son ..
You better get a real good one ..
• MEAA - Alliance.org.au
• CAL – copyright.com.au
• ASA – Australian Society of Authors
45
47. HOW MUCH CAN WRITERS EARN?
• MEAA / Australian Journalists Association:
Freelance rates are 93c /word / $1000 minimum
• Reality: Very different. Rachel’s List:
http://www.rachelslist.com.au/?p=988
•Most freelancers earn between $30-$50 K per year
• Who Pays What:
http://heypayup.tumblr.com/archive
47
55. HOW MUCH DO I CHARGE?
• Billable time: Know how long the job will take you
• Extras : Phone, travel, transcription
• Margin for error: Build in revision rates or time
• (annual salary + annual expenses + annual profit) ÷ annual
billable work hours = your basic hourly rate
55
56. HOW DO YOU ASK FOR MONEY?
•EVERYBODY hates this conversation – even editors
•Email: ‘My usual word rate is 70c but I’m negotiable.’
•Ask. Preferably by phone. “What do you pay?”
Then confirm in writing by email
•If money is low – “Will that increase after 2nd story?”
56
57. BILLABLE TIME and ANNUAL SALARY
• Billable time:
• 52 WEEKS PER YEAR
• - 4 weeks leave / 2 weeks sick / 4 weeks PD = 42 weeks
• 5 days x 40 hours minus 1 day admin = 32 hours
• 32 hours x 42 weeks = 1344 hours
• $52,000 pa / 1344 hours = $38.69 per hour
•https://www.freelancersunion.org/blog/2014/02/03/how-get-paid-57
58. WORK OUT WHAT YOU NEED TO EARN
• Set a budget – weekly or monthly goal
• Have a plan to cover shortfall
• Look at ‘back up’ work – in your field
58
67. BUILDING A PROFILE
• Portfolio sites
• Social media: twitter, LinkedIn, FB
• About.me
67
68. BUILDING A PROFILE
• Set up your online freelancer profile
•Your own website? Use free tools eg wordpress
•Linked-In – [professional resume / network]
•Facebook – create a ‘page’
•Twitter – engage; follow media
68
73. Job Boards / Content Mills
• Freelance Job Boards: cheap labour for small jobs
• Freelancer.com / ozlance.com.au / Elance / Guru
• Textbroker, MediaPiston, Constant Content, Writers
Access, Interact Media and Daily Article.
•Writing ‘Content Mills’ - pay a joke – eg $5 =300 words
•The point: ‘SEO’ – Search Engine Optimised – but 2011
changed Google algorithm has reduced demand
73
74. GENRE GROUPS
(keep searching!)
• Health writer hub www.healthwriterhub.com/
• Boating writers: www.bwi.org
• Horticultural Media Association www.hmaaustralia.com.au
• Farm Writers Association of NSW www.nswfarmwriters.org.au
• Aust Council of Agricultural Journos www.acaj.org.au
• Australian Society of Travel Writers www.astw.org.au
• Aust Medical Writers Ass’n www.medicalwriters.org
74
75. RESEARCH RESOURCES
• NSW State Library
•National Library
•Alumni Library Access – often less than $100 a year
• Factiva / Library Press Display
• Margaret Gees Media Guide
75
10:00 : Welcome and intro10:15 : Introduction activity: Interviews for news / 10:30 - Write-up exercise / 10:45 - Present your profile
11:00 : Writing to a genre – identify your niche, I list 40 areas but you can surely think of more … 11:15 : Types of features, WHO buys them 11:30 : BREAK
10:00 : Welcome and intro10:15 : Introduction activity: Interviews for news / 10:30 - Write-up exercise / 10:45 - Present your profile
11:00 : Writing to a genre – identify your niche, I list 40 areas but you can surely think of more … 11:15 : Types of features, WHO buys them 11:30 : BREAK
The Elements of Style was written in 1918, so copyright (life + 50, or life + 70) has expired. There are many places it is freely available, this is quite a good one.Douglas Crockford is a well-known computer programmer who created an open source program JSMin and included a clause requiring the software to be used for good not evil, (a reference to the George W Bush “war on evildoers”) when he made it available under the standard open source agreement. Google refused to host it claiming the clause was vague & made the software non-free.
10:00 : Welcome and intro10:15 : Introduction activity: Interviews for news / 10:30 - Write-up exercise / 10:45 - Present your profile
11:00 : Writing to a genre – identify your niche, I list 40 areas but you can surely think of more … 11:15 : Types of features, WHO buys them 11:30 : BREAK
11:45 : Freelance – Business setup Setting up – ABN, Tax, accounts / Essential tools & your workspace
12:15 : Freelance – the system / Identifying, pitching, things I wish I’d known
12:30 : Rights / contracts, copyright, liability and indemnity
12:45 : Getting paid / word rates / flat fee, quoting, chasing
1:30 : BUILDING A PROFILE - Portfolio sites, social media, getting online / About.me – quick & easy website
2:00 : Networks & groups / NSWWC, MEAA, ASA, The Loop, CAL, Freeline, Rachel’s List, genre groups: travel, gardens, medical
2:15 : Research Resources // Nat / NSW library, Sourcebottle, HARO, expertguide
2:45 : Writing Samples – where they can go / Workshop examples?? & general feedback
3:00 : Getting your PITCH on – finding your place // Pitch exercise: Select an outlet, write a pitch
3:45 : Q & A / Time for student questions / feedback
4:00 : CLOSE
Use the handout as a GUIDE for your introduction exercise – add your own questions if you like, leave some outYour task: find out about your writing partner - then introduce them to the class
The ‘voice’ : Friendly, chatty and above all – interesting
The Elements of Style was written in 1918, so copyright (life + 50, or life + 70) has expired. There are many places it is freely available, this is quite a good one.Douglas Crockford is a well-known computer programmer who created an open source program JSMin and included a clause requiring the software to be used for good not evil, (a reference to the George W Bush “war on evildoers”) when he made it available under the standard open source agreement. Google refused to host it claiming the clause was vague & made the software non-free.
While most news in big media is done by staffers, there are definitely freelance gigs in trade and specialty press that want news writers.The thing with news is that you have to turn it around fast; unless you have a background in journalism, I would avoid it as a freelancer. There’s no room for error and you really do need experience.
This is where freelancing is at .. Content marketing is becoming pretty big, and companies want to pay for magazine-style content.The thing about features is that you combine several sources .. It’s not like a press release, or a news story, which is all about one instance – you’re pulling together a thematic story.
Your key here is RELEVANCE – profiles are great, they are a doddle to write and lots of fun, but you need to find someone who actually wants this story and then you need to skew it to their outlet.
So this one, very interesting guy, art curator – had to have at least part of this being about his Sydney uni connection
The ‘listicle’ is taking over the internet. Think - 9 reasons you want to write for money ; 6 things your editor won’t tell you ; 4 ways the comma is misused in corporate writing
It’s getting to the stage that people are sick of them BUT they also expect them; it’s lazy writing but there is still a market for it – from people who don’t have much idea about content. They can be very good customers.
Blog sites that pay well are rare … they are hard to find and generally happen as part of a range of other work you might do … This is the most common style of writing, a lot of people find their voice as bloggers and they make quite a lot through ads and sponsorship
Before agreeing to a writing contract, you need to have an understanding of what rights you are negotiating before you can work out what they are worth to you.
If you sell an article to a publication as a freelancer, you are actually just licensing their use of the article. In the absence of any other agreement, you can generally assume that you are selling First Print Rights, in the territory that the publication operates. And once that publication has published the article, then all copyright reverts to you.
Assumption often doesn’t hold true though – and it’s quite astounding how many publishers are clueless about rights.
It’s also quite worrying that there’s a growing trend for publishers to ask for the assignation of copyright or of “All Rights” – when often they will never use these.
If you understand what rights you have to offer, you will be able to negotiate a fair contract that allows the publisher to do what they need to with the story, without limiting your ability to re-sell the work elsewhere if you can.
In general, it’s wise to offer as few rights as possible when you are selling a story to a publisher.
Before agreeing to a writing contract, you need to have an understanding of what rights you are negotiating before you can work out what they are worth to you.
If you sell an article to a publication as a freelancer, you are actually just licensing their use of the article. In the absence of any other agreement, you can generally assume that you are selling First Print Rights, in the territory that the publication operates. And once that publication has published the article, then all copyright reverts to you.
Assumption often doesn’t hold true though – and it’s quite astounding how many publishers are clueless about rights.
It’s also quite worrying that there’s a growing trend for publishers to ask for the assignation of copyright or of “All Rights” – when often they will never use these.
If you understand what rights you have to offer, you will be able to negotiate a fair contract that allows the publisher to do what they need to with the story, without limiting your ability to re-sell the work elsewhere if you can.
In general, it’s wise to offer as few rights as possible when you are selling a story to a publisher.
Before agreeing to a writing contract, you need to have an understanding of what rights you are negotiating before you can work out what they are worth to you.
If you sell an article to a publication as a freelancer, you are actually just licensing their use of the article. In the absence of any other agreement, you can generally assume that you are selling First Print Rights, in the territory that the publication operates. And once that publication has published the article, then all copyright reverts to you.
Assumption often doesn’t hold true though – and it’s quite astounding how many publishers are clueless about rights.
It’s also quite worrying that there’s a growing trend for publishers to ask for the assignation of copyright or of “All Rights” – when often they will never use these.
If you understand what rights you have to offer, you will be able to negotiate a fair contract that allows the publisher to do what they need to with the story, without limiting your ability to re-sell the work elsewhere if you can.
In general, it’s wise to offer as few rights as possible when you are selling a story to a publisher.