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Introduction to
Korean Buddhist Temples




   2012 Lecture Series - Lecture 1
Outline

Architecture and Worldview
  Location, Design, Layout
 Passing Through the Gates
        Primary Halls
      Secondary Halls
      Other Buildings
           Pagodas
       Inside the Halls
    Art and Symbolism
   Noteworthy Temples
Architecture and Worldview
•   Expression of worldview
    from culture

•   Temples (Complexes)
    about more than just
    buildings or visual
    experience

•   Create atmosphere
    conducive to meditation

•   Cannot use Western
    perspective
Location and Design of Temple Sites

•   Site is based on principles
    of geomancy

•   Nearly all temples built on
    auspicious sites

•   Ideal site is mountain basin
    near water

•   Buildings are arranged so
    they are approached in
    order
Temple Layout

•   Use of wood constrained
    building size

•   Complex of multiple
    smaller buildings

•   Layout is critical
    consideration

•   Architectural significance
    according to layout, rather
    than specific building
Approaching the Temple


•   Budo

•   Iljumun

•   Cheonwangmun

•   Burimun
Budo - Memorial Stupa


•   First structure
    in temple complex

•   Stone structure

•   Enshrines
    ‘sariras’ (relics) of
    eminent monks

•   Place to pay homage
    and arouse faith
Passing Through the Gates


•   Series of gates leading up
    to main Buddha Hall

•   Iljumun, Cheonwangmun,
    Burimun

•   Provide spiritual
    preparation
Iljumun

•   “One Pillar”

•   Front gate

•   Inscription names temple
    and mountain

•   Symbolic of beginning
    journey towards one mind,
    first steps into Pure Land
Cheonwangmun


•   “Four Guardians’ Gate”

•   2nd gate

•   2 guardians on each side

•   Ferocious faces scare away
    evil spirits

•   Guardians defend temple
    from all four directions
Burimun


•   “Gate of Non-Duality”

•   3rd gate at larger temples

•   Larger than Iljumun

•   Symbolizes the notion that
    Pure Land and Saha World
    are one
Primary Buddha Halls



•   Daeung-jeon

•   Daejeokgwang-jeon

•   Muryangsu-jeon
Daeung-jeon

•   “Great Hero”

•   Main Buddha Hall

•   Holds Shakyamuni Statue

•   3 Platforms

    -   Main Platform

    -   Guardian Platform

    -   Memorial Platform

•   Courtyard/Pagoda
Daejeokgwang-jeon


•   Hall of “Silence and Light”

•   Enshrines Vairocana Buddha
    (Dharma Body)

•   Triad includes Sakyamuni
    and Rocana Buddha

•   Represents Lotus Treasury
    World
Muryangsu-jeon
•   “Hall of Paradise”

•   Dedicated to Amitabha

•   2nd to Daeungjeon

•   Triad includes Gwaneum-
    bosal and Daeseji-bosal

•   Images face east so
    worshippers can bow
    towards Western Paradise
Secondary Halls


•   Gwaneum-jeon

•   Myeongbu-jeon

•   Mireuk-jeon

•   Yaksa-jeon

•   Nahan-jeon

•   Palsang-jeon
Gwaneum-jeon
•   Devoted to Avalokitesvara

•   Also called Wontong-jeon
    if entire temple is
    dedicated to worship
Myeongbu-jeon


•   “Dark Place”

•   Judgement Hall

•   Enshrines Jijang-
    bosal

•   Faces Main Hall
    from right side
Mireuk-jeon

•   Devoted to Maitreya - the
    future Buddha of Loving
    Kindness
Yaksa-jeon

•   Enshrines
    Bhaisajyaguru

•   Medicine Buddha

•   Believers visit when
    sick

•   Customarily placed
    in east
Nahan-jeon

•   Dedicated to the
    disciples of Buddha

•   Shakyamuni sits
    on altar

•   Surrounded by 500
    disciples

•   Large guardian in
    entranceway
Palsang-jeon


•   “Eight Scenes     from
    the Life of the
    Buddha”

•   Also known as
    Yeongsan-jeon
Other Buildings

•   Yosachae

•   Gangdang

•   Seungdang

•   Josadang

•   Samseonggak

•   Jonggak and Goru
Yosachae
•   Monks’ living
    quarters

•   Space for sleeping,
    eating, and other
    activities

•   Usually includes
    meditation space

•   Often flank front
    courtyard

•   Residential
    architecture
Gangdang

•   Lecture Hall

•   Only found in larger
    temples

•   Located near Main
    Buddha Hall

•   Also used for
    ceremonies and
    services
Seungdang

•   “Monks’ Hall”

•   Meditation and Practice

•   Also called Seonbang or
    Seonwon
Josadang


•   Hall of Predecessors

•   Portraits of founder and
    deceased senior monks

•   Combination of Korea’s
    indigenous ancestral
    worship and Seon
    Buddhism
Samseonggak

•   Shrine of the 3 Deities

•   Not a part of Buddhism

•   Small Buildings

•   Dedicated to Indigenous
    Shamanistic figures
Jonggak and Goru

•   Jonggak (Bell Tower)

     -   Dharma Drum

     -   Wooden Fish

     -   Cloud-Shaped Gong

     -   Brahma Bell

•   Goru - pavilion that
    houses drum - faces
    Jonggak
Pagodas


•   Protect and keep safe
    Sarira

•   Usually divided into 3
    sections

•   Body usually has odd
    number of stories

•   Made of stone
Inside the Halls



•   Art and Symbols

•   Images of Buddha

•   Dancheong
Art and Symbols

•   Buldan/Sumidan

•   Main Halls symbolizes
    Lotus Sutra Dharma
    Assembly on
    Vulture Peak

•   Raining Flowers

•   Datjip
    “Separate House”
Images of Buddha

•   Categorized according
    to mudra, attributes,
    and shape of crown

•   Seated posture differs
    according to identity

•   Distinguish images by
    hand gesture

•   Light of Truth
Dancheong


•   “Red and Blue”

•   Dates back to 4th
    century

•   Elaborated in Joseon

•   Use increased during
    rebuilds

•   Lotus Flowers & Fish
Noteworthy Temples


                              •   Bulguk-sa

•   As of 2000                •   Haein-sa
    892 traditional temples
                              •   Bongjeong-sa
•   Jogye Order = 731
                              •   Seonam-sa
•   Taego Order = 97
                              •   Unju-sa

                              •   Yongju-sa
Learn More!
Gyun, Heo. Korean Temple Motifs,   Kim, Sung-woo. Buddhist Architecture of Korea,
Dolbegae Publishers, 2005.         Hollym, 2007.
June 2012
    State and Sangha:
  Buddhist Culture and
Political Thought in Korea

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2012 Lecture Series - "An Introduction to Korean Buddhist Temples"

  • 1. Introduction to Korean Buddhist Temples 2012 Lecture Series - Lecture 1
  • 2. Outline Architecture and Worldview Location, Design, Layout Passing Through the Gates Primary Halls Secondary Halls Other Buildings Pagodas Inside the Halls Art and Symbolism Noteworthy Temples
  • 3. Architecture and Worldview • Expression of worldview from culture • Temples (Complexes) about more than just buildings or visual experience • Create atmosphere conducive to meditation • Cannot use Western perspective
  • 4. Location and Design of Temple Sites • Site is based on principles of geomancy • Nearly all temples built on auspicious sites • Ideal site is mountain basin near water • Buildings are arranged so they are approached in order
  • 5. Temple Layout • Use of wood constrained building size • Complex of multiple smaller buildings • Layout is critical consideration • Architectural significance according to layout, rather than specific building
  • 6. Approaching the Temple • Budo • Iljumun • Cheonwangmun • Burimun
  • 7. Budo - Memorial Stupa • First structure in temple complex • Stone structure • Enshrines ‘sariras’ (relics) of eminent monks • Place to pay homage and arouse faith
  • 8. Passing Through the Gates • Series of gates leading up to main Buddha Hall • Iljumun, Cheonwangmun, Burimun • Provide spiritual preparation
  • 9. Iljumun • “One Pillar” • Front gate • Inscription names temple and mountain • Symbolic of beginning journey towards one mind, first steps into Pure Land
  • 10. Cheonwangmun • “Four Guardians’ Gate” • 2nd gate • 2 guardians on each side • Ferocious faces scare away evil spirits • Guardians defend temple from all four directions
  • 11. Burimun • “Gate of Non-Duality” • 3rd gate at larger temples • Larger than Iljumun • Symbolizes the notion that Pure Land and Saha World are one
  • 12. Primary Buddha Halls • Daeung-jeon • Daejeokgwang-jeon • Muryangsu-jeon
  • 13. Daeung-jeon • “Great Hero” • Main Buddha Hall • Holds Shakyamuni Statue • 3 Platforms - Main Platform - Guardian Platform - Memorial Platform • Courtyard/Pagoda
  • 14. Daejeokgwang-jeon • Hall of “Silence and Light” • Enshrines Vairocana Buddha (Dharma Body) • Triad includes Sakyamuni and Rocana Buddha • Represents Lotus Treasury World
  • 15. Muryangsu-jeon • “Hall of Paradise” • Dedicated to Amitabha • 2nd to Daeungjeon • Triad includes Gwaneum- bosal and Daeseji-bosal • Images face east so worshippers can bow towards Western Paradise
  • 16. Secondary Halls • Gwaneum-jeon • Myeongbu-jeon • Mireuk-jeon • Yaksa-jeon • Nahan-jeon • Palsang-jeon
  • 17. Gwaneum-jeon • Devoted to Avalokitesvara • Also called Wontong-jeon if entire temple is dedicated to worship
  • 18. Myeongbu-jeon • “Dark Place” • Judgement Hall • Enshrines Jijang- bosal • Faces Main Hall from right side
  • 19. Mireuk-jeon • Devoted to Maitreya - the future Buddha of Loving Kindness
  • 20. Yaksa-jeon • Enshrines Bhaisajyaguru • Medicine Buddha • Believers visit when sick • Customarily placed in east
  • 21. Nahan-jeon • Dedicated to the disciples of Buddha • Shakyamuni sits on altar • Surrounded by 500 disciples • Large guardian in entranceway
  • 22. Palsang-jeon • “Eight Scenes from the Life of the Buddha” • Also known as Yeongsan-jeon
  • 23. Other Buildings • Yosachae • Gangdang • Seungdang • Josadang • Samseonggak • Jonggak and Goru
  • 24. Yosachae • Monks’ living quarters • Space for sleeping, eating, and other activities • Usually includes meditation space • Often flank front courtyard • Residential architecture
  • 25. Gangdang • Lecture Hall • Only found in larger temples • Located near Main Buddha Hall • Also used for ceremonies and services
  • 26. Seungdang • “Monks’ Hall” • Meditation and Practice • Also called Seonbang or Seonwon
  • 27. Josadang • Hall of Predecessors • Portraits of founder and deceased senior monks • Combination of Korea’s indigenous ancestral worship and Seon Buddhism
  • 28. Samseonggak • Shrine of the 3 Deities • Not a part of Buddhism • Small Buildings • Dedicated to Indigenous Shamanistic figures
  • 29. Jonggak and Goru • Jonggak (Bell Tower) - Dharma Drum - Wooden Fish - Cloud-Shaped Gong - Brahma Bell • Goru - pavilion that houses drum - faces Jonggak
  • 30. Pagodas • Protect and keep safe Sarira • Usually divided into 3 sections • Body usually has odd number of stories • Made of stone
  • 31. Inside the Halls • Art and Symbols • Images of Buddha • Dancheong
  • 32. Art and Symbols • Buldan/Sumidan • Main Halls symbolizes Lotus Sutra Dharma Assembly on Vulture Peak • Raining Flowers • Datjip “Separate House”
  • 33. Images of Buddha • Categorized according to mudra, attributes, and shape of crown • Seated posture differs according to identity • Distinguish images by hand gesture • Light of Truth
  • 34. Dancheong • “Red and Blue” • Dates back to 4th century • Elaborated in Joseon • Use increased during rebuilds • Lotus Flowers & Fish
  • 35. Noteworthy Temples • Bulguk-sa • As of 2000 • Haein-sa 892 traditional temples • Bongjeong-sa • Jogye Order = 731 • Seonam-sa • Taego Order = 97 • Unju-sa • Yongju-sa
  • 36. Learn More! Gyun, Heo. Korean Temple Motifs, Kim, Sung-woo. Buddhist Architecture of Korea, Dolbegae Publishers, 2005. Hollym, 2007.
  • 37. June 2012 State and Sangha: Buddhist Culture and Political Thought in Korea